Neuroprotocols最新文献

{"title":"Author Index for Volume 3","authors":"","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1993.1062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1062","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"3 3","pages":"Page 273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72112745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immortalized Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Lines by Targeted Oncogenesis in Transgenic Mice Using the PNMT Promoter","authors":"J. Hammang, E. Baetge, A. Messing","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1993.1052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1993.1052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is the terminal enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, converting norepinephrine to epinephrine. In transgenic mice, 2 kb of the human PNMT promoter directs the expression of the simian virus 40 (SV4O) early region in three classes of retinal neurons and in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. These transgenic animals develop retinal and adrenal medullary tumors between 3 and 4 months of age. We have adapted these tumor cells to cell culture and have derived immortalized retinal neuronal and adrenal chromaffin cell lines. These cell lines express a number of cell- and tissue-specific markers indicative of the differentiated cells of origin.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"25 1","pages":"176-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77112337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological and Molecular Approaches to the Generation of Conditionally Immortal Neural Cells","authors":"Noble Mark,&nbsp;Groves Andrew K.,&nbsp;Ataliotis Paris,&nbsp;Morgan Jenny,&nbsp;Peckham Michelle,&nbsp;Partridge Terry,&nbsp;Jat Parmjit S.","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1993.1054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability to generate expanded populations of individual cell types able to undergo normal differentiation <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> is of critical importance in the investigation of the mechanisms that underlie differentiation and in studies on the use of cell transplantation to repair damaged tissues. This review discusses two different approaches to the generation of expanded cell populations with phenotypes useful for either of these purposes. In one line of research, an analysis of the growth control properties of glial precursor cells of the CNS has revealed that cooperation between appropriate mitogens can promote extended precursor division in the absence of differentiation, thus allowing unprecedented expansion of a primary cell population without resort to the expression of activated oncogenes in the cells of interest. In a second line of research, H-2K^btsA58 transgenic mice have been developed in order to allow the direct derivation of conditionally immortal cell lines from many tissues of the body simply by dissection and growth of cells under permissive conditions. In both instances, cells grown for extended periods <em>in vitro</em> displayed normal patterns of differentiation when reintroduced <em>in vivo</em>. In addition, conditionally immortal astrocytes derived from H-2K^btsA58 mice appear to offer a simple cellular model for studying the ability of glial scar tissue to inhibit migration of glial precursor cells and extension of neurites from mature neurons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 189-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72112748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immortalization of Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Using Targeted Oncogene Expression in Transgenic Mice","authors":"Weiner Richard L.,&nbsp;Moenter Suzanne M.","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1993.1053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three clonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal cell lines were derived from a genetically induced tumor in transgenic mice. A transgene was constructed to target expression of simian virus 40 T antigen to GnRH neurons using the promoter/enhancer domains of the cell-specifically expressed GnRH gene. The resulting GT1 cells were characterized by morphology, the expression of neuron-specific genes, expression and processing of GnRH, pulsatile basal secretion of GnRH, release of GnRH in response to depolarization, and regulation of GnRH release by a variety of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. By all of these criteria, GT1 cells are highly differentiated neuronal cell lines that provide valuable models for studying the cell biology of neuroendocrine cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 184-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72112750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Lines Derived from Retrovirus-Mediated Oncogene Transduction into Olfactory Epithelium Cultures","authors":"A. Calof, J. L. Guevara","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1993.1057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1993.1057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of six immortal cell lines derived from primary cultures of olfactory epithelium (OE) purified from E15 mouse embryos. Cultured cells were immortalized using a replication-defective murine retrovirus containing the cDNA for human c-myc, in addition to a dominant selectable antibiotic resistance gene (neo). Cells that survived antibiotic selection and displayed process-bearing morphologies were expanded and analyzed for expression of molecular markers characteristic of olfactory receptor neurons, sustentacular cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells. Interestingly, all six cell lines expressed morphological and immunological properties of the ensheathing, or Schwann, cells of the olfactory nerve, but did not express markers characteristic of olfactory receptor neurons. Our results suggest that, while it is possible to generate immortalized OE cell lines using retrovirus-mediated oncogene transfer, there may be limitations to the types of cells that can be immortalized. In addition, we demonstrate the potential usefulness of immortalized OE cell lines for promoter-trap experiments to identify developmentally regulated genes.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"42 1","pages":"222-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85567354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immortalizing Neural Cells: An Overview","authors":"A. Calof","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1993.1051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1993.1051","url":null,"abstract":"NEUROPROTOCOLS: A Companion to Methods in Neurosclences 3, 175 (1993) 1058-6741/93 $5.00 EDITORIAL Immortalizing Neural Cells: An Overview Our ability to make rapid progress in identifying the molecules that regulate vertebrate nervous system development and function would be greatly aided by the availability of appropriate neural cell lines. By “appropriate,’ I mean cell lines that exhibit the differentiated characteristics and/or developmental potential of the many different classes of cells in the nervous system. Take, for example, the wealth of information that has been gained by studying molecular regulation of neuronal differentiation in the rat pheochromacytoma cell line, PC12: Studies of this cell line have been central to our understanding of the consequences——in terms of both cell division and terminal neuronal differentiation——of growth factor action on neural cells; they have led to the discovery and functional dissection of receptors for neurotrophic factors; and they have provided information that is central to our current understanding of the cytoplasmic signaling events that regulate neuronal differentiation. As much as has been gained from studying PC12s, however, these cells cannot be used in experiments attempting to identify the molecular events that underlie the differentiation of retinal neurons, or the de- velopment of oliogdendrocytes, or the regulation of odorant receptor expression. For studying these processes, what we would really like would be cell lines rep- resentative of particular neural cell types, at specific stages in development. There is, I believe, reason to be cautiously optimistic that such cell lines can be made. It is the aim of this issue of NeuroProtocols to introduce to the reader interested in trying to immortalize neural cells something of the range of ap- proaches (and the disadvantages as well as the advantages of these approaches) available for making neural cell lines. Particularly for those interested in immor- talizing murine (rat and mouse) neural cells, there are now a number of different approaches that can be taken. Three of these-—production of transgenic animals carrying targeted or inducible oncogenes, infection of dividing precursor cells with oncogene—containing retroviruses, and fusion of primary neurons with neuroblas- toma cell lines——form the focus of articles in this issue. All three of these approaches have been successful in producing immortalized neural cell lines, some of which possess highly differentiated neuronal properties. Furthermore, investigators have also been developing approaches for making neural cell lines from two systems of particular interest to developmental neurobiologists: Xenopus laevis and the avian embryo. Two groups share their expertise in this area in articles in this issue. Approaches that may prove to be important in assessing the developmental po- tential of immortalized neural cells are also covered; one article deals specifically with grafting cell","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"23 1","pages":"175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90736710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Protocol Using Retrovirally Introduced Multiple Oncogenes for Producing Neuron-like Cell Lines from the Murine Central Nervous System","authors":"Chun Jerold J.M.","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1993.1056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A useful approach to molecular biologic studies of complex mammalian systems is the judicious use of clonal cell lines. For studies on neuronal populations of the central nervous system, useful cell lines are lacking. A general protocol that produces clonal lines by retroviral infection <em>in vivo</em> followed by <em>in vitro</em> infection with an additional oncogene-containing virus is detailed. The lines produced express several neuronal markers but not glial fibrillary acidic protein. The lines are phenotypically stable, freezable, and transfectable by standard methods. Retroviral combinations that have produced stable lines using this protocol are large T with v-<em>src</em> and v-<em>myc</em>, and large T with v-<em>ras</em>. Other oncogenic combinations may produce different, useful phenotypes for studies on the molecular development and function of CNS neurons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 214-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72112747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immortalizing Neural Cells: An Overview","authors":"Calof Anne L.","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1993.1051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"3 3","pages":"Page 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72112772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Protocol Using Retrovirally Introduced Multiple Oncogenes for Producing Neuron-like Cell Lines from the Murine Central Nervous System","authors":"J. Chun","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1993.1056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1993.1056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A useful approach to molecular biologic studies of complex mammalian systems is the judicious use of clonal cell lines. For studies on neuronal populations of the central nervous system, useful cell lines are lacking. A general protocol that produces clonal lines by retroviral infection in vivo followed by in vitro infection with an additional oncogene-containing virus is detailed. The lines produced express several neuronal markers but not glial fibrillary acidic protein. The lines are phenotypically stable, freezable, and transfectable by standard methods. Retroviral combinations that have produced stable lines using this protocol are large T with v- src and v- myc , and large T with v- ras . Other oncogenic combinations may produce different, useful phenotypes for studies on the molecular development and function of CNS neurons.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"1044 1","pages":"214-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77212768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Lines Derived from Retrovirus-Mediated Oncogene Transduction into Olfactory Epithelium Cultures","authors":"Calof Anne L.,&nbsp;Guevara Jose L.","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1993.1057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We describe the isolation and characterization of six immortal cell lines derived from primary cultures of olfactory epithelium (OE) purified from E15 mouse embryos. Cultured cells were immortalized using a replication-defective murine retrovirus containing the cDNA for human c-<em>myc</em>, in addition to a dominant selectable antibiotic resistance gene (<em>neo</em>). Cells that survived antibiotic selection and displayed process-bearing morphologies were expanded and analyzed for expression of molecular markers characteristic of olfactory receptor neurons, sustentacular cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells. Interestingly, all six cell lines expressed morphological and immunological properties of the ensheathing, or Schwann, cells of the olfactory nerve, but did not express markers characteristic of olfactory receptor neurons. Our results suggest that, while it is possible to generate immortalized OE cell lines using retrovirus-mediated oncogene transfer, there may be limitations to the types of cells that can be immortalized. In addition, we demonstrate the potential usefulness of immortalized OE cell lines for promoter-trap experiments to identify developmentally regulated genes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 222-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1993.1057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72112741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}