The Turkish journal of pediatrics最新文献

{"title":"Disruptive behaviors in early childhood: the influence of family practices and functionality in a Turkish sample.","authors":"Merve Çıkılı Uytun, Esra Yürümez, Gökçe Yağmur Efendi, Hande Konşuk Ünlü, Serpil Aktaş Altunay, Didem Behice Öztop","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disruptive behaviors (DB) are common problems in young children. The aim of the current study was to highlight the effect of disruptive behaviors on functionality in preschool children and their families and identify factors that may be related to functionality.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 223 patients were included in the current study from the Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). The disruptive behavior problems group (n=93) was selected according to PAPA and consisted of patients who had more than 3 conduct problem symptoms, with these symptoms leading to impairment. The control group (n=130) was selected from patients with no disruptive behavior disorder and 3 or fewer conduct problem symptoms . Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment and Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (CBCL/1½-5) were used for assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that spanking with the hand, verbal dispraise, and selective negative view to child were more frequent in the DB group than in the control group. DB symptoms were found to have a negative impact both on the child's functioning in several areas and on the parent's life in specific areas. Additionally, most of the CBCL scores were significantly higher in the DB group. Finally, it was shown that not only disruptive symptoms but factors such as the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, parental psychopathology, and the age of the child predicted impairment in this functioning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings emphasize that parents' and child's functionalities can be highly affected by disruptive problems even in an early period such as preschool and that this area should not be ignored in evaluation and interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"372-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of forensic toxicological characteristics of cases under the age of eighteen with substance use: a sample from Türkiye.","authors":"Kerem Sehlikoğlu, Murat Kamalak, Mehmet Dağlıoğlu, Seval Gülçiçek, Fatma Köse, Hicran Nermin Demir, Tuğba Çakır, Duygu Ülkü, Melek Rüveyda Koca, Demet Dönmez, Beyza Kılınç, Zeynep Bilge","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Substance use is rapidly increasing in the pediatric age group worldwide. There is not enough toxicological data on substance use among children and adolescents in Türkiye. This study aims to reveal the forensic toxicological characteristics of cases under the age of eighteen with substance use detected.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In our study, forensic toxicological reports of biological samples taken from 587 cases brought to our institution by law enforcement officers due to allegations and/or suspicions of substance abuse between January 1, 2022, and June 30, 2024 were retrospectively examined. The cases were reviewed in terms of variables such as gender, age, age group, substance type (if any), and presence of multiple substance use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the cases, 89.1% (n=523) of the cases were male and 10.9% (n=64) were female. The majority of cases (93.2%) were observed in the 15-17 age group, accounting for 547 individuals. Of the cases, 29.0% (n = 170) were identified as multiple substance users. Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) were present in 68.7% (n = 403) and cannabis was found in 48.2% (n = 283) of cases. It was observed that only cannabis use was significantly higher among males and only ATS use was higher among females (Cramer's V = 0.202, p < 0.001). The association between gender and substance type was statistically significant; however, the strength of the association was small to moderate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study assessed substance use profiles in adolescent populations through substance testing. ATS were the most frequently detected substances. The analysis revealed a significant increase in the proportion of female cases over time. While cannabis use was more prevalent among males, ATS use was more common among females. Collecting objective, valid, and definitive data will facilitate the identification of substance use issues and support the development of effective preventive policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"293-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pediatric case of cat scratch disease, complicated by meningitis, diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.","authors":"Li Jin, Yang Wen, Yiyuan Li","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cat scratch disease (CSD) presents with diverse symptoms; however, meningitis as a complication is rare, and effective treatment strategies remain underexplored.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>An 11-year-old girl presented with a prolonged fever of unknown origin, mild cough, and headache. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) identified Bartonella henselae in the bloodstream, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis confirmed meningitis. The patient was diagnosed with CSD complicated by meningitis and demonstrated a successful recovery following treatment with doxycycline, rifampicin, and prednisone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In CSD patients presenting with headaches and persistent fever, the possibility of meningitis should be considered. mNGS is a valuable diagnostic tool for CSD, especially in cases of fever of unknown origin. The combination of doxycycline, rifampicin, and prednisone proved effective in managing CSD with meningitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"428-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between C677T variant of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase and hypospadias risk in Algeria.","authors":"Rania Laouar, Djalila Chellat-Rezgoune, Meroua Horchi, Rayene Achou, Brahim Djoudi, Souhem Touabti, Yacine Benhizia, Karima Sifi","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.6049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.6049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypospadias, a congenital condition characterized by the urethral opening being on the underside of the penis, has received limited attention in its association with the MTHFR C677T variant. Given the crucial role of folate metabolism in embryonic development, and the involvement of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in folate metabolism, this study aims to investigate whether this variant contributes to the risk of hypospadias in an Algerian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This case-control study included 105 patients with hypospadias and 125 controls. Genotyping of the MTHFR gene C677T variant was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A statistically significant difference in the genotype distribution of the MTHFR C677T variant between patients with hypospadias and controls was revealed. The significance was observed in the codominant genetic model CT vs. CC (p=0.034, odds ratio [OR]: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.04-3.44) and TT vs. CC (p=0.042, OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.02-4.53), as well as in the dominant model CC vs. CT+TT (p=0.010, OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.17-3.35). Maternal periconceptional folic acid supplement intake showed a significant association with the anatomical types of hypospadias in relation to the MTHFR C677T genotypes when folic acid was taken (p=0.006). Furthermore, a significant association was observed with the TT genotype in isolated hypospadias cases (p=0.038, OR=3.47, 95% CI: 1.03-11.68), suggesting a potential role of folic acid in modifying hypospadias risk. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified intrauterine growth restriction, gestational hypertension, residency, and the MTHFR C677T variant as independent potential risk factors for hypospadias development (p-values: 0.030, 0.016, 0.040, and 0.045, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study reports, for the first time, an association between the MTHFR gene C677T variant and hypospadias in the Algerian population. The findings suggest a strong association between the MTHFR C677T variant and susceptibility to hypospadias. Identified risk factors such as intrauterine growth restriction, gestational hypertension, rural residency, and the MTHFR C677T variant contribute valuable insights into the multifaceted etiology of hypospadias in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"398-409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of mid- and long-term quality of life in patients operated on for esophageal atresia.","authors":"Sinem Aydöner, Gürkan Erkoç, Ali İhsan Anadolulu, Çiğdem Ulukaya Durakbaşa","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate general and condition-specific quality of life in esophageal atresia (EA) patients, identifying risk factors such as associated anomalies and chronic diseases, as well as examining their impact on life quality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients operated on for EA between 2004 and 2020 comprised the study population. Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQOL 4.0) and the Esophageal Atresia Quality of Life (EA-QOL) questionnaires were administered to parents of 2-7 year old children as well as both patients aged 8-17 year and their parents. Results of the PedsQOL 4.0 scale were compared with 43 healthy children.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 66 patients (40 aged 2-7 years, 26 aged 8-17 years), with 45.5% females and 54.5% males. The mean age was 7±4.4 years. Quality of life measured by EA-QOL and PedsQOL 4.0 questionnaires showed no significant differences based on patient sex, gestational age or having an anastomotic stricture. In the 8-17 age group, EA patients demonstrated significantly higher emotional scale quality of life than the healthy group (p=0.001) according to parent and child PedsQOL 4.0 questionnaire scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The better emotional functioning in the 8-17 age group supports their enhanced anxiety management. Sex, gestational age, or presence of an anastomotic stricture did not impact quality of life. While differences existed between patient age groups in the questionnaires administered, factors like anatomical EA type, repair mode, low birth weight, tracheomalacia, frequent lung infections, presence of associated vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, renal, limb anomalies and/or hydrocephalus (VACTERL-H), gastrostomy placement, and surgical interventions other than EA significantly influenced patients' quality of life. These findings may guide implementing measures to enhance quality of life in EA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"385-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toll-like receptor 7 single nucleotide polymorphism rs3853839 in pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia.","authors":"Junlin Wang, Shuli Wang, Guijuan Liu, Han Sun, Jianqin Li","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5412","DOIUrl":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a multifactorial disease involving environmental and genetic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3853839 in the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) gene with susceptibility to ITP and its clinical features.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, observational, case-control study was conducted on 172 pediatric patients with ITP and 170 healthy children. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and genotyped via a snapshot technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The serum TLR7 mRNA in the case group (1.129±0.536) was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.851 ± 0.298) (p<0.001). Female patients with the GG genotype and male patients with the G/(-) genotype demonstrated the highest level of TLR7 mRNA (1.478±0.522 and 1.280±0.590, respectively) (p<0.0001), whereas female patients with the CC genotype and male patients with the C/(-) genotype showed the lowest level of TLR7 mRNA (0.752±0.171 and 0.732±0.218, respectively) (p<0.0001). The severity and chronic progression of ITP was significantly increased in female patients with the GG genotype and male patients with the G/(-) genotype (p<0.05). However, TLR7 rs3853839 polymorphism was not significantly associated with corticosteroid sensitivity and disease recurrence (p>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests that TLR7 rs3853839 may be a key genetic factor in the susceptibility and severity of ITP disease, providing new insights into disease progression and severity prediction. These findings present significant insights into the pathogenesis of ITP and may serve as a foundation for developing personalized treatment strategies tailored for pediatric patients with ITP.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"349-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing intervention and complications: management of otitis media with effusion in children with cleft palate.","authors":"Burçay Tellioğlu, Erim Pamuk, Muhammed Çağrı Külekci, Oğuz Kuşcu, Mehtap Yıldırım, Gökberk Çavuşoğlu, Murat Kara, Fatma Figen Özgür","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children with cleft palate (CP) are at high risk for otitis media with effusion (OME), which may impair hearing, speech, and development. Although ventilation tube (VT) insertion during palatoplasty is common, its universal use is debated due to uncertain long-term benefits and potential complications. This study aimed to identify preoperative audiological predictors of VT necessity and evaluate VT-related complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review was conducted on 65 non-syndromic CP patients who underwent palatal repair without prior or concurrent VT placement. Preoperative audiological evaluations were performed, and patients were followed postoperatively for VT insertion and complications. Preoperative hearing thresholds, cleft severity (Veau classification), and VT related complications were analyzed statistically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The likelihood of VT insertion rose significantly in parallel with the severity of preoperative hearing loss, ranging from just 5.9% in patients with normal hearing to 75% in those with moderate conductive hearing loss (CHL) (p < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences between normal hearing and both mild (p = 0.0026) and moderate CHL (p = 0.01). CP severity was not associated with preoperative hearing but correlated with higher VT placement (Veau I: 10%, Veau IV: 69.2%; p = 0.035). Complications included otorrhea (45.2%), early extrusion (35.5%), and tympanic membrane perforation (12.9%), with no significant associations to preoperative hearing level and CP severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preoperative hearing level at the time of palate repair is a strong predictor of VT need in CP patients. Mild to moderate CHL significantly increases the risk of persistent OME, supporting early intervention. Normal or slight loss often resolves without treatment, favoring a conservative approach. Higher cleft severity is associated with increased VT placement rates; it does not correlate with preoperative hearing levels or increased VT-related complications. These findings highlight the value of individualized, hearing-based decisions over routine tube placement.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"338-348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments on the relationship between microRNA-155-5p and postoperative inflammatory markers in children with acute suppurative appendicitis, and its role in predicting postoperative complications.","authors":"Nurcan Çoşkun","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.6083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.6083","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"440-441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences between multi-triggered and single-triggered food anaphylaxis in children: a real life study.","authors":"Şule Büyük Yaytokgil, İlknur Külhaş Çelik, Zeynep Şengül Emeksiz, Betül Karaatmaca, Tayfur Giniş, Selma Alim Aydın, Müge Toyran, Emine Dibek Mısırlıoğlu, Ersoy Civelek","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) is a severe form of food allergy, and literature data about multi-triggered FIA is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the differences between multi-triggered and single-triggered food anaphylaxis in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included pediatric patients (age 100 IU/mL was identified as a predictive factor for multi-triggered FIA (Odds ratio (95% CI): 2.46 (1.40-4.30), p=0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FIA with multiple trigger foods was detected in approximately a quarter of the children with FIA. Multi-triggered FIA was associated with higher rates of atopic disease, asthma, eosinophilia, and increased total IgE levels. A total IgE level higher than 100 IU/mL was a risk factor for multi-triggered FIA. This suggests that high IgE levels may be a warning sign for clinicians to be vigilant for multiple food triggers in the screening and follow-up of FIA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"317-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household transmission and carriage of Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (STEC) O145, Stx1c: a family report.","authors":"Elif Okumuş, Aynur Karadenizli","doi":"10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjpediatr.2025.5806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infections induced by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), especially non-O157 serogroups like O145, pose considerable public health risks. Household transmission is crucial in the dissemination of STEC, particularly in settings characterized by close interaction, such as extended families. This study examines a case of a 5-month-old infant with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) attributed to stx1c-positive STEC and analyzes transmission patterns within the household.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Perianal swab samples were obtained from a 5-month-old infant diagnosed with STEC-associated HUS and six additional household members. Samples of breast milk were examined as well. Samples were inoculated into sorbitol MacConkey agar (SMAC) and cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to identify stx1, stx2, and O serogroups. Fecal shedding was investigated over a four-month period with repeated sampling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six household members, including the infant, tested positive for stx1, although the mother and breast milk samples were negative. The detected strains were classified within the O145 serogroup and exhibited the stx1c variation. Fecal shedding continued for up to four months in the majority of family members, with the infant exhibiting the briefest length of shedding. The family indicated regular intake of raw meatballs (\"çiğköfte\"), a traditional Turkish food, made with raw meat, identified as a possible source of illness. None of the family members displayed any symptoms except for the infant, who had severe HUS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the critical impact of household transmission on the dissemination of STEC and the hazards associated with traditional raw meat meals such as çiğköfte. Non-O157 STEC serogroups, including O145, are increasingly recognized as significant agents of human infections. The results underscore the significance of monitoring, hygiene education, and preventive strategies to mitigate the dissemination of STEC in families and the wider community. Mitigating extended fecal shedding and detecting foodborne transmission sources are essential for effective public health intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":101314,"journal":{"name":"The Turkish journal of pediatrics","volume":"67 3","pages":"410-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}