Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy最新文献

{"title":"GPS meteorology: validation and comparisons with ground-based microwave radiometer and mesoscale model for the Italian GPS permanent stations","authors":"R. Pacione ,&nbsp;C. Sciarretta ,&nbsp;F. Vespe ,&nbsp;C. Faccani ,&nbsp;R. Ferretti ,&nbsp;E. Fionda ,&nbsp;C. Ferraro ,&nbsp;A. Nardi","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00037-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00037-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ground-based GPS meteorology has been developed during the last decade. Beside the GPS traditional application for precise geodesy, the GPS system has proved to be a powerful tool in atmospheric studies, such as climatology and meteorology. During 1999, at the Space Geodesy Center (CGS) of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) an operative and automatic system was developed in order to produce GPS tropospheric parameters on a daily basic for the Italian GPS permanent stations. In this work the operational processing of the GPS data is described. Moreover, the validation of the GPS tropospheric parameters through a comparison with other independent GPS solutions as well as independent techniques is presented. The GPS internal validation of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) shows a bias of 5 mm (absolute values) and a standard deviation ranging from 4 to 20 mm. For a few stations a comparison is performed between the GPS derived precipitable water vapor (PWV) and both the one computed using the MM5 and the one measured by the water vapor radiometer (WVR) and radiosondes (RAOB). The agreement between GPS and MM5 is within the range of 2–7 mm; for GPS, WVR and RAOB the standard deviation ranges from 0.85 to 1.62 mm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 3","pages":"Pages 139-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00037-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91632879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space to earth geodetic observations: approaching the atmospheric effect","authors":"I. Ifadis, P. Savvaidis","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00046-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00046-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"46 1","pages":"195-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80982483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation and yield in high porosity outcrop chalk","authors":"R. Risnes","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00022-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00022-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mechanically high porosity chalks behave as frictional materials, but with an end-cap reflecting pore collapse failure. Shear failure between the grains seems to be the basic failure mechanism, not only in compression tests at low confining pressures where shear bands are formed, but also in pore collapse where distributed shear failure will occur in the material. Also tensile failure seems to be initiated by a shear failure mechanism, and tensile strength can be predicted from the compressive yield criterion (Mohr-Coulomb). The mechanical properties of chalk are strongly dependent on the type of fluid in the pores. Water saturated chalk is considerably weaker than dry or oil saturated chalk. Chalk and fluids may interact through capillary forces and through surface physical/chemical reactions. Capillary forces will always be present when two immiscible fluids are present in the pore space. But such effects can only partly explain the experimental observations. There are however indications that the water weakening effect might be caused by repulsive forces generated by dipole-dipole interactions in the very narrow grain contact areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 1","pages":"Pages 53-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00022-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85111514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric water-vapor signals in GPS data: synergies, correlations, signals and errors","authors":"J.L. Davis","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00093-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00093-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I explore the statistics of integrated water-vapor (IWV) and the ability of GPS to provide information that reflects large-scale weather systems. I demonstrate that the power spectral density (PSD) is a much more robust estimator of IWV statistics than the structure function is for long time scales. I then use the PSD to investigate the IWV statistics of simulated atmospheres. I use a random walk to approximate the Kolmogorov behavior of local atmospheric turbulence. The atmospheres I simulate contain the turbulent behavior sumperimposed on systematic changes to the IWV that might be associated with the passage of fronts. I demonstrate that the PSD associated with such frontal systems might be quite similar to those for pure turbulent behavior. This result may explain why many previous studies that examined PSDs of IWV over a site concluded that the spectra was Kolmogorov. I also derive the first cross-power spectrum of IWV using GPS sites separated by ∼500 km. At this separation, the local turbulence may be assumed to have become decorrelated. I find that even this long wavelength signal consists of components at a wide range of temporal frequencies. The IWV cross power spectrum contains significant energy even at temporal frequencies of 2–4 cycles per hour.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 513-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00093-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89355446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exposed cross-section of early precambrian continental lower crust in North China craton","authors":"M.-G. Zhai,&nbsp;J.-H. Guo,&nbsp;W.-J. Liu","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00127-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00127-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Early Precambrian rocks are widespread distributed in northern China and constitute the metamorphic crystalline basement of the North China craton. An oblique successive rock sequence of the continental lower crust in the northern part of the craton has been recognized. Nearby this metamorphic terrane, some xenoliths of granulites in Cenozoic basalts are reported to represent the recent lower crust. Therefore, it is possible to establish a typical Precambrian continental lower crust cross-section in the North China craton to understand features of the lower crust.</p><p>This exposed cross-section of lower crust can be divided into five layers from south (lowermost crust) to north (upper-lower crust) by faults. Along the section northward, the metamorphic grade gradually decreases from high-pressure granulite facies, middle-pressure granulite facies, middle-low-pressure granulite facies to amphibolite facies. The metamorphic pressures of these five layers are, respectively, 12 to 14 kbar, 9 kbar, 7 to 8 kbar, 6 kbar and 5 kbar. The petrological compositions of the five layers show a change from gabbroic granulites, intermediate-felsic orthogneiss to metamorphosed supracrustal rocks. Geochemically, the lowermost crust (gabbro) and lower crust (intermediate-acid orthogneiss) are relatively poorer in Si and Al compared to the middle-lower crust and upper-lower crust. The cross-section demonstrates a depletion trend of heat-producing elements and some large ion lithophile elements, such as decreasing abundance of Th, U, K, Rb and Sr from the upper-lower crust to the lowermost crust. The rocks in lowermost crust and lower crust only contain CO fluid inclusions, whereas the rocks in the middle-lower crust and upper-lower crust usually contain H₂O fluid inclusions.</p><p>Isotopic data of garnet-bearing mafic granulites, which represent the lowermost crust, indicate that the lower crust in this area formed in Neoarchean, and uplifted and exposed to surface in late Paleoproterozoic. However, the study of granulite xenoliths in this area seems to demonstrate that the recent lower crust and Precambrian lower crust have some similarity and also some difference in geochemistry of trace elements and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes. It is possible that the Precambrian crust is unstable in late geological processes and replaced by recent lower crust, and some old materials were added to the recent lower crust. The formation of the recent lower crust is mainly linked with magma underplating process related to Cenozoic basaltic volcanics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 781-792"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00127-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86735510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and carbon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions in peridotite xenoliths and eclogites from eastern China: geodynamic implications","authors":"X.-Y. Yang ,&nbsp;Y.-F. Zheng ,&nbsp;D. Liu ,&nbsp;J. Dai","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00121-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00121-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chemical and carbon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions were measured for peridotite xenoliths enclosed in Cenozoic basalts and Triassic ultrahigh pressure eclogites from the Dabie terrane in eastern China to provide insight into the nature of their related fluids. The results show that the inclusions contain different amounts of gaseous CO₂, N₂, H₂S, CO, CH₄ and H₂, some of which have significant amounts of H₂. This may reflect chemical heterogeneity in mantle fluids of eastern China and possible metasomatism to the mantle-derived rocks during their eruption and exhumation to surface. There is a variation in δ ¹³C from −12.1 to 0.7‰ for the fluid inclusions in the peridotite xenoliths. Although the higher δ ¹³C values may be either derived from decarbonation of sedimentary carbonates or responsible for the primary mantle carbon remained in the mantle-derived rocks, the lower δ ¹³C values below −15‰ suggest the incorporation of organic carbon by plate subduction into the continental lithospheric mantle in eastern China.</p><p>The fluid inclusions in the eclogites from the Dabie terrane also exhibit a large δ ¹³C variation from −18.5 to 4.6‰, similar to previously reported δ ¹³C features measured for bulk carbon in eclogites from the Dabie-Sulu terranes. While the low δ¹³C values result from hydrothermal alteration to the eclogite protoliths by ¹³C-depleted surface fluid before plate subduction, the high δ¹³C values indicate overprinting of ¹³C-rich CO₂-bearing fluid derived from leaching marble lithologies subsequent to the ultrahigh pressure metamorphism. A geodynamic model is proposed to account for the geochemical recycling of carbon in the processes of plate subduction and prograde metamorphism as well as plate break-off and exhumation. It appears that the ¹³C-depleted slab may be broken off at mantle depths and undergone partial melting to generate basaltic magma and peridotite melt. This provides a genetic links between the ¹³C-depleted peridotites and eclogites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 705-718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00121-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73728880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of igneous rocks from the Lower Yangtze region in eastern China: constraints on sources","authors":"J.-F. Chen ,&nbsp;J. Yan ,&nbsp;Z. Xie ,&nbsp;X. Xu ,&nbsp;F. Xing","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00122-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00122-3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nd and Sr isotopic data are compiled from literatures for Mesozoic igneous rocks in the Lower Yangtze region, eastern China. These Mesozoic igneous rocks have been classified into three associations: Na-enriched (alkaline mafic) association, K-enriched association which includes shoshonitic series and ultrapotassic rocks, and high potassium calc-alkaline (HKCA) association. The HKCA association has been further divided into three geographical sub-groups: the rocks north to, along and south to the Yangtze River.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Na-enriched mafic rocks show ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(T) of 1.4 to −9.9 and &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr(T) of 0.7047 to 0.7077. The K-enriched rock association shows ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(T) of −1.8 to −9.3 and &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr(T) of 0.7053 to 0.7092. Low SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the rocks suggests that they are mantle-derived. These Nd-Sr isotopic variations may represent isotopic feature in the mantle source of these rocks. The Mesozoic mantle of this region is thus enriched to slightly depleted and highly heterogeneous in terms of Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics. The isotopic characters of the Mesozoic mantle of the region can be modeled by mixing between DMM component representing asthenospheric mantle and EM II representing lithospheric mantle. These characters closely resemble those of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the North Dabie terrane north to the region studied. This suggests that processes operating during continental collision and deep subduction in the Dabie orogenic belt might also operate in petrogenesis of mantle-derived rocks of the Lower Yangtze region. However, since the range of initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios for the mantle-derived rocks in the Lower Yangtze region overlaps that of Mesozoic basalts from the eastern coast of China, it is yet not known if this is a prevalent phenomenon in the Mesozoic basalts from eastern China.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The intermediate and acid rocks of the HKCA association were most likely derived from mixing between the mantle-derived mafic magma and different crustal sources. The HKCA rocks occurring in the area north to the Yangtze River have ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(T) of −13.5 to −15.5 and &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr(T) of 0.7058 to 0.7067. The low ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(T) and &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr(T) suggest that a crustal source of old and depleted in Rb, such as the source of the Mesozoic granites from the Dabie terrain, was involved in the formation of this sub-group of rocks. The HKCA rocks along the Yangtze River show ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(T) of −7.0 to −16.5 and &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr(T) of 0.7061 to 0.7101. Old crustal source, such as Archaean Kongling group and Paleoproterozoic Dongling group rocks, was involved in the formation of these rocks. The granitic rocks of the HKCA association in the area south to the Yangtze River show relatively constant ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(T) of −4.9 to −6.8 but variable &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr(T) of 0.7081 to 0.7104. The ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(T)","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 719-731"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00122-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86237966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of strain localisation with stress in a sandstone: Brittle and semi-brittle regimes","authors":"P. Bésuelle","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00032-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00032-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The experimental characterisation of strain localisation in a porous sandstone is presented for the brittle and the transition between the brittle and semi-brittle regimes. Localisation occurs through bands and the observations show a continuous evolution from a dilative strain type inside the bands at low mean stress to a compactive strain type at higher mean stress. The orientation of the bands changes also with the stress level and the onset of localisation is systematically detected before the peak stress. Microscope observations suggest two steps during the localisation process. A theoretical analysis of the localised strain inside bands is presented using the framework of bifurcation theory. The notion of dilating and compacting shear bands is introduced and this allows to show that a continuous transition from pure extension bands to dilating and compacting shear bands and to pure compaction bands is expected. These theoretical predictions are in accordance with the experimental observations, providing an interesting framework to investigate the brittle to semi-brittle transition regime.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 1","pages":"Pages 101-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00032-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79088206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GPS zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) variability in the Mediterranean","authors":"J.S. Haase ,&nbsp;H. Vedel ,&nbsp;M. Ge ,&nbsp;E. Calais","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00080-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00080-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of the MAGIC project (Meteorological Applications of GPS Integrated Column Water Vapor Measurements in the Western Mediterranean), zenith tropospheric delays (ZTD) are computed from Global Positioning System (GPS) signals at permanent sites in the western Mediterranean area continuously since November 1998. These time series are compared to the equivalent values estimated by integrating the atmospheric column derived from radiosonde profiles and the HIRLAM numerical weather prediction model in order to determine the error statistics of the data. From a year and a half of data, we show that the difference between radiosonde and GPS ZTD has a standard deviation of 12 mm and a bias of less than 5 mm for most stations. The biases between the GPS ZTD and HIRLAM estimates are smaller, but the standard deviation is greater, usually on the order of 17 mm. The standard deviation of the residuals from both comparisons depends greatly on the humidity which produces an annual signal because of the much higher humidity variability in the summer months.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 439-443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00080-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77363511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of water vapour in the atmosphere. A short overview from a climate modeller's point of view","authors":"D. Jacob","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00094-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00094-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water vapour plays a dominant role in the radiative balance and the hydrological cycle. It is a principal element in the thermodynamics of the atmosphere, it transports latent heat, it contributes to absorption and emission in a n umber of bands and it condenses into clouds that reflect and adsorb solar radiation, thus directly affecting the energy balance. In the lower atmosphere, the water vapour concentrations can vary by orders of magnitude from place to place. This variability creates a fundamental problem in climate modelling due to the very high temporal and spatial resolution needed to resolve all processes creating the sharp gradients which are related to the variability. The contribution of water vapour to atmospheric phenomena on different time and space scales for today's and future climates are discussed as well as the importance of water vapour monitoring. The latter is a prerequisite for model validation and an important contribution to the understanding of the behaviour of the atmosphere. It is shown that only the validation of more than one component of the hydrological cycle leads to a better understanding and an improvement of the simulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 523-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00094-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79607586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}