IET BlockchainPub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1049/blc2.12003
Ganesan Muniandi
{"title":"Blockchain-enabled balise data security for train control system","authors":"Ganesan Muniandi","doi":"10.1049/blc2.12003","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.12003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The train control system is the railway system's brain, ensuring the train protection and the railway network's operating performance. This control system relies on the balise data received via near-field wireless communication to localize the train and update real-time operating conditions and constraints. The attackers can capture these data through their balise antenna and corrupt them through replay or false data injection attacks. This corrupted data can compromise train safety and jeopardize the entire train fleet operations. To overcome these attacks and to ensure the trustworthiness of balise and data integrity, this study proposes the permissioned blockchain-enabled two novel architectures for data transactions. Besides, each balise is equipped with a novel built-in blockchain cryptography algorithm to create its secret and public keys to provide the key integrity without needing third-party Certification Authority of conventional Public-Key Infrastructure based security systems. Each balise can create the unique signature using a ‘nonce’ signal sent by the train control system in the static architecture or using a self-generated ‘k-once’ secret key per train control system in dynamic architecture. Finally, the case studies are carried out to confirm the security sufficiency of the proposed architectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"1 2-4","pages":"82-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.12003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84053509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SmartOil: Blockchain and smart contract-based oil supply chain management","authors":"AKM Bahalul Haque, Md. Rifat Hasan, Md. Oahiduzzaman Mondol Zihad","doi":"10.1049/blc2.12005","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.12005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The traditional oil supply chain suffers from various shortcomings regarding crude oil extraction, processing, distribution, environmental pollution and traceability. It offers only forward flow of products with limitations in quality inspection, fraudulent information and monopolistic behavior of supply chain entities. Inclusion of counterfeiting products and opaqueness of the system urge renovation in this sector. Technological advancement can now reshape the infrastructure of the supply chain for the future. Here, a conceptual framework utilizing blockchain and smart contract to monitor the overall oil supply chain is suggested. Blockchain is a used to monitor and support the security building of a decentralized type supply chain. The Internet of Things (IoT) sensors open a broader window to track the process and attributes in real time. A methodology to support reverse traceability for each participant of the supply chain is constructed. Implementation of smart contracts is also shown with detailed analysis. The challenges of implementing such a system are further described and our framework's adaptability in the real world is validated. The paper concludes with future research scope to mitigate the restrictions of data management and maintenance with advanced\u0000working prototypes and agile systems achieving greater traceability and transparency.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"1 2-4","pages":"95-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.12005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77918523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET BlockchainPub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1049/blc2.12001
Pierre Schutz, Stanislas Gal, Dimitris Chatzopoulos, Pan Hui
{"title":"Decentralizing indexing and bootstrapping for online applications","authors":"Pierre Schutz, Stanislas Gal, Dimitris Chatzopoulos, Pan Hui","doi":"10.1049/blc2.12001","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.12001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks utilize centralized entities (trackers) to assist peers in finding and exchanging information. Although modern P2P protocols are now trackerless and their function relies on distributed hash tables (DHTs), centralized entities are still needed to build file indices (indexing) and assist users in joining DHT swarms (bootstrapping). Although the functionality of these centralized entities are limited, every peer in the network is expected to trust them to function as expected (e.g. to correctly index new files). In this work, a new approach for designing and building decentralized online applications is proposed by introducing DIBDApp. The approach combines blockchain, smart contracts and BitTorrent for building up a combined technology that permits to create decentralized applications that do not require any assistance from centralized entities. DIBDApp is a software library composed of Ethereum smart contracts and an API to the BitTorrent protocol that fully decentralizes indexing, bootstrapping and file storing. DIBDApp enables any peer to seamlessly connect to the designed smart contracts via the Web3J protocol. Extensive experimentation on the Rinkeby Ethereum testnet shows that applications built using the DIBDApp library can perform the same operations as in traditional back-end architectures with a gas cost of a few USD cents.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"1 1","pages":"3-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.12001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80780037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET BlockchainPub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1049/blc2.12004
Shiwu Chen PhD, Qin Li PhD, Wei Wang PhD, Yu Yang, Jun Jiang
{"title":"Application of blockchain in the cluster of unmanned aerial vehicles","authors":"Shiwu Chen PhD, Qin Li PhD, Wei Wang PhD, Yu Yang, Jun Jiang","doi":"10.1049/blc2.12004","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.12004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the considerable exploration of unmanned aerial vehicles in civilian and military fields, the data storage and transmission mechanism of unmanned aerial vehicles exhibit significant security limitations, which cannot meet the strict requirements for data security in civilian and military business scenarios. In recent years, blockchain technology has been tried to be applied to multiple fields. The features of blockchain includes decentralization, immutability, transparency and auditability, make transactions more secure and tamper proof. In view of the many excellent features of blockchain, in this paper, blockchain technology is introduced into the application of cluster of unmanned aerial vehicles, aiming to solve the problems of identity authentication, secure and reliable transmission of data between unmanned aerial vehicles, and access control of the data on the blockchain, thereby to enhance the security of the cluster of unmanned aerial vehicles and to ensure the integrity and security of data.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"1 1","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.12004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75662228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET BlockchainPub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1049/blc2.12006
Shaobin Cai, Tangxuan Han, Yuhao Wang, Hu Zhang
{"title":"Study of blockchain's consensus mechanism based on score","authors":"Shaobin Cai, Tangxuan Han, Yuhao Wang, Hu Zhang","doi":"10.1049/blc2.12006","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.12006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The consensus mechanism is a key technology to achieve state consistency among distributed nodes and it determines the consensus efficiency and stability of the blockchain system. If the consensus efficiency and stability are improved, that can promote the development of the entire society. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the consensus efficiency and stability of the blockchain system. However, there are many disadvantages in the existing consensus mechanism, such as high communication complexity, low throughput, and poor scalability. For solving these disadvantages, a blockchain consensus mechanism Score-Based Byzantine Fault Tolerance (SBBFT) is proposed. First, the score of nodes are obtained by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SBBFT uses the score of the node to choose a node to be the primary node and acknowledgment node. Second, SBBFT selects <math>\u0000 <mi>c</mi></math> acknowledgment nodes to be an acknowledgment node subset. This subset can change the communication of nodes from all-to-all to all-to-<i>c</i>. Moreover, the view change of acknowledgment node subset can make the system resistant to attacks from more malicious nodes. According to the experiment, 900,000 transactions from Ethereum, the result demonstrates SBBFT can significantly reduce the communication complexity, improve the consensus efficiency and stability of the system.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"1 1","pages":"41-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.12006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"98240604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET BlockchainPub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1049/blc2.12002
Ganesan Muniandi
{"title":"Blockchain-enabled secure crowdsensing for trackside infrastructure information collection and validation in railway signalling data preparation","authors":"Ganesan Muniandi","doi":"10.1049/blc2.12002","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.12002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rail operators around the world are adopting advanced control systems for railway signalling and train protection to improve their safety performance. In these re-signalling projects, the information about the already installed signals, point machines, track circuits etc. along the trackside infrastructure is essential for the configuration of advanced signalling equipment. The conventional information collection method which is based on unmanned aerial vehicles, helicopters etc. has the access limitations in terrains such as tunnels, hilly regions, river bridges, dense forests etc. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes the railway vehicular crowdsensing method in which one group of trains participates in this information collection and another group of trains confirms the validity of the collected information. For information exchange between the trains and centralized server, this study chooses the permissioned blockchain-based information transaction mechanism to ensure the trustworthiness. Furthermore, the railway markup language-based blockchain databases are included for information immutability, crowd information integration, and the automatic execution of data preparation signalling rules. Finally, the case studies are carried out to analyse the adequacy of the proposed combination of crowdsensing based secure trackside infrastructure information collection and validation, permissioned blockchain-enabled information transaction and blockchain databases in the proposed signalling data preparation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"1 1","pages":"16-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.12002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87315374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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