Journal of Membrane Science Letters最新文献

{"title":"Drivers of membrane fouling in the vanadium acetylacetonate flow battery","authors":"Rohit Rungta ,&nbsp;Kirk P. Smith ,&nbsp;Charles W. Monroe","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vanadium acetylacetonate (V(acac)₃) disproportionation electrochemistry promises a crossover-tolerant, high-voltage flow battery, but exhibits low efficiency and short cycle life. We show that membrane fouling, rather than a parasitic side reaction, dominates early performance fade. Crossover rates through porous membranes were estimated from voltage transients with an adaptive observer while cycling flow-through reactors. For <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>M</mtext></mrow></math></span> V(acac)₃ and <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>M</mtext></mrow></math></span> TEABF₄ in acetonitrile flowed countercurrently at <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>cm</mtext><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>s</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> parallel to the separator, fresh Daramic 175 and Celgard 4650 afforded active-species mass-transfer coefficients of <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>8</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mtext>m</mtext><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>s</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mtext>m</mtext><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>s</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, respectively, which decreased and became non-Fickian as cycling progressed. At <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>mA</mtext><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> from 0%–20% state of charge, voltage efficiency with Celgard fell from 96% to 60% over 27 cycles. Separator replacement restored the coulombic and voltage efficiencies, which repeated their first progression. Impedance spectra from series-connected canary cells reveal that separator resistances remain stable during open-circuit exposure to charged single electrolytes, but increase under applied current or open-circuit contact with differently charged electrolytes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000084/pdfft?md5=29191d98ae71ca38f5062d9f82fc2ec0&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000084-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140405285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sample preparation matters: Scanning electron microscopic characterization of polymeric membranes","authors":"Jishan Wu ,&nbsp;Minhao Xiao ,&nbsp;Javier A. Quezada-Renteria ,&nbsp;Ziwei Hou ,&nbsp;Eric M.V. Hoek","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study systematically examines the influence of polymeric membrane sample preparation techniques on their morphologies and structures as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We address the variability introduced by diverse preparation methods in research, which leads to subjective qualitative and quantitative SEM interpretations. Our investigation encompasses various preparation techniques, focusing on cryogenic sectioning—alongside SEM operational parameters including accelerating voltage and conductive sputter coating thickness. We demonstrate that surface morphology analysis via SEM is significantly affected by coating thickness and accelerating voltage, while cross-sectional images (typically, at much higher magnification) exhibit little difference in morphology. However, improper preparation can damage membranes, compromising cross-sectional imaging. We provide a detailed exploration of the cryogenic-sectioning and its effects on SEM image quality. Our findings indicate one's selection of preparation procedure can create significant biases in SEM analyses of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis polymeric membranes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000072/pdfft?md5=8fdedf3c13a516df8f0f1fd037e0936b&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000072-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140281861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of surfactants on membrane fouling during separation of an oil-water emulsion","authors":"Xu Yu ,&nbsp;Naama Segev ,&nbsp;Kirti Sankhala ,&nbsp;David Jassby ,&nbsp;Eric M.V. Hoek ,&nbsp;Guy Z. Ramon","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While membrane separation has proven to be an outstanding method for separating oil in water (O/W) emulsions containing droplets smaller than 20 µm, it is severely limited due to fouling. Much research has been aimed at understanding the mechanism behind membrane fouling, particularly for ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Interestingly, studies pointed out that the emulsifier, namely surfactant, is the main source of fouling in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, while in the case of UF, oil is generally regarded as the main source of fouling. Herein, we study the fouling of UF membranes during separation of O/W emulsions stabilized by surfactants, with the explicit goal of determining the relative impact of the oil and surfactant present on fouling severity and dynamics. Results obtained from flux decline measurements, complimented by visualization using confocal microscopy, show that oil causes irreversible fouling to a certain extent, however, surfactant fouling dominates the observed membrane performance. The degree of fouling and flux recovery appears to be closely related to the properties the surfactant, namely charge and molecular weight, as has been observed in the past but attributed to the oil-membrane interactions, mediated by the surfactant. Further, to visualize the fouling mechanisms, direct observation via a confocal microscope set-up is used to capture real-time images of the membrane surface, which reveal that surface coverage of oil is not directly related to flux decline during the separation process. Our results suggest that membrane flux decline and fouling is dominated by membrane-surfactant interactions, the exact nature of which is a topic for future extensions of this work.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000060/pdfft?md5=e74061dfb215bfb4ced03bb006650015&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000060-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140069120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proton-conducting membranes based on Nafion® synthesized by using nanodiamond platform","authors":"Vasily T. Lebedev ,&nbsp;Yuri V. Kulvelis ,&nbsp;Alexey S. Odinokov ,&nbsp;Oleg N. Primachenko ,&nbsp;Svetlana V. Kononova ,&nbsp;Elena M. Ivan'kova ,&nbsp;Vera A. Orlova ,&nbsp;Natalia P. Yevlampieva ,&nbsp;Elena A. Marinenko ,&nbsp;Iosif V. Gofman ,&nbsp;Alexandr V. Shvidchenko ,&nbsp;Georgy S. Peters","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New method of emulsion synthesis of Nafion®-type copolymer composition by using nanodiamond platform has been proposed and implemented. Produced polymeric coagulate saturated with diamonds (4.1 % wt.) possessed increased ionic capacity of the copolymer comparative to the analogue without diamonds. SEM patterns for coagulate membranes showed labyrinthine structures with diamonds integrated into copolymer without any segregation. This structuring provided necessary elastic and strength properties of new type membranes for hydrogen fuel cells. In new membranes synchrotron experiments exhibited a network of ionic channels which ensured a proton conductivity by one order of magnitude higher than that for the analogue produced of premade components.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000047/pdfft?md5=6128272ce77383dfbee7ec2b18078277&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000047-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139975943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A standardized approach for permeance assessment in direct contact membrane distillation","authors":"Sarah Almahfoodh ,&nbsp;Sofiane Soukane ,&nbsp;Khalid Alhamdan ,&nbsp;Ingo Pinnau ,&nbsp;Noreddine Ghaffour","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Membrane distillation (MD) is a separation technology for many industries including desalination, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. However, MD technology readiness has not reached the required level to penetrate the desalination and water treatment market. One of the challenges to commercialization is the limited development and inaccurate assessment of MD-specific membranes. In fact, measuring the performance of MD membranes is challenging because it is dependent on process parameters, making it difficult to separate the individual influences of the process operating conditions and the membranes’ intrinsic properties. These shortcomings drive the need for a standardized methodology to compare and report membrane performance independently of the process parameters. In this work, we propose a standardized methodology for measuring the permeance of MD membranes using a reduced scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) setup. This methodology has the potential to streamline membrane assessment and support ongoing efforts in MD membrane development and process scale-up.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000059/pdfft?md5=91e6f9145b2f319fc2ad3c3a3dd6023c&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000059-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139966155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrokinetic index: A new metric for advanced characterization of membranes with various geometries","authors":"Agathe Lizée,&nbsp;Patrick Loulergue,&nbsp;Anne Pensel,&nbsp;Anthony Szymczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electrokinetic measurements to determine the electrical properties (zeta potential) of membrane surfaces have become increasingly popular in the toolbox of characterization techniques. However, it has been established in the literature that parasitic phenomena such as electrokinetic leakage can hamper data interpretation, leading to not only quantitative but also qualitative errors in membrane zeta potential determination. To date, the only method for highlighting and accounting for electrokinetic leakage is limited to flat-sheet membranes. In this letter, we propose an alternative method that is much less time-consuming and applicable to all membrane geometries. This method is based on the determination of the electrokinetic index, which we define as the ratio of the apparent zeta potentials determined from single measurements of the streaming current and streaming potential coefficients. We show that variation in the electrokinetic index reflects modifications occurring within the membrane matrix (in addition to surface properties alteration). The chemical degradation of polyethersulfone (PES)-based flat-sheet and hollow-fiber membranes is used as a proof of concept, but the proposed approach is readily transposable to other problems of practical interest, such as e.g. membrane fouling. This work also paves the way for the development of a new type of electrokinetic sensors for on-line monitoring of membrane operations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000035/pdfft?md5=94b0b88122109a87ea7e94e8a21f6b58&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000035-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Track-etched membrane as a thin substrate with straight pores to fabricate polyamide forward osmosis membrane","authors":"Alena Popova,&nbsp;Takuji Shintani,&nbsp;Takahiro Fujioka","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Controlling the internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis (FO) membranes by minimizing the substrate thickness is critical to enhancing the water flux. This study aimed to achieve the fabrication of an ultra-thin FO membrane by forming the polyamide (PA) active layer on a thin and straight-bore film, a so-called track-etched (TE) membrane. The polycarbonate TE membrane had a uniform pore size of 0.22 µm and a thickness of 25 µm. The PA active layer was successfully formed only by creating a thin <em>m</em>-phenylenediamine solution layer on the smooth TE membrane surface before interfacial polymerization. The TE- FO membrane with low porosity (14 %) provided a water flux of 21 L/m²h and a reverse salt flux of 8.0 g/m²h when evaluated with a 1.0 M NaCl draw solution. Further evaluations showed the potential of increasing water flux by increasing the TE substrate porosity (14 %) and reducing the apparent PA active layer thickness (504 nm). These results suggest the potential of achieving a high-water flux FO membrane using a thin TE substrate and ultimately improving the validity of FO membrane-based water treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000023/pdfft?md5=428b6b857a7cb97165ccbd9306256b38&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000023-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139694253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemically recyclable nanofiltration membranes fabricated from two circular polymer classes of the same monomer origin","authors":"Rifan Hardian ,&nbsp;Abdul Ghaffar ,&nbsp;Changxia Shi ,&nbsp;Eugene Y.-X. Chen ,&nbsp;Gyorgy Szekely","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanofiltration is widely used in various industries to separate solutes from solvents. To foster a circular economy, establishing a closed-loop lifecycle for the membrane materials is highly important. In this study, we fabricated recyclable nanofiltration membranes from chemically recyclable polymers —polyester P(BiL⁼)_ROP and poly(cyclic olefin) P(BiL⁼)_ROMP— using γ-butyrolactone as a green solvent. These two polymers, of two different polymer classes, were obtained from a single monomer, which could be recycled back to the same monomer, exhibiting the unique “one monomer–two polymers–one monomer” closed-loop chemical circularity. The effect of physical treatment, such as annealing, hot-pressing, and air exposure on the morphological characteristics and performance of the nanofiltration membranes was investigated. We revealed the interplay between membrane pore size, thickness, density and the molecular sieving performance of the nanofiltration membranes. Solute rejections were mainly governed by the membrane pore size. However, solvent flux was mainly governed by the membrane density that determines the free volume interconnectivity. The membranes exhibited a tunable molecular weight cutoff between 553 and 777 g mol⁻¹ and methanol permeance between 5.9 and 9.8 L m^–2 h^–1 bar⁻¹. The membranes exhibited excellent long-term nanofiltration stability over 1 week. The combination of the green solvent used for membrane fabrication and the circular life cycle of the polymer membrane brings one step closer to closing the circularity loop of membrane technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421224000011/pdfft?md5=0b32a437a36e2bfd642434e9d558e37d&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421224000011-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139675111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strong improvement of permeability and rejection performance of graphene oxide membrane by engineered interlayer spacing","authors":"Zafar Khan Ghouri ,&nbsp;Khaled Elsaid ,&nbsp;David James Hughes ,&nbsp;Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef ,&nbsp;Ahmed Abdel-Wahab ,&nbsp;Ahmed Abdala","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2023.100065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memlet.2023.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advanced membranes fabricated from multilayer/laminated graphene oxide (GO) are promising in water treatment applications as they provide very high flux and excellent rejection of various water pollutants. However, these membranes have limited viability, and suffer from instabilities and swelling due to the hydrophilic nature of GO. In this work, the permeability and rejection performance of laminated GO membranes were improved via functionalization with ethylenediamine (EDA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The membranes are fabricated via the pressure-assembly stacking technique, and their structure is well characterized. The performance, rejection, and stability of the fabricated functionalized GO membranes were evaluated. Pillaring the GO layers using diamine and polyamine resulted in exceptionally high water permeability of 113 L/m²h (LMH) compared to only 28 LMH for the pristine GO membrane while simultaneously satisfying high rejection of multivalent salts of 79.4, 35.4, and 19.6 % for Na₂SO₄, MgCl₂, and NaCl, respectively. The results obtained indicate that proper functionalization of GO provides a roadmap for the potential commercialization of such advanced membranes in water treatment applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421223000296/pdfft?md5=ae9c343111f99b1f2fe6702a287518b3&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421223000296-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138475117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexpected high performance of ZIF-8 membranes for 1,3-butadiene purification","authors":"Jun-Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiqin Qiang ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.memlet.2023.100066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memlet.2023.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purification of 1,3-butadiene from C₄ hydrocarbon mixtures currently relies on energy-intensive extractive distillation. In this study, we employed ZIF membranes for this challenging separation for the first time, unveiling their superior capability in isolating 1,3-butadiene from other C₄ hydrocarbons with similar sizes, including 1-butene, isobutene, and n-butane. This strong sieving effect was evident from two types of ZIF-8 membranes: one with low crystallinity fabricated via the all-vapor-phase ligand-induced permselectivation (LIPS) method and another with high crystallinity synthesized through the seeded growth method. The gas permeances decreased with increasing kinetic diameters, following the order of 1,3-butadiene (4.31 Å) &gt; 1-butene (4.46 Å) &gt; n<em>-</em>butane (4.687 Å) &gt; isobutene (4.84 Å). The LIPS-ZIF-8 membrane exhibited a high 1,3-butadiene permeance of approximately 1.43 × 10⁻⁷ mol/m² s Pa (∼430 GPU) and ideal separation factors of 18, 56, and 134 for 1,3-butadiene over 1-butene, n-butane, and isobutene, respectively. In separating four-component C₄ mixtures, these membranes could enrich 1,3-butadiene content from 50% in the feed to 96–98% in the permeate through a single separation step. This unprecedented performance is attributed to differences in C₄ diffusivities that span several orders of magnitude.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772421223000302/pdfft?md5=75d81704b3c5649106631bfdf9dd7c37&pid=1-s2.0-S2772421223000302-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138475118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}