Water-Energy Nexus最新文献

{"title":"On-farm water energy food carbon-footprint nexus index for quantitative assessment of integrated resources management for wheat farming in Egypt","authors":"Mohie El Din Omar ,&nbsp;Vinay Nangia","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To improve the farming efficiency, Egypt has been struggling to narrow the water, energy, and yield gaps owing to exacerbated water shortage. For quantitative diagnosis of farming performance, the paper presented an on-farm water, energy, food, and carbon-footprint (WEFC) nexus index made up of four equally pillars. The arithmetic average preserved the multi-centric approach and equal importance of the four pillars. The index was applied to test and rank 2,042 wheat-based farmer fields in Egypt representing diverse inputs, agronomic and irrigation practices, soil types, and agroecological conditions. The water metric was the ratio of saved water, difference between maximum water consumption recorded in the country and actual water consumption, to the maximum water consumption. Likewise, the energy metric was obtained. The food metric was the ratio of actual yield to maximum yield in the country. The carbon-footprint metric was the ratio of difference between maximum CO₂ emission in the country and actual emission to the maximum emission. The index values showed a wide range from 18.69% to 87.33% with a high standard deviation emphasizing the diversity of farming practices, soil types, and agroecological conditions. The highest ten values were recorded in fields with sandy soils, relatively large area, drip irrigation, recommended seeding and fertilization rates, well drainage, weeds removal, and tillage. The drip irrigation system in 51 out of 52 fields had above average value. The lowest ten values were in fields with clay soils and flood irrigation, where 18.7% of 1,780 fields exceeded the above average value. Raised beds with furrow irrigation in 83.15% of 184 fields exceeded the above average value. Fertilization rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in 61% and 53% of fields respectively exceeded the recommended rates with no significant reflection on the food metric. The low index values in fields with flood irrigation were attributed to high water losses causing high water consumption, energy consumption, and CO₂ emission. The index was a good indicative of input resources consumption and output production as it varied inversely with water and energy consumption and CO₂ emission and proportionally with yield. Since the high-water consumption was the main entry point for low index values in fields with flood irrigation, changing the irrigation to drip system or revisiting the irrigation scheduling and the estimated applied irrigation water amount were recommended. The index can be utilized to quantify the effectiveness of both recommendations and further new site-specific interventions and to assess their impact at scale. The index also recommended land use consolidation where farmers retain ownership of their lands but with cooperative farming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 122-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the nexus and promoting integration of diverse factors: Prospects of big data-driven artificial intelligence technology in achieving carbon neutrality in Chongming District","authors":"Wenbo Zhu ,&nbsp;Renzhou Gui ,&nbsp;Ru Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges facing the world today. The large amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities, especially the emission of carbon dioxide, is an important driving factor behind climate issues. Under the background of China’s “3060” decarbonization goal”, Chongming District in Shanghai is actively promoting the construction of a world-class ecological island and is committed to creating a carbon–neutral demonstration zone with global influence. However, Chongming District faces challenges as the mechanism of carbon-neutrality transition path remains unclear. The data related to evaluating carbon neutrality status are heterogeneous from multiple sources. It is difficult to effectively implement relevant evaluation and response measures, impeding the progress of its low-carbon transformation. In response to the aforementioned challenges, this paper will propose and discuss the potential methods based on the new generation of information technology, represented by big data and artificial intelligence. These technologies aim to facilitate the integration of diverse factors, including carbon, and explore the nexus among them, thus exploring pathways for low-carbon transformation, and ultimately achieving decarbonization goal in Chongming District. Hopefully, the research conducted in this paper will contribute to the efforts of China and the global community in addressing carbon-related challenges and advancing towards a more sustainable and low-carbon future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 112-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging pollutants of severe environmental concern in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on current developments and future research","authors":"Ranjeet Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Spandana Samyukthalakshmi Mentha ,&nbsp;Yash Misra ,&nbsp;Naveen Dwivedi","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental contaminants have emerged significantly due to the enormous consumption of medications, personal-care products, antibiotics, and hormones for cosmetic and health reasons. Emerging pollutants (EPs), often alluded to as contaminants, have become a massive concern for the entire populace due to their immense critical environmental and human health hazards. EPs have a broad range of environmental effects. EPs emanate from either human or animal origins, with the ability to permeate streams instantaneously or gradually through soils. Consequently, potable water sources will get tainted, water quality will degrade,<!--> <!-->and health conditions will emerge. For more than a decade, research has been conducted on various pollutants, but this developing class of contaminants mainly comprises those from the fertilizer, pharmaceutical, and personal care industries. Even in lower quantities, the majority of evolving pollutants may be harmful to people and marine life. These chemicals lack defined limits because potable water treatment facilities require water sources. The prevalence of this deterioration in aquatic environments, particularly surface and groundwater, is a severe problem. EPs treatment technologies utilize a range of methodologies, including physicochemical, biological, and modern oxidation processes, regardless of their benefits and limitations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 74-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and optimization of a circular open channel for fish farming using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)","authors":"Ali Jebelli ,&nbsp;Mohammad Saeid Zare ,&nbsp;Nafiseh Lotfi ,&nbsp;Mustapha C.E. Yagoub","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Open canals are one of the most common and cost-effective methods in water supply networks; they are widely used in different industries such as agriculture, water and sewage treatment, urban drainage, pisciculture and water parks. Due to global warming, the demand in clean energy to replace fossil fuels has caused using water turbines in riverbeds and aqueducts to be important. On this basis, optimizing key parameters such as flow motion and canal turbulence is crucial to reduce breakdowns while designing canals. In fact, the inappropriate adjustment of velocity and pressure within the canals may lead to the system failure: imbalance between inlet and outlet will increase the water level and the pressure on canal walls thus, leading to breakdown. In this paper, a circular open canal was designed for a pisciculture system. The velocity and height of the water canal is controlled by the canal inlet and outlet system and the water flows continuously inside the canal. By keeping the canal water volume constant in any time and the flow motion with constant velocity, the system makes the fishes feel infinite movement. Furthermore, the water particles and impurities (e.g., food and fish feces) are removed by the outlet from the canal bottom, transferred to the filtration system, and returned to the fish farm by the canal inlet after the filtration procedure; the mentioned technique causes the water canal to be kept at its optimal level. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to simulate the canal flow. Solving the Navier-Stokes equations numerically and assuming incompressible, unsteady, and two-phase flow, the parameters of the canal flow were extracted. Also, by mounting the system outlet along the path of water movement, greatly reduces the adverse effects of the outlet suction force on the canal main flow. Moreover, by dividing the canal inlet with guide vanes, the inlet has been modified for the entrance of the clean water simultaneously with the distribution of the inlet flow to several smaller flows in order to make the canal water continue to move continuously without any turbulence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 96-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous by Chitosan-stabilized FeS","authors":"Jingwei Wu ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiawei Dai ,&nbsp;Bowen Yang ,&nbsp;Yuhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao Pu","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.07.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, FeS and chitosan (CTS) were compounded to form a new Cr (Ⅵ) treatment material FeS/CTS. FeS/CTS was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, BET, etc, and the removal performance and mechanism of FeS/CTS for Cr (Ⅵ) were also discussed. The removal of Cr (Ⅵ) by the composite was the result of electrostatic force, redox reaction, complexation and precipitation. When the initial concentration of Cr (Ⅵ) was 50 mg∙L⁻¹, the removal of Cr (Ⅵ) was attributed to 87.14% reduction and 12.86% adsorption. The fitting results of the kinetic and isothermal models proved that chemical adsorption playsed a dominant role in the removal process. At pH 5 and the initial Cr (Ⅵ) concentration of 40 mg∙L⁻¹, the removal rate of Cr (Ⅵ) by the composite could reach 99.90%. All results showed that FeS/CTS composite can be used as a potential Cr (Ⅵ) removal material in water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49738270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of adaptive water-saving and phaseout strategies on water withdrawal in China's coal-fired power industry under carbon constraints","authors":"Bingxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jianyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Wang ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Manting Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Coal-fired power generation occupies a dominant position in China's power sector and is known for its high water requirement. Limited research exists on how water withdrawal for coal-fired power generation responds to policy and technical factors, as well as spatial variations in the future. To address this gap, this study utilizes a geospatial dataset at the coal-fired power unit level and an improved calculation method for water withdrawal to investigate the evolving trend of water withdrawal in coal-fired power generation, considering the influences of carbon emission reduction, adaptive water-saving measures, and phaseout strategies. The results demonstrate that the improved water withdrawal calculation method yields superior simulation outcomes compared to existing approaches. The study reveals substantial variations in coal-fired power generation under different carbon emission reduction scenarios. Despite the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario where coal-fired power generation continues to dominate the power sector, implementing various adaptive water-saving scenarios results in national water withdrawal estimates ranging from 42.9 to 59.4 billion m³ in 2050. In contrast, water withdrawal is reduced by 37.6% to 42.9% under the 2.0℃ target scenario and by 86.5% to 97.5% under the 1.5℃ target scenario. Technological advancements play a crucial role in reducing water withdrawal for coal-fired power generation, particularly in northwest China. The transformation of cooling systems significantly decreases water withdrawal nationwide and in the regions that predominantly relied on once-through cooling. The deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology in coal-fired power plants in the northwest region creates short-term pressure on regional water resources. Under strict carbon emissions constraints, adopting the phaseout strategy with guaranteed lifetime results in relatively higher water withdrawal for coal-fired power generation, and the variations in coal-fired power plants configuration across provinces lead to different responses in water withdrawal changes when facing the same unit retirement strategy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 46-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49738266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of deficit irrigation under furrow irrigation techniques on garlic (Allium sativum L.) productivity at the central highland of Ethiopia","authors":"Biruk Getaneh Ayele ,&nbsp;Shemelies Asseffa ,&nbsp;Abraham Woldemichael Tuhar","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Garlic is one of the widely grown vegetables in irrigation but poor irrigation management causes depressed agronomic practices and results in low productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on soil moisture, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of garlic (<em>Allium sativum</em> L.) local cultivars under furrow irrigation techniques. It was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications with four irrigation levels (100, 85, 70, and 55% ETc) and three furrow techniques namely: Alternative (AFI), Fixed (FFI) and Conventional (CFI). An irrigation regime was determined based on both ETc and soil moisture methods. All collected data were subjected to ANOVA by SAS statistical software. The result showed that yield and WUE were highly significantly (p &lt; 0.01) affected by deficit levels and furrow techniques. The maximum yield of 8.9 t/ha was obtained with the application of 100% ETc under CFI, while the maximum CWUE of 4.1 kg/m³ with the application of 55% ETc under AFI. The application of 85% ETc under AFI resulted in optimum yield and CWUE. Correlation analysis revealed that strong positive association between garlic yield and its yield components. In areas where there is abundant water, garlic could be irrigated with a seasonal irrigation depth of 592 mm (100% ETc) under CFI techniques. The application of 85% ETc under AFI techniques saves irrigation water with insignificant yield reduction and this saved water could possibly produce an extra yield of 7.1 t/ha, resulting in a more economical return with a marginal rate of return (MRR) of 1463%. Therefore, it is the best choice under the conditions of the study area and other similar areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 32-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The water-energy-environment-economy nexus progressing toward net zero","authors":"Alberto Boretti","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This short communication discussed the water-energy-environment-economy nexus, and the challenges and opportunities progressing towards net zero. A circular water economy is an approach to water management that seeks to maximize the use and reuse of water resources, reduce waste and pollution, and promote sustainable and equitable access to water for all, where desalination may play an important role. The transition towards net zero, moving from an energy system based on fossil fuels not sustainable anymore to a renewable energy system, may impact the cost and availability of energy. Desalination definitively needs cheap and abundant energy, and investments which also depend on the accessibility of inexpensive and plentiful energy. Expensive and scarce energy may impact negatively on desalination, and contribute to water scarcity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 13-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freshwater lakes in the Western Himalayan Region: An analysis of the present situation","authors":"Neha Kumari,&nbsp;Kushal Thakur,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar,&nbsp;Danish Mahajan,&nbsp;Bhavna Brar,&nbsp;Dixit Sharma,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Freshwater lakes in the Western Himalayan region play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing crucial ecosystem services. However, these lakes are currently facing various challenges due to anthropogenic activities, climate change, and natural processes. This study aims to analyze the present situation of freshwater lakes in the Western Himalayan region, focusing on their water quality, biodiversity, and conservation status. The Western Himalayan Range comprises the majority of the Indian Himalayas and includes the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. The Western Himalayan Range is vulnerable to both the whims of nature and human interference because it is a mountainous location. There are a total of 38 lakes present in Uttarakhand, 40 lakes in Himachal Pradesh, and 22 lakes in the Jammu and Kashmir region are present. The quantity of contaminants has elevated as the lake's water has decreased because of the growth in and around it. Agricultural runoff, untreated sewage discharge, and silt from nearby catchments have all caused the lake's water quality to decline. Due to higher nutrient levels, which lead to an abundance of algae and macrophytes, certain lakes are eutrophic. These lakes often contain low quantities of dissolved oxygen in their lowest layers and they frequently have limited transparency. Bioindicator species can be introduced to evaluate the current scenario of freshwater lakes. Because various species of Plankton rapidly respond to any environmental change,thus also known as bioindicators. Various type of mitigation measures such as plantation of trees in the catchment area, awareness among the public, solid waste managements and continuous monitoring will be helpful in lake management. The present situation of freshwater lakes in the Western Himalayan region demands immediate attention and concerted efforts for their conservation. Addressing water quality degradation, protecting biodiversity, and promoting sustainable practices are crucial for the long-term survival and ecological sustainability of these lakes. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and conservation practitioners to develop strategies and policies that can mitigate the challenges faced by these unique freshwater ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 18-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing carbon source-sink nexus for green and sustainable transition at the local scale","authors":"Ru Guo ,&nbsp;Guanghui Shao ,&nbsp;Wenhao Wu ,&nbsp;Ruimin Lin ,&nbsp;Kaiming Peng ,&nbsp;Xiangfeng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.wen.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pursuit of green and sustainable transition at the local level holds great significance for achieving high-quality development, particularly in developing countries and regions. An in-depth understanding of the intricate relationship between carbon sources and sinks can assist in identifying the key influencing factors of low carbon development. Therefore, this study takes Chongming District of Shanghai in China as an example and proposes a novel methodology to assess the relationship between carbon sources and sinks from the nexus perspective. Our results reveal that: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the overall carbon sink level in Chongming has increased gradually, but its growth rate lags behind its carbon emissions level. Both the intensity of carbon emissions and the extent of high-carbon emission areas have significantly increased. And the trend of carbon balance change is consistent with the original planning goals. 2) In order to achieve a dynamic balance between carbon sources and sinks in temporal and spatial scales, integrated source-sink plan and associated measures must be taken. Additionally, to promote the green, low-carbon, and sustainable transition, it’s crucial to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between the natural ecological interface and the socio-economic interface. 3) This study aims to enhance our understanding of regional carbon peaking and neutrality from the perspective of source-sink nexus and can serve as a decision-support tool for other developing countries and regions seeking to achieve net-zero carbon transition within the constraints of local energy-resource endowments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101279,"journal":{"name":"Water-Energy Nexus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}