Pharmaceutical Science Advances最新文献

{"title":"Garcioligantone J and K, a pair of epimeric caged-polyprenylated xanthonoids from Garcinia Oligantha, inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells through ER stress-mediated apoptosis","authors":"Lingyu Li ,&nbsp;Hao Zheng ,&nbsp;Qingying Liu ,&nbsp;Dongmei Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Garcioligantone J and K (GLJ and GLK) are a pair of isomers isolated from <em>Garcinia Oligantha</em> Merr. Herein, we described the structure elucidation including the absolute configurations of GLJ and GLK, explored and compared their anti-cancerous effects and underlying mechanism in A549 and NCI-H292 ​cells. The results indicated that GLJ and GLK are two isomers with different configuration at C-12, they inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in two lung cancer cell lines with almost the same extent. The induction of apoptosis by GLJ and GLK was demonstrated by DAPI and annexin-V-FITC/PI staining. Further investigation revealed increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in cells, indicating that GLJ and GLK induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Increased GRP78, p-eIF2α and GADD153 manifested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was induced by GLJ and GLK. Meanwhile, upregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was found and GLJ and GLK-induced ER stress and apoptosis could be attenuated by ROS scavenger NAC. Apoptosis induced by GLJ and GLK also could be alleviated by ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA. These showed that GLJ and GLK-induced apoptosis was mediated by ER stress relied on ROS generation. The efficacy of GLJ and GLK on lung cancer cell proliferation was further demonstrated in a zebrafish xenograft model. Collectively, the absolute configurations of GLJ and GLK were identified and they exerted lethal effects on lung cancer cells to the same extent via ROS-ER stress-mitochondrial apoptosis signaling, suggesting that GLJ and GLK might be used as potential modulating agents in lung cancer treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of glutarimide-containing polyketides: Structures, bioactivities and their biosynthesis","authors":"Yanrong Shi ,&nbsp;Chunhua Lu ,&nbsp;Yuemao Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glutarimide-containing polyketides (GPs) are an important class of natural products with antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor and other biological activities. Generally, the structures have a six-membered ring of glutarimide (also known as 2,6-piperidinedione) and a polyketide side chain or a ring of varying lengths attached at C4 such as cycloheximide, 9-methylstreptimidone and migrastatin. Currently, at least 65 natural glutarimide antibiotics have been isolated and identified. The novel biosynthetic mechanism of the <em>trans</em>-AT PKS and multifaceted modes of action have promoted the progressive exploration of glutarimide-containing products. However, the related information on the aspects of new structure discovery, biological activity and biosynthesis of GPs is still not available. This review summarizes the current research from the aspects of new structure discovery, biological activity and biosynthesis, aiming to provide a reference for in-depth products mining and structure-activity relationship research. Special emphasis is placed on their potential as drug leads, particularly in cancer therapy, and the role of modern analytical techniques in their discovery and characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular RNA: From non-coding regulators to functional protein encoders","authors":"Xinwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongyan Wu ,&nbsp;Xuechuan Hong ,&nbsp;Yuling Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a distinct class of non-coding RNAs characterized by a covalently closed circular structure, have gained prominence as a promising research field due to their unique biological properties and functional roles relative to linear RNAs. This review summarizes recent progress in circRNA research, emphasizing fundamental mechanisms and translational potential. We first outline the discovery, biological features, synthesis, and purification of circRNAs. Next, their delivery systems, biological functions, and applications are reviewed. Finally, we discuss challenges and future prospects for clinical translation, with a focus on advancing precision medicine, gene therapy, and personalized vaccines. This review uniquely integrates recent advances in circRNA biology with their translational applications, offering a comprehensive perspective from molecular mechanisms to clinical potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence in human immunodeficiency virus mutation prediction and drug design: Advancing personalized treatment and prevention","authors":"Karamot O. Oyediran ,&nbsp;Peace-Ofonabasi O. Bassey ,&nbsp;Deborah A. Ogundemuren ,&nbsp;Abdullahi Abdulraheem ,&nbsp;Chukwuemeka P. Azubuike ,&nbsp;Andrew N. Amenaghawon ,&nbsp;Margaret O. Ilomunaya","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite significant advancements in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a global health challenge due to its high mutation rate, drug resistance, and the complexity of treatment optimization. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in HIV research, offering innovative solutions for predicting viral mutations, optimizing drug discovery and formulation design. However, challenges such as limited access to diverse datasets, ethical concerns, and model interpretability hinder the full potential of AI in HIV research. This review highlights gaps in AI-driven HIV research and explores advancements to address these challenges. AI-driven platforms, such as DeepHIV and geno2pheno, have demonstrated success in forecasting resistance mutations and guiding therapeutic decisions. AI is also revolutionizing drug formulation development by enhancing solubility, bioavailability, and stability, while improving patient adherence through advanced delivery systems. Current applications of AI in HIV mutation prediction, drug discovery, and formulation optimization have highlighted the potential of AI towards HIV management and eradication while addressing gaps in data availability and model transparency. By integrating structural, pharmacological, and clinical data, AI provides a comprehensive framework for rational drug design and personalized treatment strategies. By leveraging AI-driven insights, HIV treatment and prevention can become more personalized, efficient, and sustainable. Future research should focus on overcoming data limitations, enhancing model interpretability, and exploring innovative AI approaches to contribute to the global fight against the HIV epidemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The applications of single-cell multiomics in drug screening","authors":"Qingming Xue ,&nbsp;Hanyu Hu ,&nbsp;Ruogu Wang ,&nbsp;Fei Wu ,&nbsp;Haiqing Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-cell multiomics (scMultiomics) technologies and methods encompassing transcriptomics, genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, together with associated computational tools have profoundly revolutionized disease research, enabling unprecedented dissection of cellular heterogeneity and dynamic biological responses. The use of scMultiomics technologies to study drug drug screening, actions and responses has not only unlocked novel avenues in precision drug screening but also transformed our understanding of how small molecules target specific cell types in cancer treatment, as well as their connections to disease etiology and progression from a high-resolution view of their functional diversity. In this review, we systematically explore how scMultiomics technologies develop and drive advancements in drug screening. With a specific focus on the applications in target identification, drug response, and drug resistance, we highlight how scMultiomics can link cellular-level insights with individualized drug screening, which in turn promises actionable strategies to improve therapeutic precision in drug development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanodispersion of lutein with use of metastable polymorph for improved dissolution and oral absorption","authors":"Kodai Ueno,&nbsp;Monami Sugihara,&nbsp;Tetsuya Matsushita,&nbsp;Kohei Yamada,&nbsp;Hideyuki Sato,&nbsp;Satomi Onoue","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lutein (LT) is an attractive nutrient for eye health, although it has low water solubility and poor oral absorption. The present study aimed to develop a novel nanodispersion (ND) of LT using a metastable polymorph, offering improved oral absorption of LT. A metastable crystalline form of LT (LT-II) and hydroxypropyl cellulose were subjected to wet-milling followed by freeze-drying to obtain the ND of LT-II (ND/LT-II), and its physicochemical, photochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties of LT samples were evaluated. The mean particle size of LT-II in ND/LT-II was 354 ​nm, and there was no significant change in the crystalline form of LT-II, even after wet milling and freeze-drying. LT generated significant amounts of superoxide anions upon exposure to pseudo-sunlight (250 ​W/m²), indicating high photoreactivity. After irradiation with pseudo-sunlight (250 ​W/m², 30 ​min), the percentages of LT remaining in the LT solution, amorphous LT, and ND/LT-II were 75, 79, and 92%, respectively. LT-II dissolved slightly faster than the stable crystalline form of LT (LT-I) in the dissolution media. ND/LT-II further improved the dissolution property of LT-II, and the dissolved amount of LT was 137- and 7.2-fold higher than that of LT-I and LT-II, respectively, at 2 ​h after dispersion in water. After administration of LT samples (100 ​mg-LT/kg), systemic exposure to LT in the LT-I and LT-II was negligible, whereas a marked improvement in oral absorption was observed in the ND/LT-II groups. Thus, applying ND technology to LT-II may improve oral absorption, and thus the nutrient function of LT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of tadalafil-loaded hydrogel: An in-vivo evaluation of wound healing activity","authors":"Anita Sadat Haji Seyed Javadi Pajouhi ,&nbsp;Amir Larki-Harcheghani ,&nbsp;Mojdeh Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Sajjad Makhdoomi ,&nbsp;Alireza Nourian ,&nbsp;Katayoun Derakhshandeh","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tadalafil (TD) is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor that has gained attention for its wound healing properties. In this study, a TD-loaded hydrogel was prepared and characterized, and its wound-healing efficacy was evaluated. After preparing the TD hydrogel, its physicochemical properties such as viscosity, pH, drug-loading capacity (DL%), <em>in vitro</em> release behavior, and stability were characterized. Moreover, <em>in vivo</em> studies were performed to evaluate hydroxyproline (HP) and the wound healing efficacy of 1, 1.5, 3% (w/w) TD hydrogels in New Zealand rabbits. Histopathological analysis was also performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining. We successfully prepared a TD hydrogel with high stability. The results of the <em>in vivo</em> experiments on full-thickness wounds showed that the 1.5% TD hydrogel with a pH of 5.81 ​± ​0.421, viscosity of 12,435 ​± ​63, drug-loading capacity of 91.73 ​± ​1.482%, and drug release rate of 88% was superior to other formulations when HP level was increased, which decreased the time required for wound healing; this was corroborated by the histological analysis. Thus, the TD hydrogel formulation prepared in this study is a promising topical therapeutic agent for wound healing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"D-pinitol modulates the anti-emetic effects of aprepitant, domperidone, and ondansetron in chicks","authors":"Md. Elit Rahman ,&nbsp;Md. Anisur Rahman ,&nbsp;Salehin Sheikh ,&nbsp;Md. Jannatul Islam Polash ,&nbsp;Sozoni Khatun ,&nbsp;Mst. Sonia Akter Bristi ,&nbsp;Md. Showkoth Akbor ,&nbsp;Mst. Farjanamul Haque ,&nbsp;Mehedi Hasan Bappi ,&nbsp;Tohidul Islam Tanim ,&nbsp;Siddique Akber Ansari ,&nbsp;Irfan Aamer Ansari ,&nbsp;Elaine Cristina Pereira Lucetti ,&nbsp;Carolina Bandeira Domiciano ,&nbsp;Henrique D.M. Coutinho ,&nbsp;Muhammad Torequl Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Naturally occurring substance, D-pinitol (DPL) belongs to the significant inositol family has numerous pharmacological activity. In this study we evaluated the anti-emetic effect as well as modulation activities of DPL on the recent market drugs aprepitant (APR), domperidone (DOM), hyoscine butyl bromide (HYS), and ondansetron (ODN) on emesis in the chick model. To highlight the possible anti-emetic activity in copper sulfate induced emesis chick models, we use several reference drugs, such as APR (26 ​mg/kg), DOM (7 ​mg/kg), OND (5 ​mg/kg), and HYS (21 ​mg/kg), as positive controls, while the vehicles serve as negative controls. All reference drugs are given alone or in combined groups to evaluate their anti-emetic and modulation effects. The results suggest DPL (25 or 50 ​mg/kg) increases the mean number of latency in the chicks compared to vehicles, and the combination groups, DPL (25 ​mg/kg) showed better anti-emetic effects with DOM and ODN while DPL (50 ​mg/kg) reduces the number of retches compared to vehicles and combined drug therapy with reference drugs. Additionally, A variety of computational algorithms were used to visualise ligand–receptor interactions and quantify the binding affinities of DPL and other ligands towards the dopamine receptors (D2 and D3), muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1–M5), and serotonin receptor (5HT3). The molecular docking study indicated that DPL exhibits the highest binding affinity towards subtypes M2 (having a docking score of −5.7 ​kcal/mol) and D3 (having a docking score of −5.7 ​kcal/mol) in comparison to certain standards for these receptors, which have docking scores of DOM (−9.7 ​kcal/mol) and HYS (−7.1 ​kcal/mol) for M2 and D3, respectively. Our findings suggest that DPL has anti-emetic properties in chicks, possibly through interactions with the M2 and D3 receptor pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conquering viral drug resistance: Structural and mechanistic paradigms for antiresistance drug design","authors":"Mei Wang ,&nbsp;Haiyong Jia ,&nbsp;Xinyong Liu ,&nbsp;Peng Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viral drug resistance remains a critical challenge in antiviral therapy. This perspective highlights five studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), monkeypox virus (MPXV), influenza A virus (IAV), and Hepatitis B virus (HBV), revealing novel resistance mechanisms and innovative strategies. For SARS-CoV-2, GC376's flexible benzyl group overcomes nirmatrelvir resistance. HIV-1's non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 5i3 adapts to resistant mutants via a quinazoline scaffold, while MPXV's tecovirimat acts as a “molecular glue” stabilizing F13 dimers. Expanding these paradigms, we present groundbreaking insights: An indazole-based IAV inhibitor (compound 24) disrupts the conserved PA-PB1 heterodimer, showing sub-micromolar potency against resistant strains. For HBV, a hydrophobic tagging degrader (HyT-S7) induces HBc degradation, bypassing resistance mutations impairing traditional capsid modulators. Key strategies include dynamic flexibility, multivalent interactions, and oligomerization control, integrated with AI-driven design and real-time surveillance. This perspective bridges structural insights with translational applications, offering a roadmap for next-generation, mutation-resilient antivirals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasal powder formulation employing microenvironmental pH-modifier for rapid absorption of mirtazapine","authors":"Kohei Yamada ,&nbsp;Tsubasa Kihara ,&nbsp;Kaori Shinsato ,&nbsp;Hirofumi Yasui ,&nbsp;Michihiro Shino ,&nbsp;Hideyuki Sato ,&nbsp;Satomi Onoue","doi":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscia.2025.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antidepressant mirtazapine (MRZ) has been drawing attention in the management of delirium. However, oral use of MRZ could have drawbacks in onset of actions and ease of administration by caregivers. This study was the first attempt to develop nasal powder formulation (NP), an easily-administered formulation, of MRZ containing a microenvironmental pH-modifier for rapid dissolution and absorption. Ten mixtures of MRZ and counterions were tested in terms of the supersaturation level and stability to select a favorable pH-modifier. NP of MRZ (NP/MRZ) with the selected counterion was prepared by jet milling and characterized regarding physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviors after intranasal administration to rabbits. In phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH5.6), glutamic acid (Glu) showed 10.7-fold supersaturation of MRZ, with the value being the highest among the ten counterions tested. The addition of Glu led to no significant change in the photostability or chemical stability of MRZ compared with crystalline MRZ. NP/MRZ with Glu (NP/MRZ-E) consisted of microcrystals of MRZ and Glu attached to lactose carriers, and over 93% of MRZ was emitted from a capsule in Jetlizer™. Both NP/MRZ-E and NP/MRZ exhibited enhanced dissolution in PBS compared with crystalline MRZ, and more rapid dissolution was observed for NP/MRZ-E. In rabbits, a crushed MRZ tablet (3 ​mg-MRZ/kg, <em>p.o.</em>) exhibited a time to maximum plasma concentration (<em>T</em>_max) and bioavailability (BA) of 72 ​min and 10%, respectively. NP/MRZ-E (0.3 ​mg-MRZ/kg, <em>i.n.</em>) showed <em>T</em>_max of &lt;5 ​min with BA of 93%, and this result might be due to rapid dissolution/permeation in nasal mucosa and avoidance of the hepatic first-pass effect. In conclusion, NP employing a microenvironmental pH-modifier would be a promising dosage form of MRZ to offer rapid nasal absorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101012,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}