Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research最新文献

{"title":"There’s no such thing as cycle traffic: A critical discourse analysis of public opposition to pro-cycle planning","authors":"Robert Egan ,&nbsp;Brian Caulfield","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Across a variety of low-cycling contexts, there are ambitious targets to reduce private car use and increase cycling to decarbonise everyday mobility practices. A component of many plans to achieve this modal shift is through active travel measures that redistribute rights to space, access or speed in a way that may prioritise cycling over driving. However, public opposition to proposals that might reduce the relative accessibility of driving can limit the possibility and scope of redistributive active travel measures, thereby preventing timely climate action and broader transport system change. In this study, we explored public opposition to a major redistributive active travel scheme proposed in the electoral county of Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, located within the Dublin Metropolitan Area of Ireland, to examine more broadly how car-based automobility is politically sustained in this unique context. We focused our analysis on 150 public consultation submissions using Faircloughian Critical Discourse Analysis. In this paper, we present several major properties of an oppositional ‘technical discourse of transport planning’, that is normatively car-centric: ‘traffic’ as car-based (im)mobility, roads as ‘traffic’ spaces, ‘traffic’ as an immutable substance, and traffic demand-led planning. We interrogate the historical origins of this discourse in the context of Ireland and consider its effects on planning practices in relation to reproducing car-based automobility. Lastly, we conclude with recommendations that can form part of a counter-discourse that is more compatible with transport decarbonisation targets: wording cycle mobility as ‘cycle traffic’, construing redistributive cycleways as spaces of ‘traffic conversion’ rather than ‘traffic diversion’, and saliently outlining a principle of vision-led planning in redistributive active travel measures, amidst prevailing assumptions that transport planning ought to continue as a primarily ‘demand-led’ practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105924000056/pdfft?md5=c58be40cde3c7ef1f0822c4c1c61bb7e&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105924000056-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139479918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traffic safety for all road users: A paired comparison study of small & mid-sized U.S. cities with high/low bicycling rates","authors":"Nicholas N. Ferenchak ,&nbsp;Wesley E. Marshall","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cities with high levels of bicycling tend to be some of the safest cities for all road users. This paper investigates <em>why</em> this relationship exists for fourteen small and mid-sized cities across the U.S. (seven with high bicycling rates and seven paired comparison cities) using ten years of data and hierarchical negative binomial regression models. Findings confirm that higher-bicycling cities are significantly associated with better overall road safety outcomes. In terms of mode choice differences, pedestrian ‘safety in numbers’ as well as reduced driving activity had a positive impact on pedestrian safety. Results from hierarchical negative binomial regressions also suggest that more compact cities were significantly associated with better road safety outcomes for all road users. In terms of socio-demographic and socio-economic factors, the results reveal equity concerns with areas with lower incomes and more non-White residents seeing more overall road fatalities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105924000019/pdfft?md5=297d34e42fd1a5687e630ebec9ff04ee&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105924000019-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139434205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning for bicycle parking: Predicting demand using stated preference and count data","authors":"David Kohlrautz,&nbsp;Tobias Kuhnimhof","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Predicting bicycle parking demand is critical to optimizing parking facilities and thereby promoting cycling. Unfortunately, previous studies have not considered facility type and location when predicting bicycle parking demand, which is critical to meeting user needs, especially in scenarios with multiple parking options, such as on university campuses, as in our case study. The paper presents a predictive model for bicycle parking demand using a synthetic population derived from building space utilization data, a mobility survey, parking facility data, and results from a stated preference experiment on bicycle parking preferences. We evaluate the model’s quality using count data from 2022 and 2023 and the influence of including facility types (front wheel racks, u-racks, bicycle parking stations) and whether they are covered. We also analyze the influence of beeline-based distances to reach a facility and to get from the facility to the destination and examine how to weigh them.</p><p>Incorporating facility types and coverage substantially improves the model’s predictive accuracy, but only if the model’s sensitivity to walking distances between facilities and buildings is increased. This suggests that stated preference experiments on bicycle parking choice behavior may underestimate cyclists’ sensitivity to walking distances. In contrast, accounting for cycling detours to reach a facility does not contribute to prediction quality. Thus, when cyclists have multiple parking options, it is crucial to consider walking distances for realistic predictions. Furthermore, user-centered planning requires careful consideration of parking facility attributes and the specific preferences of target cyclist groups when determining the size and location of parking facilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105924000020/pdfft?md5=646481c609ff8ae4e4391e66885faee5&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105924000020-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139434204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding socio-demographic factors associated with shared-use-paths (SUPs) utilization","authors":"Boniphace Kutela ,&nbsp;Frank Ngeni ,&nbsp;Norris Novat ,&nbsp;Hellen Shita ,&nbsp;Mark Ngotonie ,&nbsp;Rafael John Mwekh’iga ,&nbsp;Neema Langa ,&nbsp;Subasish Das","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmr.2024.100012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shared Use Paths (SUPs) are becoming very popular in North America due to the current initiatives that promote active travel. SUPs can accommodate different types of users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, scooterists, and skateboarders. Although the interest in SUPs continues to increase, relatively less research has been performed on their utilization, especially using revealed preferences. Therefore, this study utilizes the survey data collected from Edmonton, Canada, between June 12th to 19th 2018 to explore the likelihood of utilizing the SUPs and the associated frequency of use. Results indicate that not all variables associated with the likelihood of utilization are also associated with the frequency of use. Specifically, higher levels of education influence the likelihood of SUP utilization, while the higher frequency of SUP usage is influenced by the secondary modes of transportation. On the other hand, as the age increases, the likelihood and frequency of SUP usage decreases. Further, households with higher income are associated with a higher likelihood of SUP utilization, male residents are likely to use the SUPs more frequently compared to their female counterparts. Other variations are also observed for home ownership and whether the resident resides in a downtown area. The application of the findings to the city planners and active travel initiatives have been provided to improve the planning and installation/construction of the SUPs facilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105924000032/pdfft?md5=8f12ff46f5684f9577a2cb878cb66f6d&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105924000032-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139107578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"E-cycling intention versus behavioral change: Investigating longitudinal changes in e-cycling intention and actual behavior change in daily commuting","authors":"Joost de Kruijf ,&nbsp;Dea van Lierop ,&nbsp;Dick Ettema ,&nbsp;Maarten Kroesen ,&nbsp;Martin Dijst","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By offering the opportunity to make longer trips at a lower level of physical activity, the e-bike provides a promising alternative to car use. Despite all advantages (e-)cycling brings to urban accessibility, the environment, physical and mental health, not all car commuters regard the e-bike as a suitable alternative yet in their daily activity patterns. This study reports on changes in behavioral intention and actual e-cycling brought about by an e-cycling incentive program in the province of Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands. The impact of the program on behavioral intention and the actual change to e-cycling were analyzed based on a longitudinal three-wave survey design on past, intended, and actual commuting behavior. To explore the changes in behavioral intentional, the differences between intention and actual behavior and the factors influencing them, descriptive and ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted. To explore the dynamics between e-cycling intentions and behavior a longitudinal structural equation model was developed. In general, this study shows that the incentive program has a positive impact on participants’ behavioral change to e-cycling during the incentive program. Results show that two-third of the participants actually use the e-bike as much as they intended at the start of the program. People who were used to taking the conventional bicycle to work before the stimulation program, are more consistent between their intention and behavior. Results also show that personal beliefs, habits, and goal-related variables do not influence the intention–behavior consistency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105923000098/pdfft?md5=8056565e118d5ee2a572d5b2f77d08eb&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105923000098-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139399289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Road lighting and cycling: A review of the academic literature and policy guidelines","authors":"Eugeni Vidal-Tortosa,&nbsp;Robin Lovelace","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many studies have explored the impact of macro and meso attributes of the built environment – such as population density, land use, proximity to services, and cycle infrastructure – on cycling. Less attention has been paid to micro attributes of the built environment. This paper reviews the academic literature on the relationship between road lighting and cycling, and identifies gaps to provide direction to future work. It also reviews policy guidelines on lighting and cycling infrastructure. Findings from the review of academic research show a clear positive effect of road lighting on cycling. The effect seems stronger among potential and less experienced cyclists. This suggests that investment in road lighting may be a cost-effective intervention to increase cycling and make it more inclusive. More empirical work is needed, including on the impact that lighting may have on different types of cyclists and cycling, the optimal lighting for cyclists, the cost-effectiveness of lighting interventions, and in developing countries and countries at extreme latitudes. There is also a need for research with higher geographic and temporal resolution, “before/after” approaches to explore changes over time, and accounting for other factors associated with cycling. Findings from the review of policy guidelines reveal that lighting in cycling infrastructure is increasingly being considered, not only for the safety of cyclists, but also to make utility cycling more appealing and accessible in the dark.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105923000086/pdfft?md5=4b4aed652cac72d527e78fdca78ffce8&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105923000086-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children and youngster's gaze behaviour when cycling in familiar environments","authors":"Katja Kircher ,&nbsp;Christer Ahlström","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Active travel is beneficial for individuals and society in many ways. As transportation habits are formed at a young age, active school transport should be promoted. However, young children are often portrayed as not being able to cope with the demands traffic imposes on them. Most studies tend to confirm the notion that older children perform better than younger children, however, they are usually conducted in controlled environments that are unfamiliar to the participants. Here, 28 participants in two age groups (6–12 and 13–18 years) cycled their usual way to school to guarantee familiarity with the environment. They wore eye trackers, and the surroundings were filmed by a camera on the handlebars and by another camera mounted on the bicycle of an experimenter, who followed the participant. For each trip, all attentional target areas were identified based on infrastructure layout, traffic rules and turning direction. It was coded whether the children monitored these areas. Additionally, glance targets and glance purpose were coded. More than 80 % of all target areas were monitored. Regardless of age, a higher number of simultaneous target areas increased the likelihood that some relevant target areas were missed. The glance distribution across different types of target areas did not vary between the age groups. An increase in the number of simultaneous target areas led to a decrease in spare visual capacity and an increase in glances dedicated to checking for traffic. Overall, children in both age groups were generally attentive in their familiar environment. Difficulties were associated with a higher number of simultaneous target areas. A more controlled setup is needed to identify potentially modifying factors, and a comparison with adults is needed to for a fair valuation of the children’s performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100006"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105923000062/pdfft?md5=9b4496f6a3b8ee9f0ca2ea858f1fa38c&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105923000062-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136890947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All ages and abilities cycling infrastructure, cycling activity, and perceived safety: Findings from a natural experiment study in three mid-sized Canadian cities","authors":"Tessa Williams ,&nbsp;David G.T. Whitehurst ,&nbsp;Trisalyn Nelson ,&nbsp;Daniel Fuller ,&nbsp;Suzanne Therrien ,&nbsp;Lise Gauvin ,&nbsp;Meghan Winters","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As many cities aim to increase cycling ridership, they turn to research for evidence on the effectiveness of building cycling infrastructure. Our study team of researchers and practitioners designed a natural experiment study to assess the impacts of cycling infrastructure on two outcomes: self-reported cycling activity and perceived safety. The intervention was a 33 kilometre ‘all ages and abilities’ (AAA) network in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. We included Kelowna, British Columbia and Halifax, Nova Scotia as control cites. In 2016, 2019, and 2021, we conducted population surveys on transportation behaviours with ∼1000 respondents per wave, per city, using age and gender quotas. We measured exposure as the distance from each respondent’s postal code to the nearest AAA infrastructure. We completed a triple-difference analysis to estimate the effect of living closer to AAA infrastructure (≤ 500 m) on cycling activity and perceived safety over time. Across study cities, cycling increased marginally during the study period, although there was no statistical difference in the change over time between respondents living closer and farther from AAA infrastructure. Perceived safety increased over time in Victoria, but for people living &gt; 500 m from AAA infrastructure (Odds Ratio: 1.59, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.01 – 2.50). Sensitivity analysis revealed a greater magnitude increase in perceived safety for women (Odds Ratio 2.08, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.07 – 4.04). The study results were influenced by a delay in the implementation of the AAA network in Victoria, substantial infrastructure investment in the control cities, and the COVID-19 pandemic. These unanticipated events likely affected cycling activity and the ability to assess impacts of cycling infrastructure interventions in this natural experiment study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50204578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Access distance to e-scooters: Analysis of app use and trip data in Stockholm","authors":"Boel Berg Wincent,&nbsp;Erik Jenelius,&nbsp;Wilco Burghout","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Users’ access distance to shared micromobility services is an important component of travel patterns, a determinant of travel choices, and input to determining service catchment areas. Users’ willingness to walk to shared micromobility vehicles is increasingly relevant as policymakers regulate shared free-floating e-scooters to designated parking zones. This paper proposes a novel approach to analyze access distances of e-scooters users based on e-scooter app use and trip data for Stockholm, Sweden. Euclidean access and map-based walking distances are derived from the distances between the location where the users opens the app to search for an e-scooter and the trip’s origin. Variations in access and walking distances are analyzed based on time of day, day of week, proximity to public transportation, and geographical distribution. Users walk on average 185 m and have an active walking time of 2.3 min with a median value of 95 m and 2.1 min. Shorter walking distances are observed for trips during the morning and lunch hours compared to the afternoon and at night. Furthermore, users walk slightly longer during the weekend compared to weekdays. Access distances are shortest within a 0–100 m radius to the nearest public transportation station. The suggested catchment area radius for shared e-scooters ranges from 128 m to 203 m, based on the 75th percentile of access distances. A policy implication is the importance of planning parking zones for e-scooters very close to public transportation to encourage multimodal trips.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105923000049/pdfft?md5=73950cba0e25ce7462496b036b44a7b0&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105923000049-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88247263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying perceived social benefit of bicycle-friendly infrastructure in Indian cities: Patna as a case study","authors":"Manan Monga ,&nbsp;Shubhajit Sadhukhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcmr.2023.100003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Indian central government has been trying to promote the use of bicycles in the Indian cities acknowledging its potential as a sustainable mode of transport. At the urban administrative level, however, there seems to be skepticism in accepting bicycle infrastructure development as an objective to be invested in. To overcome this, the urban local bodies need to be informed of the perceived social benefits of bicycle infrastructure as a rationale for investing in it. This study identifies the commuters’ idea of favourable cycling conditions through a discrete choice experiment conducted in Patna. Different sets of choice alternatives based on different levels of the six identified factors are presented to the commuters using a Stated Preference survey, and their choice data is collected. Using the Multinomial Logit Model, the coefficients and the willingness-to-pay (WTP) values for different levels of factors are determined. The WTP values depict the quantified perceived social benefit of bicycle-infrastructure development in Patna. Findings from the present study show that a reduction in Trip Length has the highest WTP, followed by better route visibility, segregation from motorized vehicles, improvement in road surface quality, and integration with Public Transport.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100771,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950105923000037/pdfft?md5=a1608865c179d0700d733493209175d7&pid=1-s2.0-S2950105923000037-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75871971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}