{"title":"The passage of gamma-rays through water","authors":"V.I. Kukhtevich, Yu.A. Kazanskii, Sh.S. Nikolaishvili, S.G. Tsypin","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90149-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90149-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dosage attenuation in water of γ-rays from <sup>198</sup>Au, <sup>60</sup>Co and <sup>24</sup>Na has been measured as a function of the source-detector distance over a range from some 3–4 to about 8–12 scattering mean free paths. The primary radiation was collimated in such a direction that none fell on the detector, down to an angle which was varied between 30° and 80°. Theoretical intensities have been calculated by an approximate procedure that replaces the direct solution of the kinetic equation by the reduction of a triple integral and are in satisfactory agreement with observation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 128-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90149-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85658434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of contents of vol. 9 nos. 1–4","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90131-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90131-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages IV-V"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90131-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136553247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heat transfer in liquid metals","authors":"S.S. Kutateladze, V.M. Borishanskii, I.I. Novikov","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90177-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90177-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper gives a review of the main work of Soviet and other authors on the subject of heat transfer between solid surfaces and flowing liquid metals. The experiments considered include measurements of heat transfer to liquid metals flowing in long and short tubes, and flat apertures, longitudinally between bundles of rods and plates, and transversely round cylinders, for free convection and during condensation of metallic vapours. The- influence of additives on the heat transfer coefficient is also considered. The problems discussed include those connected with the boiling of liquid metals and the influence of wetting on the hydraulic resistance and heat transfer coefficient. Formulae are given for calculating heat transfer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 214-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90177-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136553243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emission of bremsstrablung by fission fragments","authors":"A.I. Alekseev","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90180-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90180-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 248-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90180-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136553244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resonance absorption of neutrons in an infinite homogeneous medium","authors":"G.I. Marchuk, F.F. Mikhailus","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90183-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90183-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We consider the problem of the slowing down of neutrons in an infinite homogeneous medium with strong resonance absorption and uniformly distributed neutron sources.</p><p>The solution of the adjoint equation gives the probability that a neutron of energy <em>E</em> escapes resonance capture during the process of moderation down to a certain limiting energy. The solutions of the original and the adjoint problem enable one to use a perturbation functional to take into account the influence of Doppler broadening of the resonance level in the resonance integral.</p><p>The methods developed are applied to the calculation of the collision density and the resonance integrals for the first level of <sup>238</sup>U (<em>E</em><sub>0</sub> = 6·7 eV) in pure uranium and in UO<sub>2</sub>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 267-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90183-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136553259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The theory of probes","authors":"N.P. Generalov","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90153-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90153-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 148-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90153-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88735116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radioactive hazard resulting from the explosions of a ‘clean’ hydrogen bomb and of a conventional fission bomb","authors":"O.I. Leipunskii","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90135-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90135-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An estimate is made of the danger to the world population arising from the creation of long-lived radioactive isotopes in nuclear explosions and from their dissemination over the globe. An ordinary fission bomb and a clean hydrogen bomb, taken to be a deuterium-tritium reaction, are considered. With a hydrogen bomb the principal agents are 14C and <sup>8</sup>H, and with an ordinary bomb <sup>90</sup>Sr, <sup>137</sup>Cs and 1°C. The doses delivered to the gonads and bones are calculated, and this leads to figures for the number of people born subsequently with hereditary defects and the number of cases of leukaemia (cancer of the blood). In this calculation the distribution of radioisotopes in animate and in inanimate matter is taken into account. The special aspects of a ground-level hydrogen explosion are considered. The total amount of energy liberated in radioactive decay by products of the explosion is three times greater in the case of a deuterium-tritium bomb than for an ordinary bomb. However, taking an estimate over the whole period of decay of the reaction products, it is found that ten-megaton bombs of the two types give rise to roughly the same dose of radiation to the tissues, and claim approximately the same number of victims. In round figures we expect: Deuterium-tritium bombFission bomb Dose to the tissues50,000 x 10<sup>−6</sup> r40,000 x 10<sup>−6</sup> r, Dose to the bones50,000 x 10<sup>−6</sup> r88,000 x 10<sup>−6</sup> r Number of mutations (in a population of 2·5 x 10<sup>9</sup>)50,00040,000 Number of cases of leukaemia (in a population of 2·5 x 108)15,00026,000 Thus on the score of radiation injury to the world population, a clean hydrogen bomb operating by the reaction of. deuterium and tritium cannot be considered less dangerous than an ordinary atomic bomb.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 28-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90135-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82023433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A determination of ν for the 14·8 MeV neutron-induced fission of 235U","authors":"A.N. Protopopov, M.V. Blinov","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90174-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90174-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 207-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90174-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76531007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multiple-Scattering corrections in ‘spherical’ and ‘ring’ geometry","authors":"V.F. Turchin","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90163-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90163-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A method is given for making a correction for multiple scattering in experiments to measure the angular distribution of elastically scattered neutrons, when the average path length of the neutron in the specimen is comparable with, but not substantially greater than, the scattering mean free path. In the case of isotropic nuclear scattering the probabilities of multiple scattering are evaluated for a sphere and for ring specimens of circular and rectangular cross-section; double scattering by direct reduction of the appropriate integrals and higher order processes by approximate methods. The anisotropic.scattering of neutrons of several MeV is dealt with by representing the cross-section σ(θ) = σ<sub>1</sub>(θ) + σ<sub>2</sub>(θ) as the sum of σ<sub>1</sub>(θ), a forward peak, and σ<sub>2</sub>(θ) a more or less isotropic remainder term. Nuclear scattering events are then divided into two types according as to which partial cross-section is involved, and double-scattering processes correspondingly divided into four classes. The probabilities of all the four last-mentioned classes are calculated from the results of the theory for isotropic scattering. Higher multiplicities of scattering are treated in the same way.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 169-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90163-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72615516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A calculation of the neutron energy spectrum produced by a pulsed source in a heavy moderator, assuming a constant mean free path","authors":"M.V. Kazarnovskii","doi":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90185-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0891-3919(59)90185-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The energy distribution of neutrons from a pulsed source in a moderator of mass number <em>M</em> ⪢ 1 is shown, on the assumption of a constant mean free path <em>l</em>, to be <span><span><span><math><mtext>n(z) = </mtext><mtext>const.</mtext><mtext> × </mtext><mtext>exp</mtext><mtext> {</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>(M + 1)ƒ</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>−1</mn></msub><mtext>(z) + ƒ</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mtext>(z) + 2(M + 1)</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>−1</mn></msup><mtext>ƒ</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mtext>(z) + …}</mtext></math></span></span></span> at energies small in comparison with the source energy. <em>z</em> = 1(<em>M</em> +1)/<em>vt</em>, with <em>v</em> the neutron velocity and <em>t</em> the slowing-down time. <span><math><mtext>ƒ;</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>−1</mn></msub><mtext>(z), ƒ</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mtext>(z) </mtext><mtext>and</mtext><mtext> ƒ</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mtext>(z)</mtext></math></span> are given in integral form, together with analytical expressions valid near the maximum, and asymptotic expansions; detailed tables of the functions are also provided. It is demonstrated by numerical calculation that a knowledge of these three functions is sufficient to allow the neutron spectrum to be determined even in deuterium. The situation in a moderator composed of a number of different types of nuclei is considered. In this case the problem is solved by developing a method for solving integral and integrodifferential equations whose kernel <em>K</em>(<em>x</em>, <em>y</em>) is significantly different from zero only where |<em>x</em> − <em>y</em>|/|<em>x</em> + <em>y</em>| is very small.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954)","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 293-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0891-3919(59)90185-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73078276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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