Neuroprotocols最新文献

Use of Fos as an Index of Altered Neuronal Activation in Aging Animals Fos作为衰老动物神经元激活改变指标的应用

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/ncmn.1994.1024

Lloyd Jonathan M.

引用次数: 0

The Use of Push-Pull Perfusion and in Vivo Microdialysis to Assess Changing Patterns of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone Output in Aging Animals 推挽式灌注和体内微透析用于评估衰老动物下丘脑释放激素输出的变化模式

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/ncmn.1994.1027

Rubin Beverly S.

{"title":"The Use of Push-Pull Perfusion and in Vivo Microdialysis to Assess Changing Patterns of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone Output in Aging Animals","authors":"Rubin Beverly S.","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1994.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1994.1027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A thorough understanding of the nature of age-related changes at the hypothalamic level would be greatly enhanced by the ability to directly measure neuropeptide release. In vivo measurement of neurosecretion is a demanding undertaking in young animals and increases in difficulty in aging animals due to additional considerations that must be acknowledged. Push-pull perfusion and in vivo microdialysis are two methods currently being used to directly measure neuropeptide output. The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Moreover, special concerns regarding their use in aging animals are addressed, including the potential for: (1) differences in the response of the aging brain to insult; (2)age-related differences in levels of degradative enzymes; and (3) confounding effects of age-related differences in the stress response. Push-pull perfusion was used to compare the pattern of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone output in middle-aged and young female rats during a steroid-induced LH surge. The data revealed age-related differences in the overall pattern and the mean levels of LHRH output. When used with the proper precautions, these in vivo protocols enable characterization of the patterns of release of neuroactive substances in a single animal over time. They eliminate the need to sacrifice large numbers of animals to obtain measurements for a single time point, a feature particularly important for aging studies due to the heterogeneity of the population and the expense of the animals. Moreover, use of these methods is essential if alterations in the patterns of neuropeptide release play an important role in the changes that accompany aging.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 210-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1994.1027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72111972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Calorie Restriction as a Probe for Understanding Neuroendocrine Involvement in the Aging Processes 热量限制作为理解神经内分泌参与衰老过程的探针

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/ncmn.1994.1026

Nelson James F.

引用次数: 6

The Use of Push-Pull Perfusion and in Vivo Microdialysis to Assess Changing Patterns of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone Output in Aging Animals 使用推拉灌注和体内微透析来评估衰老动物下丘脑释放激素输出的变化模式

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/NCMN.1994.1027

B. Rubin

{"title":"The Use of Push-Pull Perfusion and in Vivo Microdialysis to Assess Changing Patterns of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone Output in Aging Animals","authors":"B. Rubin","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1994.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1994.1027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A thorough understanding of the nature of age-related changes at the hypothalamic level would be greatly enhanced by the ability to directly measure neuropeptide release. In vivo measurement of neurosecretion is a demanding undertaking in young animals and increases in difficulty in aging animals due to additional considerations that must be acknowledged. Push-pull perfusion and in vivo microdialysis are two methods currently being used to directly measure neuropeptide output. The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Moreover, special concerns regarding their use in aging animals are addressed, including the potential for: (1) differences in the response of the aging brain to insult; (2)age-related differences in levels of degradative enzymes; and (3) confounding effects of age-related differences in the stress response. Push-pull perfusion was used to compare the pattern of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone output in middle-aged and young female rats during a steroid-induced LH surge. The data revealed age-related differences in the overall pattern and the mean levels of LHRH output. When used with the proper precautions, these in vivo protocols enable characterization of the patterns of release of neuroactive substances in a single animal over time. They eliminate the need to sacrifice large numbers of animals to obtain measurements for a single time point, a feature particularly important for aging studies due to the heterogeneity of the population and the expense of the animals. Moreover, use of these methods is essential if alterations in the patterns of neuropeptide release play an important role in the changes that accompany aging.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"108 1","pages":"210-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79335726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Use of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides in the Study of Neuroendocrine Aging 反义寡脱氧核苷酸在神经内分泌衰老研究中的应用

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/NCMN.1994.1028

K. Scarbrough

{"title":"Use of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides in the Study of Neuroendocrine Aging","authors":"K. Scarbrough","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1994.1028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1994.1028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the difficulties in the field of the neurobiology of aging is that many of the studies are necessarily correlative in nature. Investigators interested in the neurotransmitter or neuropeptide control of a given brain function often describe the situation in young animals and compare these observations with findings for groups of aged animals. However, ascribing causation with such studies is difficult at best. The use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides described in this article allows the investigator to target one or more neuropeptides expressed in a confined area of the brain for selective abiation. The assessment of cause and effect on the physiological endpoint of Interest then becomes more tractable. Having previously identified age-related changes in neuropeptide dynamics that may underlie certain aspects of endocrine aging, we used this method to determine whether specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment of young animals mimicked the effect of age on the endocrine system. The theoretical background and practical aspects of the method are presented in sufficient detail to allow investigators not familiar with the technique to design appropriate oligodeoxynucleotides and use them in their research.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"30 1","pages":"221-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83421592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Electron Microscopic Methods for Determining Changes in the Density of Synaptic Input to Neurons in the Aging Brain 测定老化大脑中神经元突触输入密度变化的电镜方法

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/NCMN.1994.1030

J. Witkin

{"title":"Electron Microscopic Methods for Determining Changes in the Density of Synaptic Input to Neurons in the Aging Brain","authors":"J. Witkin","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1994.1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1994.1030","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the synaptic input to aging neurons can best be evaluated using electron microscopy (EM). Immunocytochemistry is used to identify neuronal populations and to distinguish the chemical identity of their synaptic input, using a double-label protocol (e.g., diaminobenzidine for the sites of the first antigen/antibody complexes and tetramethylbenzidine for the second). In preparing tissue for EM examination, neurons are sectioned in the plane of the nucleus at 70 nm and sections collected on slot hole grids. Photographic montages of neurons are made at a minimum of 3 depths of section, with about 1 μm intervening. The original micrographs are taken at 10,000× and printed at 25,000×. Morphometric analyses are performed using the Bloquant program (R&M Biometrics) and an IBM computer. The perikaryal membrane is outlined on an X-Y digitizing pad, and regions along which there is synaptic modification are measured. These synaptic regions are expressed as a percentage of the perikaryal membrane measured. Data are tested using a non-parametric statistic (Mann-Whitney U, P < 0.05). In some cases, the entire neuronal soma is serially sectioned in order to determine whether synapses are randomly distributed over the neuronal surface.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"55 1","pages":"235-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83926893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Rats with Partial Unilateral Nigrostriatal Lesions as a Model for Studying CNS Plasticity 单侧黑质纹状体部分损伤大鼠作为研究中枢神经系统可塑性的模型

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/NCMN.1994.1022

F. Junn, T. Collier, S. Felten, D. Gash

{"title":"Rats with Partial Unilateral Nigrostriatal Lesions as a Model for Studying CNS Plasticity","authors":"F. Junn, T. Collier, S. Felten, D. Gash","doi":"10.1006/NCMN.1994.1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/NCMN.1994.1022","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the methods and rationale for using rats with a partial unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal system as an animal model for studying neural plasticity in both young and aged brains. The rats are lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine injected into the substantia nigra or the medial forebrain bundle. Amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced rotational behaviors are tested 3 and 4 weeks following the lesion. Based on the rotational responses to amphetamine and apomorphine administration, animals can be classified into one of three groups: unaffected, partially lesioned, or severely lesioned. Animals classified as displaying unaffected rotational behavior are those that do not respond to either amphetamine or apomorphine stimulation. Partially lesioned animals rotate ipsilateral to the lesioned side upon amphetamine injection, but do not display a significant number of rotations in response to apomorphine administration. In contrast, severely lesioned rats rotate after both amphetamine and apomorphine injections. Cell counts reveal that the mean number of dopamine neurons in the ventral mesencephalon of partially lesioned animals is reduced to 40% of that of the intact side. Also in partially lesioned animals, dopamine concentrations on the lesion side are even more severely depleted, averaging about 20% of levels in the contralateral intact striatum. Striatal dopamine concentrations correlate well with the number of surviving dopamine neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (r2 = 0.66, P < 0.05). Amphetamine-induced rotation rates also show a moderate correlation with both striatal dopamine concentrations and mesencephalic dopamine neuron cell counts. Therefore, rotational behavior induced by amphetamine and apomorphine stimulation can be used to identify partially lesioned rats following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. It is also possible to estimate the extent of nigrostriatal system damage from the rate of amphetamine-induced rotation.","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"23 1","pages":"168-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78974013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Delivery of Peptides into the Central Nervous System by Molecular Packaging and Sequential Metabolism as a Method of Altering Neuropeptide Activity during Aging 通过分子包装和顺序代谢将肽输送到中枢神经系统作为改变衰老过程中神经肽活性的方法

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/ncmn.1994.1029

Simpkins James W., Ouyang Xudong, Prokai Laszlo, Bodor Nicholas

{"title":"Delivery of Peptides into the Central Nervous System by Molecular Packaging and Sequential Metabolism as a Method of Altering Neuropeptide Activity during Aging","authors":"Simpkins James W., Ouyang Xudong, Prokai Laszlo, Bodor Nicholas","doi":"10.1006/ncmn.1994.1029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ncmn.1994.1029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The major obstacle to the use of neuropeptides in the pharmacotherapy of brain diseases is their delivery to the CNS. This report presents a novel method for the <em>in vitro</em> molecular packaging of peptides that allows their delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following systemic administration. The molecular packaging is intended both to disguise the peptide nature of the molecule, thus protecting it from a plethora of vascular and BBB peptidases, and to \"lock in\" the peptide precursor. The delivered peptide-precursor complex is designed to undergo sequential metabolism, resulting in the release of the active peptide. The proposed method for the CNS delivery of neuroactive peptides results in the brain delivery of the intact peptide sequence, and the delivered peptides exhibit appropriate pharmacological activity. This method may be applicable to delivery of a variety of peptides to the CNS and hence opens the possibility of peptide therapy for CNS diseases that are particularly common in the elderly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100951,"journal":{"name":"Neuroprotocols","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 225-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1006/ncmn.1994.1029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72111368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Calorie Restriction as a Probe for Understanding Neuroendocrine Involvement in the Aging Processes 热量限制作为理解神经内分泌参与衰老过程的探针

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/NCMN.1994.1026

J. Nelson

引用次数: 6

Delivery of Peptides into the Central Nervous System by Molecular Packaging and Sequential Metabolism as a Method of Altering Neuropeptide Activity during Aging 通过分子包装和顺序代谢将多肽传递到中枢神经系统作为一种改变衰老过程中神经肽活性的方法

Neuroprotocols Pub Date : 1994-06-01 DOI: 10.1006/NCMN.1994.1029

J. Simpkins, X. Ouyang, L. Prokai, N. Bodor

引用次数: 4