Ocean and Shoreline Management最新文献

{"title":"Topographical problem areas in the delimitation of maritime boundaries and their political relevance: Case studies from the Western Caribbean","authors":"Gerhard Sandner,&nbsp;Beate Ratter","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90022-T","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90022-T","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The prolongation of land boundaries into the sea becomes very complicated where the boundary is defined by the mouths of large rivers with considerable change in coastal development. The cases of the boundaries Honduras-Nicaragua (Río Coco) and Nicaragua-Costa Rica (Río San Juan) are used to point out difficulties in applying definitions and concepts of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to this specific situation. The third case refers to the Nicaraguan Rise, where many cays, banks, reefs and islands represent serious problems of definition in the context of maritime delimitation. The persisting lack of detailed studies at the local scale, including historical change and coastal dynamics, is overruled by nationalistic territorial policies which intensify boundary disputes and conflict potential. This requires a combination of topographical, geomorphological and historical studies with conflict research which includes the political performance of the actors and its relation to ‘national’ interests, public opinion and consciousness of the maritime dimension of territory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 289-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(91)90022-T","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86367087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The military uses of the North Sea","authors":"Christopher Bellamy","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90008-P","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90008-P","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To military analysts; the year 2000 does not look very far off. Major weapons systems and platforms (for example, ships) are typically in service for 20–25 years, sometimes for 30. The process of pre-feasibility study, feasibility study, project definition and development now takes of the order of 10 years, so the newest systems in service in 2000 are already on the drawing board; while systems coming into service now will still be around not only in 2000, but in 2010, 2015 or even 2020. This gives the military analyst a singular perspective on the problem.</p><p>A second idiosyncrasy is that military planners spend much of their time concerned, not with events that are actually happening, or are likely to happen in the near future, but with something further in the future which they hope will never happen: major war. Happily, with the current improvement in East-West relations, this is looking even less likely than it did some years ago. This paper does not, therefore, concentrate on maritime strategy, but is based on the premise that World War III will not happen.</p><p>However, military uses of the North Sea in peace-time are inextricably bound up with likely uses in war even though, as will be demonstrated, there is a paradox in that the busiest area in major war is the least suitable for exercises. In spite of the encouraging events in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, arms reduction and the reduction of East-West confrontation, the possibility of East-West conflict is likely to remain the only possible scenario for major conflict in western Europe and the surrounding portion of the Northern Hemisphere. It is unlikely that any other event would cause major armed conflict in the North Sea/North Atlantic/Norwegian Sea area. This possibility will, therefore, continue to drive peacetime preparations, deployments and exercises. Furthermore, regardless of where future conflict may break out, nations, like people, tend to practise at home, and the North Sea is very much the back-yard for Britain, Norway, Denmark and West Germany (although many of the latter's preparations and exercises have a Baltic orientation). This paper begins with the strategic position of the North Sea, and then addresses peace-time military uses, some of which derive from planning and preparation for war, and some of which are related to lower levels of conflict, for example terrorism, and some of which are quite independent.</p><p>Another point that must be borne in mind is that military operations are fluid and flexible, even more so when naval and air forces are involved, and that whilst this paper focuses on the North Sea itself, an understanding of the surrounding area and the broader strategic context are necessary, as forces can be moved very rapidly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 275-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(91)90008-P","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86528463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal parks as development catalysts: A caribbean example","authors":"Richard A Meganck","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90047-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90047-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The site of the proposed Pitons National Park comprises an area of 1600 acres of terrestrial and marine habitat that extends southward from the town of Soufriere on the west coast of St Lucia in the eastern Caribbean. The park has great potential as a focal point for the economic revitalization of this depressed region, particularly considering the diversity of natural and cultural attractions in its immediate environs. Total investment required for the establishment of the park is estimated at EC$4·4 million (<em>EC</em>$2·70=$<em>US</em>1·00) for land acquisition, a road system and visitors' center. Annual operating costs of EC$0·7 million would be offset by an estimated income of EC$1·07 million in the first year from concession operations, entrance fees and the sale of crafts and souvenirs. By the third year of operation, park income will double, while annual income to Soufriere from lodging and related expenses will reach an estimated EC$23·8 million. Establishment of the park will create 400 permanent jobs and help to stabilize the local economy, including the long-term viability of the local fishing industry through sustained management of the reef systems. Without the establishment of the park, however, the economic future of Soufriere remains clouded. However positive this proposal sounds, the Government is also currently considering an alternative proposal to construct a large hotel-casino complex on the site of the proposed park, while accommodating a small guest-house within the park may be feasible, a large hotel development would certainly alter the concept of the Pitons as a public resource, and also directly affect the current proposal to manage the area's resources in an intergrated fashion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 25-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(91)90047-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90499714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aboriginal sea claims in the Northern Territory of Australia","authors":"Anthony Bergin","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90042-Z","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90042-Z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the Northern Territory of Australia Aboriginal sea claims have been given legislative recognition by providing for the closure of seas adjacent to Aboriginal land. Seventy-two percent of the Northern Territory's approximately 6,200 km coastline is Aboriginal land, thus making long stretches of it subject to closure under the Aboriginal Land Act. This paper discusses the policy and practice of sea closure legislation and recent developments with respect to Aboriginal interests in the seas of the Northern Territory. It is suggested that a multiple use management regime rather than a succession of sea closures is more likely to produce beneficial results for all sea users.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 171-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(91)90042-Z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88842980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a habitat map of the Netherlands, German and Danish Wadden Sea","authors":"K.S. Dijkema","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90036-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(91)90036-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To achieve better conservation and management of the NW-European Wadden Sea, about one hundred scientists from almost all institutes in and around the area have compiled the ecological literature and unpublished data in a series of handbooks and habitat maps.</p><p>The procedure used for compiling the habitat maps of the Wadden Sea is presented. The overall 1 : 100 000 outline map shows the habitats of the littoral and supralittoral parts of the Wadden Sea, a shallow sedimentary coastal sea 450 km long and bordered by the southeastern North Sea. The map is a potential-biological map for benthic organisms, based on an integration of the environmental factors emersion period and sediment composition. Conspicuous communities of organisms have been added (mussel beds, seagrass beds, salt marshes).</p><p>The map shows the overall geographical distribution of morphological forms and habitats. Based on this large-scale variation, the Wadden Sea has been subdivided into eight regions, which differ in respect of the importance of the barrier system, the shore of emerging flats, exposure to wave action, sediment composition, the distribution of seagrasses and salt marshes and the occurrence of islands within the area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(91)90036-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84834187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modelling framework for fisheries development planning","authors":"M. Khorshid,&nbsp;G.R. Morgan","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90026-E","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90026-E","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An approach to model building is described which begins with the establishment of a matrix reflecting the basic features of the fisheries sector, and then proceeds to incorporate these features into a model structure. The model includes a set of policy objectives and constraints, and is formulated as a mathematical programming problem. The modelling framework enables quantitative data on fish resources, production techniques (including aquaculture), market demand forecasts and other biological, economic and marketing parameters to be utilized in assessing the implications of various fishery policy objectives. The model not only estimates the real cost of alternative policies but also takes into account the various biological and economic constraints to production. Rapid assessment of a range of policy objectives is therefore made possible.</p><p>As an example of the application of the modelling framework, the development of a fisheries sector plan for Kuwait is described. Such planning involved establishing the most appropriate way to maximize fresh fish self-sufficiency while reconciling the production from a multi-gear, multi-species capture fishery with the need to develop an aquaculture industry in the country. The modelling framework allowed the rapid identification of appropriate development policies consistent with the biological, economic and marketing constraints of the fisheries sector and also allowed an assessment of the cost of each policy objective.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 11-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(90)90026-E","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72619582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the benthic resource value of impounded and non-impounded tidal creeks in Virginia, USA","authors":"Mark W. Luckenbach,&nbsp;Robert J. Diaz,&nbsp;Erik C. Zobrist ,&nbsp;Cindy H. Hutton","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90027-F","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90027-F","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Potential effects of impounding tidal creeks include alterations in the resource value of downstream wetland habitats. Benthic invertebrates serve as food for higher trophic levels (e.g. crabs and fishes) and, because of their sedentary life style, are constrained to cope with local environmental conditions. Comparisons of macrobenthic invertebrate biomass available to higher levels were made between two impounded and non-impounded creek pairs in coastal Virginia. The results indicate that neither the total amount nor the distribution of this resource varied between impounded and non-impounded creeks. The implication is that impounding the headwater regions of a tidal creek does not severely reduce the resource value of downstream habitats to higher trophic levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 35-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(90)90027-F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84107437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine nonfuel minerals in the US exclusive economic zone: Managing information as a resource","authors":"James M. Broadus,&nbsp;Porter Hoagland III","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90006-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90006-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Substantial quantities of marine nonfuel minerals are known to exist in the US exclusive economic zone (EEZ), but most of these are not yet close to production or even to being properly classified as economic resources. Nonfuel mineral prospecting, discovery and exploration activity in the EEZ is part of a long-range process of resource development. The product of this activity in the near-term is not mineral commodities such as metals, however, but rather information about the resource potential. We examine the role of investment in information in the resource development process, briefly discuss the economics of information, characterize the problems faced and the methods employed by public agencies in managing information, and highlight several critical policy issues concerning the management of information about EEZ nonfuel minerals. These issues concern the distribution of research effort, exclusive rights, confidentiality provisions, performance requirements, and national security classification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 275-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(90)90006-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78091801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The obligations of the registered pioneer investors: Toward a new understanding at the law of the sea Preparatory Commission","authors":"Moritaka Hayashi","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90020-I","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90020-I","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since 1988, the Preparatory Commission for the Law of the Sea Convention has been negotiating the specific terms of the obligations of the pioneer investors. The crux of the issues involved is the dramatic fall in the world metal market that no one had expected when the deep seabed regime was negotiated in the late 1970s and the tremendous burden the pioneer investors are to bear under the regime during the forseeable future. This paper discusses the issues and arguments of the main interest groups as well as possible avenues of compromise. The author hopes that, as it was done before, a new practical solution will be found by the Commission taking into account the new circumstances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 273-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(90)90020-I","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89221531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Setting the agenda for estuarine water quality management: Lessons from Puget Sound","authors":"Thomas M. Leschine","doi":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90007-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0951-8312(90)90007-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the Puget Sound region of Washington State, the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority has had agenda building as its primary mission. The consensus planning approach it has utilized has led to a plan with a high degree of popular support, though achieved in some cases through the abandonment of highly divisive issues. The Authority has become increasingly proactive however as it has moved from consolidating gains made in other state and federal water quality programs on behalf of Puget Sound to developing new initiatives aimed at water quality problems little addressed in the past. A variety of influences, generally consistent with behavioral theories of the dynamics of agenda building, have determined the management program now being promoted by the Authority. Although social conflict has been less of a factor than has been portrayed in the literature, recent events suggest that the consensus strategy pursued by the Authority may be leaving it vulnerable to attack from industry groups previously not heard from as the plan has developed. In estuarine water quality planning the goal-directed, comprehensive, synoptic approach implicit in many water quality planning models must adapt to strategic policy making. The agenda-building process will reflect the balance achieved between the two. This paper details the interplay between synoptic planning and strategic policy-making, as the comprehensive water quality management program now being implemented for Puget Sound has developed through the mid 1980s.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100978,"journal":{"name":"Ocean and Shoreline Management","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 295-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0951-8312(90)90007-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83369567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}