Water-Energy Nexus最新文献

{"title":"Developing the water-energy nexus performance of direct evaporative coolers in a hot and dry climate: Toward a green space cooling","authors":"Salah Vaisi,&nbsp;Haleh Taheri","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Direct Evaporative Coolers (DECs) have several advantages such as a user-friendly, cost-effective, small, and easy installation, therefore, they are frequently used for space cooling in hot and dry climates. DEC is a cost-effective system applied in residential or medium-sized buildings such as private offices and commercials; however, the gap of the system is higher water and energy consumption that are addressed in this paper. Water in a dry climate is vital and means life and greenhouse gases threaten lives on the earth. This research is an experimental method conducted for more than 2 years to develop a conventional DEC into a green-efficient system. The research aims to discover and reduce the water as well as energy consumption of DECs in a hot and dry climate. Energy transitions from fossil to solar is another aim of this research. Compared with the conventional sample in the developed prototype the water consumption was reduced by 23.8 liters/day (about 56%), and the operating hours of the system were also decreased by 55%. Currently, there are approximately 2.1 million DEC systems in operation in the case study city, so by applying the developed system, up to 6.2 million m³ of water can be saved in each warm period. The reduction of operating hours caused a reduction of 67.5 W in electrical energy consumption per hour. In addition, by energy transition from fossil to solar electricity the in-operation CO₂ emission of the developed system is zero. The implementation of this green cooling model will greatly reduce water and energy consumption and the developed model can be repeated and imitated in similar climates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 244-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912523000255/pdfft?md5=a087c7ba7c0c80722463d7489951ed21&pid=1-s2.0-S2588912523000255-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134656389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of changing environment on coal mining water use in China","authors":"Bingxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jianyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Wang ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The unequal distribution of coal and water resources, coupled with efforts to enhance coal production efficiency, has exacerbated the issue of water scarcity in China’s coal mining industry. There is an urgent need to analyze the impact mechanism of external environmental changes on coal mining water use. With partial least square regression and vector autoregressive model under the framework of STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model, this paper systematically investigates the impact of population, economic level, energy consumption structure, and water intensity on coal mining water use, as well as the long-term dynamic response of coal mining water use to various variables. Results show a significant positive correlation between the economic level and coal mining water use, and the economic level has the greatest impact on changes in coal mining water use. Water intensity is negatively correlated with water used for coal mining. Decreasing water intensity in coal mining has a rebound effect. Water intensity shows a negative effect in the short term, but gradually disappears in the long run. Energy consumption structure positively correlated with coal mining, but its correlation and influence degree are weak. Promote green and low-carbon energy transformation, water-saving technologies application, and unconventional water utilization, and further improve the sustainable development guarantee capacity of the coal industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 177-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912523000231/pdfft?md5=0f023d1816467eae6684f99c8d5354a1&pid=1-s2.0-S2588912523000231-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72207224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of organic pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater by LC-MS analyzer","authors":"Bineeta Singh ,&nbsp;Ranjeet Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar ,&nbsp;Zeenat Arif","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The release of toxic and hazardous effluents from petroleum refining companies seriously threatens the poisoning of water bodies. Thus, it is necessary to determine an accurate treatment process by understanding the nature of wastewater. This work uses Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LCMS), including LC-Tandem MS (LCMS/MS), ion trap (IT), and quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) to comprehend the composition of petroleum refinery effluent. Many polar metabolites available, even as a trace fraction, can be found using advanced LCMS with defined molecular structure, which may or may not be itemized in CAS. Based on the number of carbon atoms (C1-C48), chemical reactivity (saturated, unsaturated, and aromatics), and functional group (hydrocarbons containing oxygen only and other minerals along with oxygen), substances are identified. Using LCMS/MS, 170 organic components, 77.10% negative and 22.90% positive metabolites, are quantified. A range of carbon between C8 and C48 is identified as having 6.50% C8-C12, 30% C13-C17, and 63.50% C18-C48. Higher molecular mass hydrocarbons from C22-C48 are less soluble in water and are more positively polarized, while C8-C21 hydrocarbons are more soluble under negative polarity. The principal ingredient is documented as consisting primarily of aromatic chemicals (72.30%), the majority of which are found as harmful metabolites. Further, 83% of the hydrocarbons are acknowledged to contain solely oxygen compared to other minerals in petroleum effluents. Overall, it was concluded that the direct discharge of petroleum refinery effluents without treatment may cause various health and environmental issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 167-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258891252300022X/pdfft?md5=31a6f6d91fe0dcc574b9925527350058&pid=1-s2.0-S258891252300022X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72207225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial-temporal distribution and source apportionment of riverine dissolved organic carbon in the Miyun section of the Chaobai River in Beijing, China","authors":"Junjie Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Pu ,&nbsp;Ruining Zhang ,&nbsp;Xunliang Liu ,&nbsp;Yuhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Mingxue Meng ,&nbsp;Siqi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is indicative of water quality in drinking source water and has an impact on drinking water treatment. Exploring occurrence of DOC in drinking source water is of great significance for the drinking water safety in Beijing. This study elucidated spatial-temporal DOC dynamics in the Miyun section of Chaobai River in Beijing of China and identified sources of DOC based on DOC fluorescent spectral characteristics. Results showed that the average riverine DOC concentration was 30.60 mg/L. DOC concentrations in the Miyun section of the Chaobai River were 30.40, 30.24, and 31.09 mg/L in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. DOC concentrations at the three segments of the Miyun section of the Chaobai River (the Chaohe River, the Baihe River and the Chaobai River) were 29.93, 30.29 and 32.57 mg/L, respectively. Land use contributed to DOC variations rather than season and river segment. Significant increases in DOC concentration were observed in river water flowing through farmland and urban areas, and DOC concentration presented the highest after flowing through the farmland area. The results of FI, HIX and BIX showed that DOC mainly came from endogenous sources such as aquatic biological activities, and was less affected by terrestrial inputs. Special attentions ought to be paid on prevention and control of endogenous DOC inputs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 160-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588912523000218/pdfft?md5=eaf30f54c38119cd33c271be2a32e0f2&pid=1-s2.0-S2588912523000218-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91964483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of water pollution through combined sewer overflow using high-speed biofiltration in urban watershed","authors":"Ingyu Lee ,&nbsp;Minsoo Kim ,&nbsp;Antukh Tatsiana ,&nbsp;Jung-joon Hwang ,&nbsp;Yongjun Yoon ,&nbsp;Hyunook Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over recent decades, the rural areas of Korea, including containing source waters, have become extensively developed. Combined sewer systems (CSSs) have been constructed to collect the sewage generated from these areas. Presently, it is common to experience localized heavy rain events, likely due to climate change, and sometimes, the volume of rainfall can become too high for a CSS to handle. In these cases, combined sewer overflow (CSOs) occurs, contaminating surface water, which may have been used as source water. Therefore, the Korean government will begin regulating the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of CSOs occurring during first flushes of less than 40 mg/L from 2024 onwards. In this study, a biofiltration-based technology was proposed to treat CSOs. Thus, this study aimed to remove BOD from CSO using this biofiltration system to contain cube-type media. For this, two different loading rates were tested on a pilot scale. Although the proposed system resulted in a footprint of only 10 % of that of a conventional activated sludge system, it was still capable of achieving efficient BOD removal. At a high loading rate, BOD removal efficiency was observed at approximately 53 %, and when this loading rate was reduced by 50 %, the removal efficiency was slightly improved to about 58 %. In both cases, the BODs of treated CSOs could be maintained below the proposed future standard: 31 mg/L and 28 mg/L for high and low loading rates, respectively. Therefore, the proposed system could potentially be preventing environmental contamination from COSs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 151-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49725858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water resources and their management in Pakistan: A critical analysis on challenges and implications","authors":"Shakeel Ahmad ,&nbsp;Haifeng Jia ,&nbsp;Anam Ashraf ,&nbsp;Dingkun Yin ,&nbsp;Zhengxia Chen ,&nbsp;Changqing Xu ,&nbsp;Wang Chenyang ,&nbsp;Qimeng Jia ,&nbsp;Zhang Xiaoyue ,&nbsp;Muhammad Israr ,&nbsp;Rasheed Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water is one of the essential natural resources for human beings. However, rising worldwide water demand and a significant decline in availability due to a lack of dynamic management and over-extraction have resulted in a complex scenario in terms of water availability. The current paper examines water resources and their management, methodologies, aims, and scope. Through the perspective of water resources and their management in Pakistan, 93 research publications were critically analyzed using a systematic review technique. The technique includes a systematic review of existing literature on water resource management, with particular emphasis on policy, governance, and environmental challenges. The study results demonstrate gaps and weaknesses in existing laws and regulations, alongside the threats to water resource management due to population expansion, urban development, climate change, and water contamination. To properly address these problems, the current study proposed a comprehensive framework for water resource management. This framework includes a national water policy that argues for sustainability and improves institutional strength. Infrastructure development, climate change adaptation, and examining social and environmental variables are all emphasized as important problems. Furthermore, it is essential to emphasize the importance of education and raising knowledge about water resource management among the general public and relevant stakeholders. By following these recommendations and the proposed OECD key principles on water governance, Pakistan may make significant progress towards achieving sustainable water management, aligning with its development objectives, and ensuring clean and safe water availability for future generations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 137-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivities of rainfed maize production to root zone soil water, air temperature and shortwave radiation in the Sanjiang Plain under sub-humid cool-temperate climates","authors":"Mingxue Meng ,&nbsp;Xiao Pu ,&nbsp;Siqi Li ,&nbsp;Yuhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Huan Xu ,&nbsp;Yanjia Hu ,&nbsp;Junjie Wang ,&nbsp;Yifan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Development of rainfed maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) is sensitive to fluctuations of environmental conditions, while whether the sensitivity varies across the growth stages is still unclear. Based on a 5-year dataset collected from consecutive observations, this study examined the sensitivities of biomass and yield production of rainfed maize to root zone soil water, air temperature and shortwave radiation at four growth stages in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeastern China under sub-humid cool-temperate climates. The multiple linear regression model was employed to establish functional relations between biomass and yield production and significant explanatory variables. A Monte-Carlo simulation was used to test sensitivities of biomass and yield production to perturbation of a single significant explanatory variable or co-perturbation of multiple significant explanatory variables. Results showed that root zone soil water prevailed over air temperature and shortwave radiation in affecting rainfed maize development for the most time of the growing period. Biomass production was most sensitive to root zone soil water which had positive variance contributions of 70 – 100% at the early and late vegetative stages and a negative variance contribution of −99.4% at the early reproductive stage. Yield production was also sensitive to root zone soil water at the early reproductive stage with a 100% positive variance contribution. Biomass and yield production were most sensitive to air temperature at the late reproductive stage and the positive variance contributions of air temperature were 97.7 – 100%. Shortwave radiation negatively contributed to biomass production by −28.6% at the late vegetative stage. The findings of this study suggest that more attention could be paid to the most sensitive factor at different growth stages of rainfed maize for great biomass accumulation and high grain yield.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 131-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-farm water energy food carbon-footprint nexus index for quantitative assessment of integrated resources management for wheat farming in Egypt","authors":"Mohie El Din Omar ,&nbsp;Vinay Nangia","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To improve the farming efficiency, Egypt has been struggling to narrow the water, energy, and yield gaps owing to exacerbated water shortage. For quantitative diagnosis of farming performance, the paper presented an on-farm water, energy, food, and carbon-footprint (WEFC) nexus index made up of four equally pillars. The arithmetic average preserved the multi-centric approach and equal importance of the four pillars. The index was applied to test and rank 2,042 wheat-based farmer fields in Egypt representing diverse inputs, agronomic and irrigation practices, soil types, and agroecological conditions. The water metric was the ratio of saved water, difference between maximum water consumption recorded in the country and actual water consumption, to the maximum water consumption. Likewise, the energy metric was obtained. The food metric was the ratio of actual yield to maximum yield in the country. The carbon-footprint metric was the ratio of difference between maximum CO₂ emission in the country and actual emission to the maximum emission. The index values showed a wide range from 18.69% to 87.33% with a high standard deviation emphasizing the diversity of farming practices, soil types, and agroecological conditions. The highest ten values were recorded in fields with sandy soils, relatively large area, drip irrigation, recommended seeding and fertilization rates, well drainage, weeds removal, and tillage. The drip irrigation system in 51 out of 52 fields had above average value. The lowest ten values were in fields with clay soils and flood irrigation, where 18.7% of 1,780 fields exceeded the above average value. Raised beds with furrow irrigation in 83.15% of 184 fields exceeded the above average value. Fertilization rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in 61% and 53% of fields respectively exceeded the recommended rates with no significant reflection on the food metric. The low index values in fields with flood irrigation were attributed to high water losses causing high water consumption, energy consumption, and CO₂ emission. The index was a good indicative of input resources consumption and output production as it varied inversely with water and energy consumption and CO₂ emission and proportionally with yield. Since the high-water consumption was the main entry point for low index values in fields with flood irrigation, changing the irrigation to drip system or revisiting the irrigation scheduling and the estimated applied irrigation water amount were recommended. The index can be utilized to quantify the effectiveness of both recommendations and further new site-specific interventions and to assess their impact at scale. The index also recommended land use consolidation where farmers retain ownership of their lands but with cooperative farming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 122-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the nexus and promoting integration of diverse factors: Prospects of big data-driven artificial intelligence technology in achieving carbon neutrality in Chongming District","authors":"Wenbo Zhu ,&nbsp;Renzhou Gui ,&nbsp;Ru Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges facing the world today. The large amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities, especially the emission of carbon dioxide, is an important driving factor behind climate issues. Under the background of China’s “3060” decarbonization goal”, Chongming District in Shanghai is actively promoting the construction of a world-class ecological island and is committed to creating a carbon–neutral demonstration zone with global influence. However, Chongming District faces challenges as the mechanism of carbon-neutrality transition path remains unclear. The data related to evaluating carbon neutrality status are heterogeneous from multiple sources. It is difficult to effectively implement relevant evaluation and response measures, impeding the progress of its low-carbon transformation. In response to the aforementioned challenges, this paper will propose and discuss the potential methods based on the new generation of information technology, represented by big data and artificial intelligence. These technologies aim to facilitate the integration of diverse factors, including carbon, and explore the nexus among them, thus exploring pathways for low-carbon transformation, and ultimately achieving decarbonization goal in Chongming District. Hopefully, the research conducted in this paper will contribute to the efforts of China and the global community in addressing carbon-related challenges and advancing towards a more sustainable and low-carbon future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 112-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging pollutants of severe environmental concern in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on current developments and future research","authors":"Ranjeet Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Spandana Samyukthalakshmi Mentha ,&nbsp;Yash Misra ,&nbsp;Naveen Dwivedi","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental contaminants have emerged significantly due to the enormous consumption of medications, personal-care products, antibiotics, and hormones for cosmetic and health reasons. Emerging pollutants (EPs), often alluded to as contaminants, have become a massive concern for the entire populace due to their immense critical environmental and human health hazards. EPs have a broad range of environmental effects. EPs emanate from either human or animal origins, with the ability to permeate streams instantaneously or gradually through soils. Consequently, potable water sources will get tainted, water quality will degrade,<!--> <!-->and health conditions will emerge. For more than a decade, research has been conducted on various pollutants, but this developing class of contaminants mainly comprises those from the fertilizer, pharmaceutical, and personal care industries. Even in lower quantities, the majority of evolving pollutants may be harmful to people and marine life. These chemicals lack defined limits because potable water treatment facilities require water sources. The prevalence of this deterioration in aquatic environments, particularly surface and groundwater, is a severe problem. EPs treatment technologies utilize a range of methodologies, including physicochemical, biological, and modern oxidation processes, regardless of their benefits and limitations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 74-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}