Water-Energy Nexus最新文献

{"title":"Greywater Characterization of an Indian Household and Potential Treatment for Reuse","authors":"P. Patil, V. P. Bhange, Soniya S. Shende, Parnavi S. Ghorpade","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2021.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83324637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developments in the microbial desalination cell technology: A review","authors":"Abubakari Zarouk Imoro ,&nbsp;Moses Mensah ,&nbsp;Richard Buamah","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC) is a technology proposed to either support or replace conventional desalination technologies. This technology allows the simultaneous treatment of wastewater, electricity generation and desalination. These abilities of the MDC technology fit it into the water energy nexus matrix. Also considering the wastewater, electricity generation and desalination abilities of the MDC technology it can be stated that, it has the potential to contribute to the realization of the sustainable developments goals six and seven. Since its introduction in 2009, the MDC technology has evolved quickly in designs and in uses but is faced with a number of problems too. This review discusses the major developments in the MDC technology considering what the MDC technology is about, its diverse uses, the achievements of the technology and the problems the technology is confronted with. Also, a future perspective on how the technology will develop is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 76-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wen.2021.04.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84234895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritization of potential soil erosion susceptibility region using fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process, upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Berhanu G. Sinshaw ,&nbsp;Abreham M. Belete ,&nbsp;Agumase K. Tefera ,&nbsp;Abebe Birara Dessie ,&nbsp;Belay B. Bizuneh ,&nbsp;Habtamu T. Alem ,&nbsp;Simir B. Atanaw ,&nbsp;Daniel G. Eshete ,&nbsp;Tsegaye G. Wubetu ,&nbsp;Haimanot B. Atinkut ,&nbsp;Mamaru A. Moges","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil erosion poses a global threat to soil loss, agricultural land deterioration, and crop yield decreases. This paper accounts for the establishment of sustainable land planning, and methods for evaluating soil erosion rates. The study was conducted based on the system complex analysis to prioritize soil erosion in Ribb watershed to improve soil and water conservation planning. Several geographical-environmental factors affecting soil erosion (land use, soil, slope, SPI, TWI, river Proximity, curvature, aspect) considered to assess potential soil erosion risk. The information levels were focused on expert experience, and the dynamic decision-making process built in a network framework. The weights for each layer were computed by R Studio fuzzy AHP package. The map of soil erosion susceptibility was developed by combining layers in a platform based on their weights and means of erosion-related incidents in regional surveys. Hence, the soil erosion map's overall results showed very high, high, moderate, low, and very low vulnerability to erosion with areal coverage of 13.4 %, 27.93 %, 32.74 %, 17.42 %, and 8.5 %, respectively. The susceptibility map demonstrates that high soil erosion sensitive areas with Fuzzy and AHP respectively cover 11.05 % and 15.75 %. The study indicates that priority should be given to high and very high erosion-prone areas in Rib watershed to adapt to climate change and control sedimentation problems in the Rib reservoir and Lake Tana.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 10-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wen.2021.01.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76191412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ultrasound-assisted process for the optimization of biodiesel production from waste cottonseed cooking oil using response surface methodology","authors":"Suvik Oza ,&nbsp;Nirav Prajapati ,&nbsp;Pravin Kodgire ,&nbsp;Surendra Singh Kachhwaha","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biodiesel is a promising option instead of fossil energy, particularly when non-edible feedstocks are utilized in the production process. To limit the environmental effects of biodiesel production, the production method should be properly chosen and the process variables should be optimized. Ultrasound-based biodiesel synthesis using waste cottonseed cooking oil (WCCO) is significant process. It requires less reaction time and is a highly energy-efficient process. This work focused on a comparison and analysis of optimization results using response surface methodology (RSM) based box-behnken design (BBD) and full factorial design (FFD) methods for a biodiesel production from waste cottonseed cooking oil (WCCO) catalyzed by KOH via an ultrasound (US) based transesterification process and also described the benefits to the environment caused by ultrasound method for producing biodiesel. For optimization of the biodiesel yield following parameters are considered: methyl alcohol: oil ratio (molar ratio) (A), KOH wt % (B), process temperature (C) and found to be methyl alcohol: oil molar ratio: 6:1, KOH wt %: 0.50% reaction temperature: 50 °C, with the process biodiesel yield: 98%. Quadratic polynomial equations are obtained by analyzing experimental values for transesterification reaction. The impact of these parameters on biodiesel yield is inspected and analyzed by different plots. The process variables optimized for biodiesel yield were in a good match for BBD and FFD method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 187-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912521000230/pdfft?md5=187ce8a54f221f8a3fe4d54f0eb006af&pid=1-s2.0-S2588912521000230-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79702377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-energy nexus: Condition monitoring and the performance optimization of a hybrid cooling system","authors":"Ali Gharavi Hamedani,&nbsp;Masoumeh Bararzadeh Ledari,&nbsp;Yadollah Saboohi","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The steel industry is one of the highest water-intensive sectors. To reduce water consumption in the cooling process of this sector, hybrid cooling systems are proposed. As these systems consume water and energy simultaneously, their operation management needs to be done dynamically, considering water-energy nexus. In the present research, considering regional water and energy scarcities, an operation optimization framework is proposed for the operation management of a direct reduction unit cooling system in a Steel Company. As the behavior of hybrid cooling systems varies over time under the influence of mechanical depreciation and change of environmental conditions, its modeling must be done in a dynamic and precise manner to optimize system performance. In the current study, system modeling is performed by using physical laws (white-box modeling) and machine learning techniques (black-box modeling). Machine learning has been used to modify the deviation of the white-box model from the system situation being caused by equipment degradation. Coupling a dynamic black-box model with the white-box model results in increased accuracy of about 53%. Application of the developed dynamic model, in combination with the proposed framework, has shown that water and energy loss rates could be reduced by 83%; and leads to an 85% saving in possible production reduction. This significant improvement is achieved by the hybrid model's precise prediction of outlet water temperature with 0.91 °C root mean square error; Therefore, using the developed model could help in the improvement of the hybrid cooling system's water and energy efficiency. It is also demonstrated that the model might act as a self-learning model which becomes more precise over time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 149-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258891252100014X/pdfft?md5=6095b197a5fda2da8dede22423c7eeec&pid=1-s2.0-S258891252100014X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86418209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural characterization of polymeric chitosan and mineral from Omani shrimp shells","authors":"Hurya Ali Said Al Hoqani ,&nbsp;Noura Hamed Khalifa Al Shaqsi ,&nbsp;Mohammed Amzad Hossin ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdullah Al Sibani","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shrimp shell waste is a burden nowadays globally due to its environmental pollutions. However, shrimp shells contain various ingredients such as chitosan, chitin, minerals, and proteins, which are essential for biomedical, agriculture, and industrial sectors. Chitosan is a polymer, and it is characterized by its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. This study aimed to isolate a good quality chitosan polymer from the shrimp shells waste and characterize it by using spectroscopic methods. Initially, the collected shrimp shells were dried and ground for chemical treatment, collected from different regions of Oman. The coarse samples were dimerization, deproteinization, deacetylation and discoloration by using 1 M hydrochloric acid, 12.5 M sodium hydroxide, and 12 M hydrogen peroxide solution to give the corresponding products. Finally, the isolated chitin samples were deacetylated by microwaving at high temperature and pressure for 15 min. The yield of chitosan was approximately 53.31%, which 8.46 ± 0.06 gm, 7.02 ± 0.01 gm and 5.31 ± 0.01gm were the average weight yield after the demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation processes, respectively. The degree of deacetylation of the extracted chitosan from the shrimp shells was very high of about 97.35% as calculated and identified by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. The content of calcium and phosphorus minerals of the chitosan was 117.6 ± 0.01 and 119.12 ± 0.09 parts per million (ppm), respectively, which was determined by using Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The morphological feature of the chitosan and standard was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDX, and the results showed no big morphological difference between the two samples and the elemental compositions were almost the same. The results showed that the obtained isolated chitosan from shrimp shells was highly deacetylated compared to standard chitosan, and it could be useful for the preparation of commercial, industrial products, and pharmaceutical drugs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912521000242/pdfft?md5=3fc396b46414efd7eee2f407256d5951&pid=1-s2.0-S2588912521000242-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77631307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the feasibility of geothermal heat sinks with concentrated solar power for effective municipal wastewater disinfection: A pilot study","authors":"Samarpan Deb Majumder ,&nbsp;Simran Saha ,&nbsp;Ankit Das","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Efficient disinfection is of prime importance for safe drinking. Despite Kolkata’s significant progress in the socio-economic fronts, the conservative and disjointed approaches used in dealing with the city’s sanitation and wastewater treatment problems have collectively made it one of the hotspots of water-borne diseases, resulting in thousands of deaths per year. Additionally, the high operating cost of the conventional wastewater treatment plants based in Kolkata poses a major concern. This study has therefore, for the very first time integrated geothermal heat sinks with concentrated solar power for wastewater treatment, replacing the need for mechanical heat exchangers and excess cooling water requirement. It is estimated that nearly 67% of the total operating cost of the treatment process associated with disinfection would be reduced, along with zero electricity consumption for cooling the high temperature treated effluent. The study reports that with addition of catalyst, namely TiO₂, the disinfection could be further enhanced by removing almost 99.999% of the microbial population. Applications of geothermal heat sinks are available in other domains such as building heating or cooling, refrigerated storages and many others, but, literature specific to its use in wastewater treatment is missing till date.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 174-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912521000254/pdfft?md5=5f0a12bf26c961ce7559ca4963c1540c&pid=1-s2.0-S2588912521000254-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137089916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of water quality using GIS techniques and water quality index in reservoirs affected by water diversion","authors":"Francis I. Oseke ,&nbsp;Geophery K. Anornu ,&nbsp;Kwaku A. Adjei ,&nbsp;Martin O. Eduvie","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2020.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2020.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper assesses the quality of the excess water diverted from the Gurara reservoir to the Lower Usuma reservoir, with declining water resources, based on the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. A near-laser analysis was carried out on different samples from each of the two reservoirs both in the dry and wet season using geographic information system (GIS) technique and water quality index (WQI). Samples collected were analyzed for pH Temperature, Taste, Odour, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Sodium (Na⁺), Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), Chloride (CI^-), Nitrate (NO₃^-), Calcium (Ca²⁺), Magnesium (Mg²⁺), Iron (F^-) and potassium (K⁺). The obtained values were evaluated and compared with the standard permissible limits. The result shows a link between the two reservoirs. The physiochemical determinants are within the maximum permissible limits with some slight variations at the Lower Usuma reservoir. The diverted water from the Lower Usuma reservoir was rated as a good water type with index of 62.5% in the dry and 49.7% in the wet season by WHO’s permissible limits, whilst the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality rates it at 83.3% at the dry season and 69.0% at the wet season. The water from the Gurara reservoir was rated as an excellent type with index of 43.23 % in the dry season and 45.7% in the wet season by WHO’s permissible limits whilst the Nigerian standard for drinking water quality equally rates it at 61.7% and 65.5% in the wet season. According to the correlation matrix, predominant determinants amongst others show both positive and negative correlation at seasonal basis. The spatial variation map shows higher concentration along downstream section at both reservoirs. The study outlined that the surface water of the area is impaired by the anthropogenic activities and needs proper management plan to control further contamination and pollution of the surface water of the area. Further, the surface water of the receiving region needs a proper treatment before its consumptive uses. The application of GIS techniques and water quality index in the assessment of water quality in the context of reservoir systems revealed to be a valuable contribution statistically to the understanding and management of connected water bodies. Future analyses will concentrate on broader applications of this methodology in the context of the understanding and management of reservoir systems in Nigeria. This is, therefore, a call on water managers to put in place routine mechanisms of monitoring the water from reservoirs affected by water diversion, due to the ever-increasing anthropogenic activities around the upstream of reservoir watershed in the coming decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wen.2020.12.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80236597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogas production from wastewater treatment: Evaluating anaerobic and biomagnetic systems","authors":"E. Kweinor Tetteh,&nbsp;S. Rathilal","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2021.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biogas, a green and sustainable form of energy produced during the degradation of organic waste anaerobically comes with ecological and economic paybacks when compared to a comprehensive fossil fuel-based energy system. However, the biodiversity of microorganisms and chemical loads for enzymatic and bioconversion reactions impedes the anaerobic digester’s (AD) practicality for commercialization. Hence, this study examined the application of titanium dioxide magnetite (Fe-TiO₂) (F) via a synthetic route in AD + F and a biomagnetic system (BMs) as a collective pathway to maximize methane potentials, wastewater treatment, and improve biogas production. The AD + F and BM systems were operated at a working volume of 0.8 L (inoculum to wastewater ratio of 0.6), the mesophilic temperature of 35 °C for an incubation period of 30 days. The results showed in-situ Fe-TiO₂ facilitated the bio-electrolysis and bio-methanation reactions in the AD process which improved its performance as compared to the control (AD only). Above 75% of chemical oxygen demand (1600 ± 16.2 mg/L), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (76 ± 6.4 mg/L), total solids (135 ± 12 mg VS/L), volatile solids (94 ± 6.8 mg VS/L), and other inorganic contaminants (28 elementals) contained in the wastewater were removed by the BMs at a pH of 6.5 followed by the AD + F (65–75%) and the AD only (50–65%). On the 20th day, the control system (AD only) had a maximum daily biogas yield of 50 mL/COD.d, whereas the AD + F gave 90 mL/d and BMs 120 mL/d. Compared to the control with a methane yield of 66%, the addition of the Fe-TiO₂ to AD + F and BMs increased the methane yield to 100%. Synergistically, the catalytic and biomagnetic activity of Fe-TiO₂ in the BMs heightened the adsorption and reaction pathway of the contaminant’s transformations and degradation. Amidst two kinetic models investigated, the cumulative biogas yield followed the Gompertz kinetic model. In conclusion, combining the magnetic effect with green magnetic catalyst (Fe-TiO₂) in AD and adsorption–based wastewater settings have viable prospects towards environmental purification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 165-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912521000266/pdfft?md5=e1b37eb0616241e6fdd41905e4d96af3&pid=1-s2.0-S2588912521000266-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79167041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy prediction for community water supply: An integrative application of scaling analysis and life cycle assessment","authors":"Likwan Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2020.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wen.2020.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Community water supply is the local, consumer-level segment of water supply. For its ubiquity, an ability to predict the energy demand for community water supply would help better quantify the water-energy nexus at the community level. However, communities differ in size and distance from the water source, among other variations; no formalism is currently in use for making this energy prediction. Here, we describe a conceptual model and mechanistic formulation for predicting the energy demand of a community water supply in the context of a regional, multi-community supply system. We make the novel methodological integration of scaling analysis and life cycle assessment to account for both network effects and life cycle effects on energy intensity. We also make the novel mechanistic integration of hydraulic energy loss and allometric energy scaling to account for both linear transmission energy and nonlinear distribution energy. With these integrative steps, we create a novel “leaf on a stem” network model and mechanistically parameterized formula for predicting the energy demand of a community water supply, given in life cycle quantity and as the sum of community distribution energy in sublinear scaling with community size and regional transmission energy in linear scaling with the community’s distance from the regional water source. We validate the predictive model by empirically verifying the model parameters through a detailed case study of consumption communities within a regional supply system in the US Great Lakes region. This simple, mechanistic predictive model may help substantiate the concept of water-energy nexus and facilitate energy assessment for community water supply.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wen.2020.12.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76853636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}