{"title":"Synthesis, properties and biomedical perspective on vitrimers – challenges & opportunities","authors":"Gagandeep Kaur, Pawan Kumar and Christian Sonne","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00101J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00101J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A novel class of crosslinked materials known as “vitrimers” has recently bridged the real-time gap between the limitations of thermoplastics and thermoset materials for great possibilities of real-world application. In this line, synthesis methods and properties for biomedical applications are rarely reviewed in the current literature. More importantly, challenges and opportunities for possible real-world biomedical applications need to be addressed to attract researchers in this emerging field. Here, we review the various synthesis methods/schemes for vitrimer preparation to achieve desired properties for specific applications. We have classified these different synthesis methods/schemes into monomers during transesterification, disulfide and imine exchanges, and discuss this focusing on recent examples. Then we discuss exchange-based properties, <em>i.e.</em>, recyclability, healing ability, shape memory, and adhesive nature for biomedical prospects, including self-healing coatings, recyclable polymers, 3D printing, and biodegradable medical equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 5","pages":" 846-867"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00101j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuhao Li, Wenjin Wu, Yu Chang, Weiquan Chen, Yijie Liu, Zifeng He, Yan Pu, Ivan S. Babichuk, Terry Tao Ye, Zhaoli Gao and Jian Yang
{"title":"Flexible strain sensors based on silver nanowires and UV-curable acrylate elastomers for wrist movement monitoring†","authors":"Shuhao Li, Wenjin Wu, Yu Chang, Weiquan Chen, Yijie Liu, Zifeng He, Yan Pu, Ivan S. Babichuk, Terry Tao Ye, Zhaoli Gao and Jian Yang","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00081A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00081A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Flexible strain sensors have a wide range of electronic skin and health monitoring applications. In this paper, flexible strain sensors with unique direction designs were prepared using silver nanowires (AgNWs) and UV-curable acrylate elastomer films. They show an extensive strain range (tensile strain >50%), sensitivity up to 97 of gauge factor, and good reproducibility of up to 10% strain under cyclic tensile tests. The parallel and perpendicular placement of the sensors to strain direction allows us to detect wrist movement in a 360-degree direction with high accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 4","pages":" 684-688"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00081a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Afsana Munni, Mohammed A. Bashammakh, Marion Bellier, Ali Ansari, Mohamed E. A. Ali, H. Enis Karahan, Rafiqul Islam, Treavor H. Boyer and François Perreault
{"title":"Surface characteristics of thin film composite polyamide membranes dictate silver nanoparticle loading efficacy†","authors":"Afsana Munni, Mohammed A. Bashammakh, Marion Bellier, Ali Ansari, Mohamed E. A. Ali, H. Enis Karahan, Rafiqul Islam, Treavor H. Boyer and François Perreault","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00088A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00088A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising antimicrobial agents for controlling biofilm growth on polyamide (PA) thin film composite membranes. However, the current literature lacks a clear path for leveraging silver functionalization in designing biofouling-resistant PA membranes mainly due to huge variations in the resulting silver loading on the membrane. To help develop a robust procedure for fabricating AgNP-loaded PA membranes, here we investigate the relationship between loading yield and membrane (surface) properties. We selected four commercially available PA TFC membranes (BW 30, SW 30 XLE, AMI H, NF 270) and decorated those with AgNPs using the same functionalization chemistry. As expected, we observed a clear variation in silver loading (in the order of BW 30 > AMI H > SW 30 > NF 270). To elucidate the role of membrane surface properties in determining the silver loading efficacy, we conducted a detailed surface characterization of PA TFC membranes using atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, streaming potential analysis, and contact angle measurements. Subsequently, we employed multiple linear regression analysis to correlate surface properties with silver loading. Our investigation revealed that oxygen content significantly influences AgNP loading (<em>p</em> < 0.05), more than any other surface characteristics. These results will guide future material selection for reverse osmosis or nanofiltration applications critical in the water sector in short term. Moreover, the insights gained from this work are expected to be pivotal in developing membranes more suitable for fabricating AgNP-loaded antimicrobial membranes.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 6","pages":" 1186-1197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00088a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shunsuke Yamada, Yohei Takashima, Takaaki Tsuruoka and Kensuke Akamatsu
{"title":"Interfacial analysis of the ion-transport process controlling the steady-state current in a two-phase electrodeposition system using polyelectrolyte membranes†","authors":"Shunsuke Yamada, Yohei Takashima, Takaaki Tsuruoka and Kensuke Akamatsu","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00112E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00112E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Effluent-free selective copper electrodeposition based on ion transport <em>via</em> ion-exchange reactions within polyelectrolyte membranes is described. The new solid-phase electrodeposition system includes a thin layer of electrolyte solution between the anode and the membrane that comes into contact with the cathode. This layer was introduced to enable the electrolyte solution to be circulated to maintain the concentration of copper ions in the solution phase during electrodeposition. This membrane–solution layered system has a greater steady-state current density under constant-voltage electrodeposition compared with the previous system in which the membrane was sandwiched between the electrodes. The higher current density was attributed to the higher ion penetration rate at the interface between the electrolyte solution and the membrane, as verified by the results of the numerical analysis of the ion transport kinetics in the new system. By positioning the anode such that it is set slightly apart from the polyelectrolyte membrane to allow the electrolyte phase to be introduced, but as close as possible to it, a current density that was at maximum 50% greater than that of the sandwiched system was realized at steady state. This increase, which is attributed to the maximum ion penetration rate and minimum resistivity of the electrolyte layer, ensures a more efficient deposition setup for high-performance electrodeposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 5","pages":" 1069-1076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00112e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Savan K. Raj, Vartika Sharma, Shubham Mishra and Vaibhav Kulshrestha
{"title":"MoS2 quantum dot-modified MXene nanoflowers for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction†","authors":"Savan K. Raj, Vartika Sharma, Shubham Mishra and Vaibhav Kulshrestha","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00106K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00106K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrochemical water splitting clutches abundant capacity as it produces molecular hydrogen as an efficient energy carrier. An effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst with decreased overpotentials and long-term stability is a necessity for electrochemical water splitting to fulfil the needs of the hydrogen economy. Slack anchoring of an active electrocatalyst on the substrate can significantly lead to a decline in its performance in any system. This study focuses on the synthesis of molybdenum sulphide (MoS<small><sub>2</sub></small>) quantum dot-modified MXene nanoflowers (MQD@NFs) by hydrothermal treatment. Further analysis shows that MQDs have been successfully embedded inside the nanoflowers, which facilitate electron transfer and provide a stable structure. MQD@NFs exhibited excellent catalytic activity towards HER in an acidic environment and achieved HER performance at a current density of 10 mA cm<small><sup>−2</sup></small>, with an overpotential of 307 mV and a Tafel slope of 68.5 mV dec<small><sup>−1</sup></small> in 0.5 M H<small><sub>2</sub></small>SO<small><sub>4</sub></small>. Additional catalytic sites on synthesized MQD@NFs enhance ceaseless efforts toward the facile synthesis of economically viable electrocatalysts for hydrogen generation. A graphite rod of 3 mm diameter was employed as the counter electrode with the synthesized working electrode and reference electrode to evaluate the HER performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 5","pages":" 1057-1068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00106k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahreen Muneer, Hariprasad Parayil Kalappurackal, Akshay Balachandran and Saifullah Lone
{"title":"Biological design and inspiration of bactericidal hierarchical interfaces","authors":"Mahreen Muneer, Hariprasad Parayil Kalappurackal, Akshay Balachandran and Saifullah Lone","doi":"10.1039/D3LF00267E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3LF00267E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Surfaces act as reservoirs for the proliferation of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, that can be transmitted to individuals who come into contact with them. The phenomenon is known as “fomite transmission”, where pathogens can survive on surfaces for varying periods, depending on the material and environmental conditions. Fomite transmission plays a significant role in spreading infectious diseases. This transmission route is particularly relevant in high-traffic environments like healthcare facilities, public transportation, schools, <em>etc.</em> Developing surfaces with bactericidal or antiviral properties and designing spaces to minimize surface contact are strategies to reduce the risk of fomite transmission. This is where the concept of nature-inspired bactericidal surfaces becomes valuable. Nature offers sustainable surface design for preventing bacterial colonization and growth. Crafting nature-inspired bactericidal surfaces can lead to the development of materials that can help prevent the spread of infections, reduce the need for frequent cleaning, and potentially contribute to healthcare and hygiene applications. To minimize human health and environmental issues, instead of using harmful disinfectants regularly in public places, nanoengineered surfaces with antipathogen features could alternatively halt microbial growth to prevent the risk of establishing a surface-contamination network. In infectious disease control, this work aims to provide a detailed overview and perspective on the importance of developing nature-inspired bactericidal surfaces to combat surface contamination issues. This approach holds the potential to offer more sustainable and practical solutions compared to traditional methods of using disinfectants and harsh chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 4","pages":" 648-666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d3lf00267e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Calvin D. Quilty, Edelmy J. Marin Bernardez, Andrew Nicoll, MD Jamil Hossain, Arun Kingan, David J. Arnot, Hafsa A. Mohamed, Ciara L. O'Connor, Xiao Tong, Cherno Jaye, Daniel A. Fischer, Lei Wang, Yue Qi, Esther S. Takeuchi, Amy C. Marschilok, Shan Yan, David C. Bock and Kenneth J. Takeuchi
{"title":"Lithium-ion battery functionality over broad operating conditions via local high concentration fluorinated ester electrolytes†","authors":"Calvin D. Quilty, Edelmy J. Marin Bernardez, Andrew Nicoll, MD Jamil Hossain, Arun Kingan, David J. Arnot, Hafsa A. Mohamed, Ciara L. O'Connor, Xiao Tong, Cherno Jaye, Daniel A. Fischer, Lei Wang, Yue Qi, Esther S. Takeuchi, Amy C. Marschilok, Shan Yan, David C. Bock and Kenneth J. Takeuchi","doi":"10.1039/D3LF00259D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3LF00259D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Facilitating widespread adoption of electric vehicles will require next-generation battery systems that can operate reliably over a large temperature range, at high operating voltage, and under fast charging rates. Herein, a novel class of nonflammable fluorinated ester-based local high concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) are described. When cycled in commercially relevant graphite/LiNi<small><sub>0.8</sub></small>Mn<small><sub>0.1</sub></small>Co<small><sub>0.1</sub></small>O<small><sub>2</sub></small> (NMC811) pouch cells, these electrolytes demonstrate improved capacity retention compared to carbonate-based electrolytes under multiple usage conditions including high voltage (4.5 V), fast charge (4C, 15 minutes), and low temperature (−20 °C) without sacrificing capacity retention at elevated temperature (40 °C). Low carbon, high fluoride cathode electrolyte interphases formed by the LHCE system yield a significant reduction in charge transfer impedance during cycling and contribute to capacity retention. These results demonstrate that using fluorinated esters in a LHCE modality enables creation of a new class of nonflammable electrolytes that can successfully operate over broad operating conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 5","pages":" 1077-1092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d3lf00259d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shivangi, Mandeep Kaur, Neeraj Sohal, Mallika Phull and Banibrata Maity
{"title":"Bile-salt templated green fluorescent copper nanoclusters: detection of 4-nitrophenol in nanomolar range†","authors":"Shivangi, Mandeep Kaur, Neeraj Sohal, Mallika Phull and Banibrata Maity","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00143E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00143E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Owing to severe environmental contamination, the detection of hazardous nitro-aromatic chemicals has emerged as a potential research subject in the contemporary context. Nanomaterials are widely used in cutting-edge assays for the selective and sensitive detection of a wide range of analytes. Nanoclusters (NCs) are a novel emerging type of nanomaterials in terms of their outstanding stability and ease of fabrication. Herein, two different types of green emissive copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) were synthesized using sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium taurocholate (NaTC) as bile salts, which act as templating agents and hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent in ambient conditions. The as-prepared CuNCs exhibited highly fluorescent, outstanding solubility in an aqueous medium and significant Stokes shift. The particle size of both CuNCs (NaC@CuNCs and NaTC@CuNCs) was examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis, which confirms their size within the 2.2–2.7 nm range. The surface functionality and chemical compositions of both CuNCs were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The prepared CuNCs showed good pH stability and ionic stability. Both nanoprobes have high sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of 4-NP. The values of quantum yield and average lifetime have been evaluated to confirm the inner filter effect (IFE) quenching mechanism. Based on this, simple and accurate turn-off fluorescent nanoprobes, NaC@CuNCs and NaTC@CuNCs were created to detect 4-NP with a detection limit of 47.1 nM and 58.4 nM, respectively. Real sample analyses were performed to assess the viability of the detection technique, revealing good recovery rates and relative standard deviations towards the proposed probes. Therefore, the developed nanoprobe may be applied for on-site and fast detection of 4-NP.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 6","pages":" 1174-1185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00143e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Pires Conti, P. Iacomi, P. F. Brântuas, M. Nicolas, R. Anton, S. Moularat, S. Dasgupta, N. Steunou, G. Maurin and S. Devautour-Vinot
{"title":"MOF-based sensors for the detection of airborne α-pinene†","authors":"P. Pires Conti, P. Iacomi, P. F. Brântuas, M. Nicolas, R. Anton, S. Moularat, S. Dasgupta, N. Steunou, G. Maurin and S. Devautour-Vinot","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00027G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00027G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two metal–organic frameworks, DUT-4(Al) and MIL-100(Fe), were explored as sensitive layers deposited at the surface of QCM transducers for the detection of α-pinene, a terpenic volatile organic compound encountered in indoor air at a trace level. Both sensors displayed sensitive, fast, reversible and repeatable response toward exposure to α-pinene, in complementary ranges of contaminant concentration: DUT-4(Al)@QCM was demonstrated to be attractive for the detection of α-pinene at 0.5 ppm < <em>C</em><small><sub>α-pinene</sub></small> < 4.8 ppm, while MIL-100(Fe)@QCM was found more efficient at <em>C</em><small><sub>α-pinene</sub></small> > 4.8 ppm. As an alternative to using two complementary QCM sensors, a single device prepared by coating the QCM by mixing DUT-4(Al) and MIL-100(Fe) was envisaged. Interestingly, DUT-4(Al)/MIL-100(Fe)@QCM benefited from a synergistic effect of both MOFs: it showed high sensitivity for detecting α-pinene in a wider range of concentration than that explored with sensors based on a single MOF, without losing the high level of sensor performances, in terms of response time, reversibility and repeatability.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 6","pages":" 1166-1173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00027g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baishali Barua, Laura K. Dunham, Aakanksha Gadh and Suchol Savagatrup
{"title":"Real-time detection and classification of PFAS using dynamic behaviors at liquid–liquid interfaces†","authors":"Baishali Barua, Laura K. Dunham, Aakanksha Gadh and Suchol Savagatrup","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00128A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00128A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Rapid detection and classification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are important for monitoring their concentrations at potential contamination sites due to their severe impact on environmental and health safety. Herein, we present a combination of Janus droplets and microfluidics-based sensors to measure dynamic interfacial behaviors of PFAS at liquid–liquid interfaces. The time-series data are used as chemical fingerprints to classify the identity of PFAS based on their differences in chain length and head group and quantify their concentration. We demonstrate that classification of four different PFAS is possible using the time-series data of under ten minutes. We also extend this proof-of-concept work toward complex matrices of synthetic groundwater and binary mixtures of PFAS. Our results illustrate the potential of a real-time and continuous sensing platform for on-site environmental monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 5","pages":" 1045-1056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lf/d4lf00128a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}