Ore and Energy Resource Geology最新文献

{"title":"Prediction of soil heavy metal content around mine tailings using multiple methods combined with transformed hyperspectral reflectance data","authors":"Chunyu Xiang ,&nbsp;Huxuan Xiao ,&nbsp;Fakun He ,&nbsp;Zhanpeng Dai ,&nbsp;Wenbin Huang ,&nbsp;Bowei Zhu ,&nbsp;Shibin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extensive accumulation of tailings can potentially cause heavy metal contamination in the surrounding farmland soil. Accurately predicting the spatial distribution of heavy metals in farmland soil is crucial for assessing the potential environmental hazards of tailings.This study focuses on the spatial distribution and the quantitative prediction of heavy metals (chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), and copper (Cu)) in soils surrounding mine tailings using advanced spectral data analysis and multiple prediction models. The original hyperspectral reflectance data were processed using first-order differential (FD), second-order differential (SD), reciprocal logarithmic (LR), and continuum removal (CR) transformations to highlight the positions of characteristic bands. Multiple linear regression (MLR), stepwise linear regression (SLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), and back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) models were used to establish inversion models for Cr, V, and Cu based on bands with high correlation coefficients. The performance of the inversion models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (<em>R²</em>), root mean square error (<em>RMSE</em>), mean absolute error <em>(MAE</em>), and residual predictive deviation (<em>RPD</em>). The results indicate that the raw hyperspectral data from the measured soil exhibit a weak response to heavy metal content in the study area. However, applying FD, SD, and CR transformations significantly enhances the sensitivity of soil spectral data to heavy metal concentrations, facilitating subsequent modeling. Among these, the SD transformation is particularly beneficial for modeling the Cr and Cu elements in the soil. For the V element, the FD transformation yields data that are more suitable for modeling. Regarding the inversion models based on the measured spectral data, the BP-ANN model exhibited the best predictive performance. Specifically, when combined with SD spectral data, the BP-ANN achieved the highest predictive accuracy for Cu content (<em>R²</em> = 0.85, <em>RPD</em> = 2.12). The RF model demonstrated the next best performance, with its optimal inversion model also utilizing SD spectral data for predicting Cu content (<em>R² = 0.76, RPD</em> = 1.90). On the other hand, the MLR model exhibited the poorest performance and is unsuitable for predicting heavy metal content in the region using the measured spectral data. This study highlights the potential of spectral data in environmental monitoring and provides a technical reference for the inversion assessment and regulation of heavy metals in farmlands surrounding tailing sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Geology and petrography of the volcanic rocks in the Yakhab area, central Iran” [Ore and Energy Resource Geology (2021)100016]","authors":"Kaveh Pazand ,&nbsp;Asghar Ghasemi Bersiani ,&nbsp;Hassan Mohammadnezhad","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical vectors for targeting hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Damang area, southwestern Ghana: Constraints from petrography, multi-element geochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis","authors":"Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari ,&nbsp;Arnold Nuru Gan ,&nbsp;Etornam Bani Fiadonu","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Damang Gold Mine in southwestern Ghana sits on two kinds of mineralization: the Tarkwaian paleoplacer and a hydrothermal type found within the Tarkwaian Group's meta-sedimentary rocks. Geochemical vectors related to the hydrothermal gold mineralization in the area are not well known. Therefore, this research was conducted to identify pathfinders for hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Damang area. A total of fifty (50) rock samples were collected from three diamond drill holes focusing on mineralized zones of the holes. The mineralogy of the host rocks was established using petrographic studies of twelve (12) selected representative drill core samples. Multi-element geochemical analysis of the host rocks (<em>n</em> = 50) involving Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique was conducted to quantify the trace element concentrations in the host rocks. The multi-element geochemical data was analyzed using multivariate statistics. The petrographic studies showed the abundance of quartz, biotite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sericite, and minor amounts of feldspars (plagioclase and orthoclase). Al, Mg, Fe, and Ca dominated the geochemical data. The highest Au concentrations were found in Birimian quartz veins and the intrusive lithologies compared to the other lithologies in the region. Most of the data failed the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. The deviations from normality were shown graphically by Q-Q plots. The centered log-ratio transformation was used to correct this, and the data tested again for normality. Spearman rank correlation showed a positive correlation between Te, Bi, U, Ba, Ag, and Au. When hierarchical cluster analysis was run, three clusters emerged with Au in the same cluster with Te, Ag, and Bi. Factor analysis served as a confirmatory test with Au in the same factor with Bi, Ag, and Te. Datamine Studio RM was used to create drillhole logs showing the anomalies of the three elements and Au with different lithologies downhole, which showed a similitude in the abnormal occurrences. Therefore, hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Damang area is related to Bi-Te-Ag-Au multi-element association.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry of the sandstone of Mallawa Formation in the Southern arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia: Implications for provenance and tectonic setting","authors":"Safruddim,&nbsp;A.M. Imran,&nbsp;Ulva Ria Irfan,&nbsp;Meutia Farida","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the geochemical analysis of sedimentary rocks from the Mallawa Formation in the southern arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It aims to provide comprehensive and unprecedented research results on the Mallawa Formation sandstones through geochemical analysis, which has not been conducted previously. By analyzing twelve sedimentary rock samples collected from three locations—Bone, Maros, and Pangkep Regencies, the study seeks to explore provenance, source rocks, and tectonic settings by analyzing major elements, REE, and trace elements. The results indicate that SiO₂ is the most abundant component, reflecting the presence of detrital quartz, chert, feldspar fragments, and other mineral contents. The rocks are classified as sandstones with fine to coarse grains, ranging from wacke to quartz arenite. Based on various discrimination diagrams, the sandstones are associated with a passive margin transitioning into an active margin. The provenance of these sandstones originates from siliceous-clastic rocks and intermediate to felsic igneous rocks. These findings align with the paleogeography of South Sulawesi and provide new insights into the evolution of the Mallawa Formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical properties and mineralization of thorium","authors":"Jie Li ,&nbsp;Tianhui Bai ,&nbsp;Wenxuan Hu ,&nbsp;Meiyun Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Liao ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Xun ,&nbsp;Zexin Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Song","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thorium, a naturally occurring radioactive element, is widely distributed across diverse geological environments. As a typical lithophilic element, thorium exhibits strong affinity towards oxygen, readily integrating into silicate melts, primarily concentrating in the lithosphere. During the magmatic phase, thorium's geochemical behavior is akin to that of U, Ce, and Zr, and as an incompatible element, it remains in the residual melts of the latter stages of magmatic evolution. Thorium is enriched in acidic, pegmatitic, and alkaline rocks, leading to the formation of thorium-bearing phosphate minerals such as monazite. Alkaline carbonatitic fluids are capable of enriching rare earth elements and thorium, closely associating thorium deposits with igneous carbonatites. In surface processes, thorium's geochemical properties are relatively inert, allowing it to be preserved within the stable lattice of thorium-bearing minerals and form placer deposits. Globally, thorium resources are primarily found in carbonatite rocks, placer, and vein deposits, with monazite being one of the main sources. According to a report jointly published by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy Agency, the global thorium resources currently exceed 6.3 million tons, predominantly distributed in countries like India, Brazil, Australia, and the United States. The mineralization period of thorium is mainly concentrated in the Precambrian and Mesozoic, followed by the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. In China, thorium resources are relatively abundant, mostly associated with rare earth element deposits, yet their utilization rate remains low due to factors such as sorting technology. Thorium is a vital raw material in the space technology industry and a significant future nuclear fuel; thus, rational development and strategic protection of thorium resources should be strengthened, along with appropriate strategic reserves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Yalguaraz prospect: a porphyry copper-type deposit related to the gondwanic magmatism in the Andes of Argentina","authors":"María Gabriela Torres ,&nbsp;Nora A. Rubinstein ,&nbsp;Anabel L.R. Gómez ,&nbsp;María Celeste D'Annunzio","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yalguaraz gondwanic porphyry-type deposit is located at the eastern margin of the Frontal Cordillera in the Andes of Argentina. In this deposit, two alteration-mineralization stages (early and late) were recognized. The early stage is linked to the intrusion of a dacitic porphyry that produced pervasive potassic alteration (biotite - K–feldspar - quartz - andalusite) along with EB, A, and B veins. Mineralization occurs mainly disseminated in the dacitic porphyry and minor in A and B veins and consists of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and minor molybdenite. The late stage led to pervasive phyllic alteration (sericite + quartz + pyrite ± chlorite ± rutile ± chalcopyrite) along <span>d</span>-type veinlets and subsequent tourmalinization. The presence of hypogenic pyrrhotite and the scarce magnetite could indicate that it would be genetically associated with reducing magmas although the lack of ilmenite series oxides in the precursor magmatic rocks suggest that the reducing character of the mineralizing magmas was acquired during the magma evolution. δ¹⁸O and the Pb isotopic composition of the mineralizing magma confirm continental crust assimilation processes in its genesis whereas whole rock geochemistry suggests the involvement of marine sediment which would support the change in the redox conditions of the magma precursor of the porphyry-type mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive characterization of micro-pore structures in different lithologies of the lacustrine fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoir of the Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression","authors":"Wenneng Zhao ,&nbsp;Mingshi Feng ,&nbsp;Yanyu Gao ,&nbsp;Ying Fu ,&nbsp;Wanbin Meng ,&nbsp;Siyuan Fan ,&nbsp;Yi Lan ,&nbsp;Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several methods, such as field-emission environmental scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, high-pressure mercury injection tests, focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM), and high-magnification and large-scale quantitative analytical methods involving argon ion polishing-FE-SEM, have been carried out on lacustrine fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoirs of the upper fourth-lower third members of the Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Depression, with the aim of clarifying their microstructural characteristics. Five types of reservoir spaces of fine-grained mixed sedimentary reservoirs were recognized in this study, including intergranular, dissolution, intercrystalline and intracrystalline pores, and fractures. The favorable reservoir spaces are pores with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 300 nm, which are dominated by intergranular pores, grain edge seams, and dissolution pores. The high-pressure mercury injection curves can be divided into three types. Types I and II, with good pore structures, occur mainly in mudstone and dolomite facies, whereas type III, with poor pore structures, is present in limestone facies. The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption showed that the adsorption volume of dolomite facies is the highest, and the pore morphologies are plate-like. The adsorption amount of mudstone facies is higher than limestone facies, and the pore morphologies are dominated by ink bottle-shaped and parallel plate-like. FIB-SEM analyses reveal that the samples display moderate connectivity. These findings suggest that the different types of lithologic reservoirs of fine-grained mixed sedimentary rocks in the Jiyang Depression have different microstructures, with the argillaceous dolomite, calcareous mudstone, calciferous mudstone, and argillaceous limestone changing gradually from good to poor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen wettability of limestone, dolomite, and anhydrite in binary mixtures of CH₄ and CO₂","authors":"Ali Toorajipour ,&nbsp;Hamed Aghaei ,&nbsp;Behnam Shahsavani ,&nbsp;Raoof Gholami ,&nbsp;Nurudeen Yekeen ,&nbsp;Ahmed Al-Yaseri","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) has been proposed as a potential solution to the large-scale energy storage required to establish a net zero emissions society. The success of UHS, however, depends on several geological and petrophysical parameters of the host rock, including wettability, which dictates the plume migration pathway in the pore structure and extraction efficiency of the stored hydrogen. In this study, the changes in wettability of carbonates and anhydrite to H₂ in binary mixtures of CH₄ and CO₂ were evaluated using the gas/water/rock contact angle (CA) measurements at various pressures (3.44–17.23 MPa) and temperatures (30 °C and 75 °C). The results obtained showed that these binary mixtures have no significant impact on the H₂ wettability of the selected carbonate samples. Although the CA of CO₂/water systems was slightly higher than that of CH₄/water due to CO₂ density, all measured CA data sets remained below 34° under all assessed conditions, indicating that the carbonate samples maintained their initial highly hydrophilic state despite the presence of gaseous impurities. It was concluded that during UHS, the in-situ CH₄ and CO₂ in depleted gas reservoirs and the mixing of H₂ with them as potential cushion gases will not have a significant impact on the wetting behaviour of the carbonate with changing temperatures and increasing storage depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the genesis of carbonate cements in tight and non-tight sandstone reservoirs in Fukang Sag","authors":"Li Na ,&nbsp;Wang Zi'ang ,&nbsp;Liu Gang ,&nbsp;Wang Guozhi ,&nbsp;Huang Sheng ,&nbsp;Liu Jinlong ,&nbsp;Jing Yang ,&nbsp;Chen Haixia","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2024.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonate cements characterization and reservoir genesis mechanism are the key geological issues constraining the current deep oil and gas exploration. The relationship between carbonate cementation and oil and gas filling time can affect reservoir reserves. In this paper, the tight and non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Middle Jurassic in Fukang Sag of Junggar Basin are taken as the research object. The petrology, sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis, porosity and carbonate cements of tight and non-tight reservoirs are compared by means of casting thin sections, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and carbon and oxygen isotopes. The research shows that the tight reservoirs and non-tight reservoirs of deep sandstone in Fukang sag are similar in rock type and sedimentary microfacies, they are all feldspar lithic sandstone. The reservoirs are mainly developed in underwater distributary channels and estuary sand dams. There are obvious differences in the strength of compaction and pore types. Although they all contain carbonate cements, their genesis and formation time are obviously different. The results show that the carbonate cements in the non-tight sandstone reservoirs of the Toutunhe Formation are mainly of Microbial sulfate reduction (BSR) origin, which are formed in the process of reservoir failure. The formation of carbonate mineral cements in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Badaowan Formation and Sangonghe Formation is mainly related to the decarboxylation of organic acids, which are mainly formed in the process of hydrocarbon accumulation. The research in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for exploration and development in the future of the 4th Block of central Junggar Basin and similar research areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source rock appraisal of Taqrifat Shale-Mallegh formation and the origin of crude oils of Cyrenaica region, NE Libya","authors":"Fares F. Fares,&nbsp;Farag M. El Oshebi","doi":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oreoa.2025.100083","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Cyrenaica consists of two main tectonic provinces that influence the area: the Cyrenaica Platform in the south and the Al Jabal Al Akhdar Uplift and Fold Belt in the north, and it is considered one of the smallest basins in Libya. The goal of this work is to attempt to correlate the geochemical characteristics of the source rocks with the samples of crude oils and infer their organic matter richness, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The following four wells yielded samples of fifty-nine cutting samples of source rocks: nearly fifteen cutting samples from each well, Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, whereas Taqrifat Shale in wells T1-41 and A1-46. Four crude oil samples were examined and subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) in this work: one sample of oil from each well, the Daryanah Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41. Rock-Eval pyrolysis and GC–MS were utilized with these materials to determine the specific type of organic matter, thermal maturation, and depositional environment. The relationship between TOC and S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; showed the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46 had poor to fair organic matter, while the TOC of Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 had good to excellent organic matter contents. TOC vs. S&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;+S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; revealed the source rock of the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152, and the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale Formation in well A1-46 was revealed as non-potential hydrocarbon, while the source rock of the Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 showed potential hydrocarbon. TOC and S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; were used to identify the kerogen types, the Mallegh Formation in wells A1-NC120 and B1-NC152 and Taqrifat Shale in well A1-46, represented by two types of kerogen (III and IV), while Taqrifat Shale in well T1-41 is represented by three types of kerogen (II/III, III, and IV). The ratio of CPI vs. Pr/Ph and Pr/Ph vs. C&lt;sub&gt;31&lt;/sub&gt; 22S/(22S+22R) revealed that the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells A1-46 and T1-41 and the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 were deposited in a marine environment under oxidizing conditions, whereas the oil sample from the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was deposited in a marine environment under an anoxic condition. Based on the plot of Ph/n-C&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt; vs. Pr/n-C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt; for the origin of organic matter in oil samples, the organic matter from the oil sample of the Daryanah Formation in well A1-NC120 was derived from algal marine type, and the oil samples from the Daryanah Formation in well B1-NC152 and the oil samples from the Antenlat Formation in wells T1-41 and A1-46 were derived from mixed organic matter (marine type and terrestrial type). According to organic matter type and thermal maturity level for the source rock samples and oil sample results, the source rock of the M","PeriodicalId":100993,"journal":{"name":"Ore and Energy Resource Geology","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}