Water Resources and Rural Development最新文献

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Innovative funding methods for rural communities and their water pumps 为农村社区及其水泵提供创新资金

Water Resources and Rural Development Pub Date : 2013-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.002

Andrew Swan , Nathan Cooper

{"title":"Innovative funding methods for rural communities and their water pumps","authors":"Andrew Swan , Nathan Cooper","doi":"10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recent surge in global cell phone ownership has meant that many rural Africans now travel to local towns in order to recharge their cell phones. These recharging facilities are typically located within shops or informal businesses, and are often powered by a car battery or solar panel. Recent years have seen the emergence of other novel solutions for providing phone-charging infrastructure in remote regions. One such example has been the development of bicycle dynamos that recharge the cyclist’s cell phone whilst they pedal. This paper discusses the merits of a novel solution for recharging cell phones via the mechanical movements of a water hand pump, and the potential for income generation from local residents paying to recharge their cell phones to help fund the upkeep of the water point. Many water pumps installed on the African continent fall in to a state of disrepair because local communities have insufficient funds to keep them well maintained. The paper overviews the development of a ‘proof-of-concept’ prototype system for this purpose, and considers how this solution embodies a ‘commons’ theory of resource allocation and local owner/usership. Moreover, the potential to embed ‘commons thinking’ within one such low cost community-centered venture opens a wider debate about the role of commoning within the water and sanitation sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101278,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Rural Development","volume":"1 ","pages":"Pages 17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73474927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Mapping the potential human health implications of groundwater pollution in southern Sri Lanka 绘制斯里兰卡南部地下水污染对人类健康的潜在影响

Water Resources and Rural Development Pub Date : 2013-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wrr.2013.10.002

Lorraine D. Rajasooriyar , Eline Boelee , Mauro C.C.M. Prado , Kevin M. Hiscock

{"title":"Mapping the potential human health implications of groundwater pollution in southern Sri Lanka","authors":"Lorraine D. Rajasooriyar , Eline Boelee , Mauro C.C.M. Prado , Kevin M. Hiscock","doi":"10.1016/j.wrr.2013.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wrr.2013.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In southern Sri Lanka, irrigation influences the concentrations of faecal bacteria and inorganic toxic contaminants in groundwater. We develop a groundwater vulnerability map describing the potential human health implications of harmful constituents in the Uda Walawe Basin, by overlaying geological and land use data with information describing the irrigation system, the oxygen isotope composition of water bodies, and the concentrations of selected contaminants. Given the limited data available, we examine the spatial distribution of harmful constituents and the potential human health risks. Fluoride poisoning from groundwater is the greatest health threat in our study area, where fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 9.2mg/L are associated with a geologic origin. Arsenic occurs in high concentrations, up to 0.4mg/L, in areas with low recharge, although the source of arsenic is not clear. Nitrate concentrations are low, ranging from 0.4 to 23mg/L, despite high fertilizer inputs, except in areas with low recharge and non-favourable reducing conditions, where concentrations up to 136mg/L are found. Faecal bacteria decrease from surface water via shallow groundwater to deep groundwater. Irrigation water appears to play a major role in increasing microbial contamination and diluting inorganic constituents in groundwater. Hence, the most important determinants for mapping groundwater vulnerability are local geology and infiltration of irrigation water. The method we present provides a qualitative, yet practical, alternative to commonly used vulnerability mapping techniques for countries where high human health risk via consumption of groundwater is inevitable, and thus acts as a tool for selecting preventive and curative measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101278,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Rural Development","volume":"1 ","pages":"Pages 27-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wrr.2013.10.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74243285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 25

Water governance and livelihoods: Outcomes for smallholders on the Usangu plains, Tanzania 水治理与生计:坦桑尼亚乌桑古平原小农的成果

Water Resources and Rural Development Pub Date : 2013-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.001

Tom Franks , Frances Cleaver , Faustin Maganga , Kurt Hall

{"title":"Water governance and livelihoods: Outcomes for smallholders on the Usangu plains, Tanzania","authors":"Tom Franks , Frances Cleaver , Faustin Maganga , Kurt Hall","doi":"10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>How does water governance change over time? What are the outcomes for </span>smallholders<span> and the ecosystems that support them? We review the development of water resources management<span><span> over the past 40 years in the Kimani catchment of the Usangu plains, in southwestern Tanzania. Our analysis is based on a conceptual framework for water governance comprising a system of resources, arrangements for access, and outcomes for people and ecosystems. We discuss how the resources for water governance have changed over time, we consider the changing arrangements for water allocation, particularly relating to water rights, water </span>management organisations and physical infrastructure, and we analyse the outcomes in terms of access to water for people and of maintenance of environmental flows. Development of water resources in Kimani has been successful on many counts, resulting in assured supplies for many users, with consequent improvements in livelihoods, including, in particular, increases in land-holding size. However, these improvements are accompanied by some negative outcomes, as they reduce water access for other users and threaten downstream flows. The experiences from Kimani highlight the need to map the whole institutional landscape and to ensure that physical infrastructure reflects institutional arrangements when designing interventions to enhance water security. Such interventions may well have significant outcomes for equity and power relations amongst water users.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101278,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Rural Development","volume":"1 ","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wrr.2013.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75375395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

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