Results in Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid statistical-algorithmic approach using the frog algorithm to optimize blast patterns for reducing blast vibrations","authors":"Abbas Khajouei Sirjani ,&nbsp;Farhang Sereshki ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ataei ,&nbsp;Manoj Khandelwal ,&nbsp;Hojatollah Mohammadi Anayi ,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Mousavi Nasab ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amiri Hosseini","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces an innovative approach to predict and mitigate blast-induced vibrations by optimizing blast patterns. By combining a statistical model with the frog algorithm, the method achieves enhanced accuracy and efficiency. Addressing a notable gap in blast engineering, this research uniquely integrates statistical models and optimization algorithms for vibration control. Data from 58 blasting events at Golgohar Iron Ore Mine No. 1 were utilized, with 40 datasets used for model training and 18 reserved for independent evaluation. In the prediction phase, four statistical and four AI-based models were developed to estimate peak particle velocity (PPV). Classical evaluation metrics, including R, R², RMSE, MAPE, MAD, and MSE, were applied to identify the best model. The multivariable linear regression model demonstrated superior accuracy, achieving R = 0.94, R² = 0.925, and low error metrics. Following this, the optimization phase employed the multivariable linear regression model as the objective function, integrated with the frog algorithm, to minimize PPV. Several models were developed to assess the influence of algorithmic parameters under the specific conditions of the mine. The results provide a reliable and practical methodology for predicting PPV and optimizing blast patterns, effectively reducing ground vibrations. This straightforward approach offers significant utility for pre-blasting planning and contributes to the advancement of sustainable and efficient blasting practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coal as a non-conventional resource of rare earth elements (REEs) and trace elements: Benefits and impacts on environment and human health – A review","authors":"Himanshu Jaiswal,&nbsp;Alok K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the current scenario of increasing demands for electronic gadgets, electric vehicles, permanent magnets, renewable energy, and defense industries, the need for REEs has grown exponentially. China controls the REEs market globally, and this global dependency has created political insecurity and concerns regarding the stability of the REE market. Carbonatite and Per-alkaline rocks are the conventional sources of REEs, but their worldwide abundance is minimal. Coal, for instance, consists of organic and inorganic components, with the inorganic part associated with the most REEs, such as ash, having minimal utilization and posing challenges. Extracting REEs from coal ash allows one to convert waste into a valuable resource, aligning with the concept of \"waste to wealth.\" Traditional REEs extraction methods involve harsh acids, posing significant risks to environmental and living organisms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore innovative and sustainable extraction methods for REEs, particularly utilizing non-conventional sources. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop equipment that can be installed in thermal power plants during the final stage of thermal processing, enabling the extraction of REEs from the same plants to make the thermal plants more beneficial and add value to already running thermal plants. Finally, it mitigates groundwater, soil leaching, and atmospheric pollution associated with the presence of these elements in coal ash. By successfully extracting REEs from ash, the profitability of the thermal industry can be enhanced as it transforms thermal plants from operating at marginal profits to generating additional revenue streams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143226484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gauging sediment thickness in a seismically prone city in the context of the recent 6.4 M Assam earthquake","authors":"Rajib Biswas,&nbsp;Nilutpal Bora","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reports estimation of sediment thickness in a seismically prone city, namely Tezpur of Northeast, India via ambient noise measurements. Accordingly, a three-component broadband sensor was used to accrue ambient noise at seventy various locations of Tezpur. Estimation of resonance frequencies has been done from horizontal to vertical spectral ratios. <em>Via</em> as estimated resonance frequencies and available borehole feed, an empirical power law has been formulated which allows for boarder mapping of sediment thickness. The results indicate a predominance of lateral heterogeneity in the area under study. Apart from that, estimates of <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> hint at diverse soil types existing in this region. All these inputs can be of help for geotechnical engineers as well as policy makers to foster earthquake resilience in the context of the recent 2021 6.4 M_W earthquake whose epicenter was very nearby to the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing multi-function rapid right angle set slurry compositions for a high pressure-high temperature well","authors":"Pooria Kianoush ,&nbsp;Mostafa Gomar ,&nbsp;Nasser Keshavarz Faraj Khah ,&nbsp;Seyednooroldin Hosseini ,&nbsp;Ali Kadkhodaie ,&nbsp;Shahaab Varkouhi","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cementing in high-pressure-high-temperature (HPHT) wells presents challenges due to gas penetration into the cement, leading to low bonding quality and well isolation failures. This study aimed to design a novel multi-target cement formula to deter gas penetration and prevent complications such as formation creep and cement deterioration. A cement slurry was developed for two liner intervals in the first exploratory well in the Minoo field, SW Iran, at a depth of over 6000 m. The thermal gradient was 1.62 °F/100 ft, significantly impacting cement performance; elevated temperatures can accelerate hydration reactions, potentially causing strength retrogression. A blend of additives—including 3 % boric acid as a dual-functioning dispersant and 1 % latex materials—enhanced dispersing properties, compressive strength, and gas migration resistance. The designed slurry achieved an API fluid loss of 4.5 cc and 15 cc, transition times (30BC to 70BC) under 1 minute, with compressive strengths of 25.29 MPa and 35.44 MPa, respectively, compared to ordinary slurries that typically exhibited fluid losses greater than 50 cc and lower strengths. Gas migration resistance was analyzed through fluid migration tests, showing a 50 % reduction in permeability with silica nanoparticles. CBL/VDL logging data confirmed effective bonding and isolation in the wellbore. The innovative formulation enhances the mechanical properties of the cement—improving its durability and ensuring long-term stability in extreme conditions—while also addressing gas migration challenges. This study advances cement technology, enhancing the performance and reliability of cement-based materials in extreme environments through innovative methods, including using boric acid and latex materials in HPHT cement compositions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping groundwater productivity in crystalline basement using VES and SRTM data: A case study of Fokoué, Cameroon","authors":"Jean Victor Kenfack ,&nbsp;Eric Donald Teikeu Ngueveu ,&nbsp;Théophile Njanko ,&nbsp;Thiery Blondel Suffeu Talla ,&nbsp;Stéphane Tchomtchoua Tagne ,&nbsp;Rodrigue Talla Toteu ,&nbsp;Vanelle Adèle Chemgne Djikeu","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the hydrogeological characterization and groundwater productivity mapping in the crystalline basement terrain of the peri-urban area of Fokoué, West Cameroon. The methodology combines satellite imagery (SRTM), with vertical electrical soundings (VES), using the Schlumberger configuration at AB/2 = 140 m, totaling 92 VES points. Lineament analysis reveals predominant NE-SW structural trends (N10°–30°, and NW315°), which correspond to major tectonic fractures influencing groundwater infiltration and storage. Resistivity values range from &lt; 1000 Ωm (indicative of saturated clays and altered materials), to &gt; 5000 Ωm (massive fresh bedrock). Furthermore, the electrical resistivities observed are characteristic of fractured zones, which are considered to be groundwater flow corridors. The aquifer systems are mostly semi-confined, with depths ranging from 5 to 25 m, and thicknesses from 3 to 18 m. Alongside the geoelectrical data, hydrodynamic parameters such as conductivity (K, m/day), transmissivity (Tr, m²/day), and longitudinal conductance (S, Ω⁻¹) were calculated. to access the ground water potential of aquifers. The calculated transmissivity, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity values were used to estimate the groundwater yield, revealing that over 70 % of the study area presents favorable conditions for groundwater exploitation, with an average estimated discharge of 2.41 m³ /h. This integrated approach highlights the critical role of structural control on aquifer productivity in hard rock terrains. The productivity models obtained are valuable tools for the rational use of water resources on the one hand, and on other hand, they are excellent discriminants for selecting areas favorable to the installation of water wells in Fokoué.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural investigations of Yuli Geothermal field in Nigeria using gravity and magnetic data-set","authors":"Mukaila Abdullahi ,&nbsp;Yusufu Abubakar Sanusi ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Nihyel Tashiwa","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2024.100057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2024.100057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yuli is part of the Yankari area of the Upper Benue trough. Four important locations of warm spring are found in the area. These are namely, the Gwama Warm Spring (GWS), the Wikki Warm Spring (WWS), the Mawulgo Warm Spring (MWS) and the Tongan-Maliki Warm Spring (TWS). Identification, mapping and interpretation of geological structures/features buried within the crust or exposed on the surface are important steps if not necessary in understanding the general geo-tectono-magmatism of a region. Gravity and magnetic data are employed for the interpretation of identified geologic/tectonic features/structures in the area of study. Different filtering techniques are employed. Total Horizontal Derivative of Tilt Derivative (HD_TDR), Horizontal Gradient (HG) and Generalized Derivative Operation (GDO) filters are found better option for the interpretation of the gravity data whereas for the magnetic data, First Vertical Derivative (FVD) and the Analytic Signal (AS) are found the better filters for the magnetic anomalies of the region. The study found a close connects between the normal faults in the region with the magmatic plugs and as well with the warm springs in the area. Depths to anomalous sources are recorded between 0.5 km and 4.6 km in the study area. The depth results are found from 3D Euler deconvolution inversion method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest fire susceptibility zonation of Mizoram using GIS: A comparative analysis of bivariate models","authors":"Jonmenjoy Barman ,&nbsp;Indrajit Poddar ,&nbsp;Abhijit Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest fires pose a significant environmental threat in Mizoram, a hilly region in northeast India, contributing to forest degradation, biodiversity loss, and alterations in the regional climate. The present study aimed to prepare forest fire susceptibility (FFS) zones of the state using Frequency Ratio (FR), Evidential Belief Function (EBF), and Index of Entropy (IOE), and their comparative analysis within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The 453 fire incidents were classified into training (248, 70 %), used for model building and testing (105, 30 %) for validation. A total of eleven conditioning factors from different data sources were prepared for evaluation. The FFS was classified into categories from very low to very high using the quantile method. Model validation was performed using ROC–AUC (Receiver Operating Curve-Area Under Curve) metrics, revealing that the EBF model outperformed than FR and IOE with AUC scores of 0.92 (training) and 0.89 (testing). The results identified climatic factors and vegetation, particularly NDVI, as the most significant contributors to FFS. The novelty of this study lies in the combined application of FR, EBF, and IOE models, enabling a comprehensive comparison of their predictive performance and spatial accuracy. Furthermore, improved factor weighting and validation methods provide more reliable spatial insights for forest fire risk management. The results indicate that the majority of high-risk areas are concentrated in steep, sun-exposed southwestern slopes and areas near roads and settlements, where fuel conditions and human activities heighten ignition potential, demonstrating the effectiveness of the integrated modelling approach. These findings provide valuable insights for early fire detection, ecological modelling, land use management, and sustainable forest resource practices. By demonstrating a replicable, data-driven modelling approach in a data-scarce region, this study advances existing FFS research and lays the groundwork for dynamic forecasting and targeted risk mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zonation of coastal geo-electrostratigraphic units via stratigraphic modified Lorenz plots and rock typing","authors":"Ndifreke I. Udosen","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The characterization of aquifers presents hydrogeophysical challenges due to complexities inherent in their lithology and groundwater flow regimes. This work advances subsurface characterization by integrating geoelectrostratigraphic information with a hydraulic flow unit (HFU) and flow zone indicator framework. Comprehensive geoelectrical surveys were conducted within a heterogeneous coastal milieu, the goal being to delineate the spatial architecture of the aquifer system. The surveys yielded resistivity distributions indicating stratified geological formations comprising fine-to-coarse grained sands intercalated with low-permeability clay horizons. The introduction of the stratigraphic modified Lorenz plots (SMLP) refined the permeability-porosity relationship by revealing spatial variations in flow efficiency, thereby differentiating between conductive and superconductive hydraulic zones. Hydraulic conductivity ranged from 5.29 × 10^–6 to 8.79 × 10^–5 m/s, permeability ranged from 751.24 to 12467.23 mD, hydraulic capillary radius ranged from 1.21 × 10^–6 to 3.25 × 10^–6 m, and Aquifer Quality Index ranged from 1.65 to 4.83. Via the application of petrophysical correlations, four distinct hydraulic flow units (HFU1–HFU4) were identified based on values of permeability, effective porosity, and Flow Zone Indicator (FZI). The steeper slope of HFU3 suggested enhanced groundwater transmissivity, whereas the moderate slopes of HFU1, HFU2, and HFU4 indicated restricted hydraulic connectivity. A major novelty of this study lies in integrating petrophysical, electro-hydraulic, and geospatial data to generate high-resolution 2D parametric maps. This approach has enabled the visualization of spatial permeability distributions and groundwater storage variations, offering a diagnostic tool for aquifer productivity assessment. The results obtained have implications for optimizing groundwater extraction strategies and improving regional water resource management policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrophysical properties and spectral insights of selected reservoirs in the Niger Delta","authors":"O. Akinmuda ,&nbsp;M.A. Ayuk ,&nbsp;M.R. Abraham-A","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study location consists of subtle hydrocarbon-harbouring reservoir structures often bypassed using traditional seismic with petrophysics interpretation, and the current research integrates spectral analysis in reservoir characterisation to produce more detailed results missing within the LOLO oilfield. Petrophysics, seismic interpretation, and spectral decomposition were utilised to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential. Selected reservoir horizons were mapped between 2.35 and 2.55 s based on event strength and continuity. A network of progressive fault planes was delineated from reflection characteristics. Unlike most parts in the Niger Delta, this study uniquely combines petrophysical data with spectral decomposition across multiple frequency bands (12 Hz, 27 Hz and 50 Hz), a technique rarely applied in this region, while employing RGB blending to visualise subtle geological features and delivering a more refined interpretation of fault-assisted traps and stratigraphic variations to enhance hydrocarbon prospectivity. The lithology is composed of an alternation of sand and shale units. The reservoirs designated C5, C6, D2, and D5 extend across the wells (LOLO-006, LOLO-007, LOLO-010, and LOLO-013). The delineated zones of interest have an average net sand thickness of between 4 and 325 ft, net to gross in the range of 0.28–0.89, an average effective porosity in the range of 0.24–0.28 (24–28 %), permeability ranging from 609 to 2225 mD, and hydrocarbon saturation ranging from 0.59 to 0.71 (59–71 %). These reservoirs were considered to be of good economic value. The probable hydrocarbon-harbouring structure in the area is a faulted anticlinal structure. Spectral decomposition analysis revealed subtle fault-assisted structures whose misinterpretation could lead to bypassed hydrocarbon-bearing units and reduced recovery, whereas accurate identification supports efficient drainage and optimised field exploitation. The findings strengthen the existing hydrocarbon exploration database for the study area and offer valuable insights for ongoing and future investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced seismic hazard assessment and risk zoning in the Kashan Region, Central Iran: Insights from historical data and advanced modeling techniques","authors":"Ahmad Adib ,&nbsp;Pooria Kianoush","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research focuses on earthquake risk zoning in the Kashan region of central Iran—an area with significant seismic activity due to its location along major fault lines. Central Iran is bordered to the east by the Lut Block, to the north by the Alborz mountain range, and to the south by the Sanandaj-Sirjan region, forming the Iranian plateau. The study area, located in Isfahan province approximately 100 kilometers from Kashan, lies within the structural zones of the elevated Zagros, Sanandaj-Sirjan, and the volcanic arc of Urmia-Dokhtar. The study aims to enhance understanding of seismic hazards and improve risk assessment methodologies. Key findings include the identification of historical earthquakes, which underscore the region's vulnerability. Advanced probabilistic seismic hazard assessment techniques were employed using the OpenQuake platform to model seismic risks effectively. This research is novel in its integration of historical data with modern probabilistic modeling, providing a comprehensive framework for assessing seismic hazards in an underexplored region. Results indicate that while some areas exhibit low seismic activity, the potential for future earthquakes remains significant, highlighting the need for updated hazard assessments. A critical finding is the extended intervals associated with major earthquakes, which may lead to an underestimation of seismic risk. Additionally, the analysis of fault systems reveals complex interactions that influence the seismic behavior of Kashan, providing insights for urban planning and disaster preparedness. Ultimately, this research aims to inform local authorities and stakeholders about seismic risks, enabling effective mitigation strategies and enhancing community resilience against potential disasters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}