Natural Hazards Research最新文献

{"title":"Susceptibility analysis of glacier debris flow by investigating glacier changes based on remote sensing imagery and deep learning: A case study","authors":"Shiying Yang ,&nbsp;Gang Mei ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.12.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.12.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glacier debris flow is becoming increasingly severe as global warming intensifies. To minimize the catastrophic losses caused by glacier debris flow, it is essential to analyze the susceptibility of glacier debris flow. In this study, we employed remote sensing with deep learning methods to investigate glaciers changes, evaluating the susceptibility of glacier debris flow in Zelongnong ravine, Southeast Tibet. First, we utilized Landsat optical remote sensing imageries to obtain the semantic segmentation dataset and trained a deep learning model to automatically extract the glacier boundary in Zelongnong ravine. Second, by pre-processing the DEMs (Digital Elevation Model) and integrating them with the glacial boundaries, the volume of glacier ablation was measured. Eventually, according to the glacier ablation, the correction coefficient was determined, which modified the geomorphic information entropy theory, and further analyzed the susceptibility of glacier debris flow in Zelongnong ravine. The research results of the study present that the evaluation indices of the deep learning model that extracted glacier boundaries are over 90%. Moreover, the study results confirm the accuracy of the modified susceptibility evaluation method for glacier debris flows, and the susceptibility of glacier debris flows in Zelongnong ravine generally ranges between high and very high. This study reveals the feasibility and progress of using remote sensing and deep learning in glacier boundary extraction, providing a promising reference for the evaluation of the susceptibility and prediction of glacier debris flow in similar high mountainous areas as well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 539-549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139014988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural adaptation in the era of climate change: An ethnographic study on the resilience of indigenous people at Chittagong Hill Tracts area in Bangladesh","authors":"Joydeb Garai ,&nbsp;Hok Bun Ku","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change has gained global recognition as one of the most urgent challenges in recent decades. Many indigenous people attempt to overcome great challenges in their lives by adhering to their cultural customs and traditional knowledge. This is especially true for those who live in isolated, hilly places and are dependent on natural resources. The aim of the paper is to critically investigate the cultural facets of indigenous people's adaptation to and resilience to climate change in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), namely in the Rangamati Sadar sub-districts of the Rangamati districts, in Bangladesh. This paper also examines how cultural components in indigenous community are changing and influencing the adaptation process in adverse situations. This study used a critical ethnography technique in conjunction with participant observation, in-depth interviews (N ​= ​55), and focus group discussions (N ​= ​5, 45 participants) during a one-year period (October 2019 to October 2020). According to the study's findings, climate change-related risks have significant adverse effects on indigenous people. However, they develop their strategies to adjust to the adverse environment, like building different kinds of houses, changing cultural customs, relying less on natural resources, and adhering to their indigenous knowledge. They also strengthen their prayers and ceremonial practices, which reinforce their communal ties and allow them to become more resilient against challenges in their community. The popular belief that Indigenous people are stupid, poor, and helpless while they wait for outside help is challenged by this study. It also refutes the discourse that indigenous strategies and knowledge are not undervalued and can be an effective instrument for the adaptation process and combating hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 643-652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The aspects of food security and subsistence systems of climate-induced Hazards affected coastal people in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh","authors":"Joydeb Garai","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change-induced hazards and environmental change pose great threats and vulnerabilities to the livelihoods and food security of forest-dependent coastal people in Bangladesh. Moreover, the recent surge of COVID-19 has aggravated this vulnerability manifold. This paper is an attempt to examine the aspects of food security and subsistence systems of coastal people in dual hazards. It also explores the gender roles and responses of coastal people in food security and subsistence systems in climatic hazards during the period of COVID-19. This project employed participant observation, in-depth interviews (N ​= ​55), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) (N ​= ​7) for collecting data. The findings of the research demonstrate that climate-induced hazards severely reduce the resources of the forest and river and threaten the food security of coastal people. Many of the coastal people are forced to change their occupations, diversify their livelihoods, or migrate to other places for subsistence. Moreover, the recent outbreak of COVID-19 restricts them in-house and stops their income-generating activities. In addition, forest departments do not allow them to enter forests to collect forest resources during and after the hazards, which severely affects their food security. In coastal areas, women play a great role in food security and subsistence systems, but dual hazards limit their working opportunities by restricting agricultural inputs, and technological support, disrupting the environment, closing markets, breaking supply chains, and so on. However, coastal people try to overcome these challenges by applying their local strategies. This paper helps policymakers and the government to gain insight into the real situation of coastal people during and after the hazards, which can influence policymakers to formulate effective policies for ensuring food security and creating alternative subsistence systems for coastal people in adversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 633-642"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140765442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tectonic stress regime and faulting style analysis due to sequence of earthquakes in Western Nepal","authors":"Pooja Mahto,&nbsp;S.C. Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study examines the source mechanism and the regional stress regime of a sequence of moderate-sized earthquakes between October 2022 and October 2023. ISOLA-GUI-a Matlab coded program has been used to estimate Moment Tensor Solution to understand the source mechanisms of the earthquakes in the region. The earthquakes are recorded at the broadband station arrays of the regional seismological network around the Tehri region, installed by the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in India. The study focuses on earthquakes with epicentral distances of less than 10°. The investigation aims to comprehend the source process by estimating the focal mechanisms utilizing regional waveform data and then inverting the acquired focal mechanism of these earthquakes to comprehend the active stress regime in the region. The obtained source mechanism reveals a predominance of a double-couple mechanism in faulting and hence, suggests that the majority of the seismic energy is released through shear motion along a defined fault plane. By revealing the complex interaction of geological forces in the Himalayan belt, this investigation will help us to better understand the distribution of stress and deformation patterns beneath the Earth's crust. The main emphasis lies on assessing stress distribution through the utilization of earthquake focal mechanism data and employing the Stress Inversion technique using the WinTensor program. The result of stress inversion suggests that the maximum compressive stress is plunging horizontally, while the minimum compressive stress is oriented vertically. Hence revealing a thrust stress regime in Western Nepal, trending in the NNE- SSW direction corroborating the ongoing tectonic processes associated with the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 531-538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139300985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold wave induced mortalities in Bangladesh: Spatiotemporal analysis of 20 years’ data, 2000–2019","authors":"Md Khalid Hasan ,&nbsp;Tahmina Bintay Younos ,&nbsp;Raisa Imran Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Khalid Bin Masud ,&nbsp;Pedro Arcos González ,&nbsp;Rafael Castro-Delgado","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.01.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.01.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal patterns and characteristics of cold wave mortality in Bangladesh by developing a cold wave dataset using content analysis. Due to the absence of a formal database about cold wave-related mortality in Bangladesh, we first developed a cold wave mortality dataset using content analysis of four (04) leading national daily newspapers’ cold wave-related news from 2000 to 2019 and crosschecked with other related reports. Then, we analyzed the data to obtain the spatiotemporal trends and characteristics of cold wave mortality in Bangladesh. A total of 5610 people died in 81 cold wave events (spells) in Bangladesh during the 20 years, with an average of 281 deaths per year. The average duration of cold waves (spells) in Bangladesh was 25.4 days per year, with a statistically significant increasing trend over the period. The highest cold wave mortality rate was found in the Kurigram District; the rate was 163.63 deaths per million people per year. About 58% of cold wave spells and 58.5 % of cold wave mortality occurred in January, followed by December (22%) during the study period. However, cold wave mortality varied from district to district; northwestern districts of Bangladesh were more prone to cold waves and reported a higher mortality rate. During the study period, more children and males died due to cold waves than females in Bangladesh. The study findings serve as a foundation for future research and policy development to establish cold wave management guidelines to reduce the risk of cold wave exposures among vulnerable people in the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 604-615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139877814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the riverbank erosion and accretion rate using DSAS model study from the lower Ganga River, India","authors":"Md Hasanuzzaman ,&nbsp;Aznarul Islam ,&nbsp;Biswajit Bera ,&nbsp;Pravat Kumar Shit","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.12.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.12.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessing the erosion and accretion (EA) rate of the lower Ganga River in India is crucial for scientific planning and implementing development activities in river basin management. The current study utilized the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS model) to measure the erosion and accretion rate from 1972 to 2022. The objective was to quantify the spatiotemporal variation of erosion vulnerability and project future trends at the village level to support different developmental programs. Satellite images and field survey data were employed to analyze the EA rates. The results indicated a significantly higher average erosion rate of 0.0583 ​km/year on the left banks compared to the right bank in the study area. The net shoreline movement (NSM) analysis demonstrated that erosion on the left bank occurred at an average distance of approximately 2.91 ​km, which was twice as high as the erosion on the right bank. Furthermore, the findings suggested a consistent trend of increasing erosion rates that are projected to continue until 2042. It is noteworthy that the study identified a majority of highly erosional villages (92.86% of the villages) located on the left bank of the river, particularly upstream from the Farakka barrage. The DSAS model underwent validation using RMSE, T-test, ROC, and R2 techniques, confirming its acceptance with satisfactory results. In summary, this research introduces a new technique and framework for accurately measuring EA rates and making future predictions for management projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 550-561"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139192072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban stormwater management under various runoff conditions for Arba Minch town of southern Ethiopia","authors":"Bereket Ayele Ayda ,&nbsp;Demelash Wondimagegnehu Goshime ,&nbsp;Mekuanent Muluneh Finsa ,&nbsp;Abebe Temesgen Ayalew","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ineffective urban stormwater management causes increased surface runoff, and impacts on infrastructure and human life. However, urban stormwater condition is not quantified in Arba Minch area, which cause significant damage on the infrastructures as residence and roads. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the condition of urban stormwater under different runoff conditions using Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) in Arba Minch town, specifically Sekela sub city. A combination of field, satellite, observed and laboratory test-based data on drainage systems, infiltration and % imperviousness was collected. The catchment is divided into 47 sub-catchments depend on the building block, flow direction, and drainage networks. The sub-catchments with the average surface runoff revealed 0.07 ​m³/s, 0.14 ​m³/s, 0.25 ​m³/s, 0.65 ​m³/s, and 0.75 ​m³/s over a 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25-year, and 30-year return period, respectively. The maximum nodes flooded occur at junctions’ number (J7, J8, J24, and J25), as well as conduits (C14, C18, and C27), according to simulation findings of 2-year return period design rainfall which align with the major cause area. For return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 30 years, the peak runoff result was greatest in sub-catchments SC-1, SC-6, SC-8, SC-9, and SC-30. This depicts sub-catchments in the area are flooded, hence resizing of canals and other drainage structures are necessary to mitigate the stormwater. The SWMM simulated results for 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25-year, and 30-year return periods showed peak runoff was greatest in sub-catchments No.8, 1, 6, 30, and 9 because of the slope of the sub-catchment and their large area with high percent imperviousness that results in less infiltration into the soil. The finding of this study shows a rapid increase in surface runoff, which mainly related to impermeable surface and inadequate urban drainage systems leading to damage to infrastructures and properties. This study suggests, a mitigation measures should be adopted to minimize the effect of stormwater using stormwater various intervention approaches following multi program combined with various runoff condition which is very important for road protection authorities, decision makers, and the scientific community to support future water related researches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 616-632"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140462827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Desalination of oil field produced water using ion exchange system: As a remediation environmental hazard","authors":"Riku Dutta ,&nbsp;Sultana Parveen Ahmed ,&nbsp;Swapan Dolui ,&nbsp;Bidhan Chandra Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2024.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel integrated ion exchange resin system has been developed to remove salts from hazardous wastewater. Amberlite IR 120 and amberlite IR 400 have been used as the cation exchange and the anion exchange resins respectively which exchange the cations and the anions from the wastewater and consequently make the water free from salts. The adsorption isotherms were studied for both Langmuir and Freundlich models and the adsorption kinetics were established. Amberlite IR 120 and amberlite IR 400 showed excellent adsorption capacities of 161.29 ​mg/g and 233.64 ​mg/g respectively. The regeneration of the resins was also studied and it was found that the resin system could be used multiple times in the desalting process. The resins were further analyzed by FTIR and EDX. The salinity of oil field produced water depends largely on the geochemistry of the producing formations which are harmful or toxic in nature. Thus, this ion exchange resin system can effectively reduce the salinity of the oil field produced water and make it suitable for oil and gas production purposes and various industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 596-603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139882357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic impacts of flooding and its coping strategies in Nigeria: Evidence from Dagiri community, Gwagwalada area council of Abuja","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dagiri, a community in the Gwagwalada area council, has been ravaged by floods. The most recent which took place on 25th July 2020 was devastating and had severe impacts on the community. This study focuses on the socioeconomic implications of the 2020 flood in the Dagari community. To achieve the specific objectives, a number of methodologies were employed such as map analysis, questionnaire survey, oral interviews, and site observations. Presentation of results was done using percentages, tables, bar graphs, pie charts, and photos. The land cover is mostly residential with urban infrastructures. A flood hazard map was created from which analysis revealed that about 87% of the area is at risk of flooding, though the severity of vulnerability varies from low vulnerable areas to highly vulnerable risk zones. The socioeconomic impacts were duly measured using some sustainable development indicators, and the result revealed that flooding had numerous socio-economic impacts on the community, ranging from income, education, agriculture, sanitation, infrastructures, and properties. The coping strategies adopted by some community members were also very inadequate, while a high number of them are not employing any coping strategies at all. Therefore, we recommend regulated and scientifically coordinated aggregate mining from the river and relocation of households living in high-risk flood zones. The government should invest more in flood (disaster) management with the recent challenge of climate change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 374-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666592123000938/pdfft?md5=ac873fcae82160b9d0670c82e166b5b9&pid=1-s2.0-S2666592123000938-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134915069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source characteristics of earthquakes in Delhi and its vicinity: Implications for seismogenesis in the stable continental region of India","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhres.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Delhi and its surrounding region are among the important intraplate seismically active regions of India. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, it lies in seismic zone IV and is capable of generating small to moderate earthquakes. This region has also experienced moderate to large earthquakes in the past due to its proximity to the Himalayan arc and its own tectonics. There is an urgent need to assess the source characteristics of earthquakes and their scaling relationships for a reliable and accurate estimation of seismic hazard. Source parameters and their scaling relations have been estimated for this region using well-located small to moderate earthquakes (<em>Mw</em> 2.3–5.1) that occurred during the period from 2000 to 2020. For this purpose, we investigated three components of earthquake waveform data using the <em>ω</em>^{<em>−2</em>} source model. The outcomes show the occurrence of low static stress drop (0.5–52.87 ​bars) in the Delhi region indicating approximately 57% of the events exhibit a stress drop &lt; 10 ​bars, 27 % of events fall in the range of 10–20 ​bars, and only 16 % events exhibit stress drop &gt; 20 ​bars. This observation suggests that the shallow subsurface of the study region may have low-strength material characteristics and a heterogeneous nature. In addition, the Zuniga parameter (<em>ε</em>) is estimated less than 1.0 by analyzing static and apparent stress drops, which infers the partial stress drop model fits very well in the study region. The seismic moment varies from 1.02×10¹² to 1.03×10¹⁶ ​N.m. for <em>P</em>-wave and 6.46×10¹¹ Nm to 7.54×10¹⁵ Nm for <em>S</em>-wave. The average seismic source radius lies in the range of 0.1–3.05 ​km with a ratio {<em>r(p)/r(s)}</em> of 1.5 ​km in the study region. The estimated values of corner frequency are comparatively lower for the <em>S</em>-wave (1.5–18.2 ​Hz) than for the <em>P</em>-wave (1.88–19.3 ​Hz) suggesting the ‘shifting properties’ of the corner frequency corroborated with the theoretical agreement. The seismic energy (<em>E</em>) is estimated using both <em>P</em>- and <em>S</em>-wave separately and its average value varies from 4.28×10⁶ to 6.22×10¹¹ ​J. The estimated stress drop and seismic moment demonstrate no correlation with each other. Therefore small to moderate-size earthquakes inherently follow the self-similarity behavior. The obtained scaling relationship between Seismic Moment and Corner Frequency is <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>7.94</mn><mo>∗</mo></mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>15</mn></msup><msubsup><mi>f</mi><mi>c</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2.97</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>. The derived scaling relations and source parameters are expected to provide a priori information for the assessment of seismic hazards and are useful in the simulation of strong ground motion characteristics in the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100943,"journal":{"name":"Natural Hazards Research","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 448-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666592123001130/pdfft?md5=dfd75fcf618077349e5e28a069efa997&pid=1-s2.0-S2666592123001130-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135614159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}