Ali Bozorgian;Marius Pedersen;Jean-Baptiste Thomas;Mohamed-Chaker Larabi
{"title":"Subjective Quality Assessment of Foveated Omnidirectional Images in Virtual Reality","authors":"Ali Bozorgian;Marius Pedersen;Jean-Baptiste Thomas;Mohamed-Chaker Larabi","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3556364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3556364","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel dataset called “Foveated Omnidirectional Image Quality Assessment” (FOIQA) for the subjective quality evaluation of foveated 2D omnidirectional images. This dataset addresses the limitations of existing datasets by leveraging a high-resolution head-mounted display and a gaze-contingent evaluation approach. We provide individual opinion scores, mean opinion scores, and gaze data associated with both the test and reference images. The utility of our dataset is validated by benchmarking two existing objective foveated image quality metrics. Our results demonstrate that incorporating gaze data into the evaluation framework improves the accuracy of one of the tested objective metrics. The dataset is publicly available at <uri>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14009106</uri>.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"5-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10945651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dual-Band Selective Organic Photodetector for Visible and Near-Infrared Light Imaging","authors":"Sachi Awakura;Hiroaki Jinno;Yusaku Tagawa;Kosei Sasaki;Ryota Fukuzawa;Takao Someya;Tomoyuki Yokota","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3567414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3567414","url":null,"abstract":"Dual-band selective organic photodetectors, which can change their responsive wavelengths by electrically switching their bias voltage, are essential for a comprehensive understanding of objects by detecting distinct optical information. Dual-band detection contributes to biomedical monitoring such as the blood oxygen percentage (SpO<sub>2</sub>) measurement using red and near-infrared light. Having a stacked configuration of two different light-detecting active layers, dual-band selective organic photodetectors inherently exhibit a self-filtering effect: the front layer detects short-wavelength light, whereas the rear layer detects transmitted longer-wavelength light. Here, we present a dual-band selective organic photodetector capable of selectively detecting visible and near-infrared light at a low operating voltage of ≤1 V, achieving high specific detectivities at both wavelengths—1.5 × 10<sup>12</sup> Jones in the visible range and 1.8 × 10<sup>12</sup> Jones in the near-infrared range. Notably, the high specific detectivity in the near-infrared region was achieved by enhancing the photocurrent through the incorporation of an efficient near-infrared-responsive donor into the rear active layer. Attaining high specific detectivities in both the visible and near-infrared regions within a single device will facilitate high-resolution dual-band imaging.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"17-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10989268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays (OJID) Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3518133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3518133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10841911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142975892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John F. Wager;Jung Bae Kim;Daniel Severin;Zero Hung;Dong Kil Yim;Soo Young Choi;Marcus Bender
{"title":"Dual-Layer Thin-Film Transistor Analysis and Design","authors":"John F. Wager;Jung Bae Kim;Daniel Severin;Zero Hung;Dong Kil Yim;Soo Young Choi;Marcus Bender","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3484415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3484415","url":null,"abstract":"A set of analytical equations is formulated for the analysis and design of a dual-layer thin-film transistor (TFT). For a given TFT structure, in which each channel layer thickness is specified, drain current is calculated as a function of drain and gate voltage (taking the source as ground) according to the Enz, Krummenacher, Vittoz (EKV) compact model. In order to implement this EKV-based equation, only one model parameter function is required, i.e., drift mobility as a function of gate voltage. Drift mobility is evaluated as a consequence of accumulation layer electrostatics assessment of the dual-layer TFT. In order to use the model, ten semiconductor physical properties must be specified, five for each semiconductor channel layer; namely, low-frequency (static) relative dielectric constant, free electron concentration, maximum (no trapping) mobility, and slope & intercept parameters characterizing the semiconductor trap density. Additionally, model implementation requires knowing two structure properties (insulator capacitance density and TFT width-to-length ratio), and one physical operating parameter (temperature). Simulation of dual-layer TFTs reveals that optimal mobility performance is obtained when the higher mobility semiconductor is positioned as the bottom channel layer, while the lower mobility semiconductor top channel layer is made as thin as is practicable.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"214-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10726664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Fundamentals for the Display Industry: A Review (August 2024)","authors":"Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3470711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3470711","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) has been implemented into the display industry in recent years. This paper introduces AI theories applied to the display industry, covering concepts of AI, machine learning, and deep learning. It reviews optimization techniques for developing machine learning models and explains various deep learning architectures and learning paradigms applicable to the display industry. Additionally, it introduces explainable AI techniques for model analysis. Practical application cases will be reviewed in a separate paper.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"204-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10700054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Powered, Interactive, Stretchable, Immersive Displays and Wearables","authors":"Peyman Servati;Arvin Tashakori;Wenwen Zhang;Yan Wang;Zenan Jiang;Amir Servati;Harishkumar Narayana;Saeid Soltanian;Neha Suvindran;Hyejeong Choi;Menglei Hu;Qi Wang;Yi-Chieh Wang;Morteza Lotfi;Gongbo Yang","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3460744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3460744","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in materials and electronics technologies are enabling a myriad of potential extended reality experiences that were not possible before. This includes applications in gaming, metaverse, health, robotics, and defense. For these technologies to be adopted significant improvement in technical capabilities of the electronic devices and systems are necessary for creating experiences that match human visual, sensing, movement, and cognition capabilities. This paper presents some of the critical advances at the forefront of the technology for development of highly realistic immersive experiences for different applications. We present display technologies that help in creating novel high quality, high resolution, high contrast ratio with fast response time needed for implementation of advanced near eye displays. We report some of the works in stretchable and flexible displays that can be adopted in these near eye displays as well as those interfaced with clothing and body tissue for collection health data and delivering therapeutic applications. We discuss computer vision algorithms and wearable technologies powered by machine learning to enable accurate capturing of complex hand and body movements to enable rich interactive experiences. Applications of these technologies for robotics and remote health is discussed. We report some of the machine learning, deep learning and federated learning technologies needed for creating highly personalized and accurate edge user content and enhancing artificial intelligence integration. We also discuss technologies used for harvesting and capturing of electrical energy for powering these immersive experiences. For creating highly immersive experiences for wide range of users and applications seamless integration of these technologies are needed.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"173-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10680569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee
{"title":"A Review on the Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Display Industry","authors":"Eunkyung Koh;Hyeon-Deuk Kim;Seungin Baek;Changhee Lee","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3458904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3458904","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is being applied to various industries such as medical care, security, education, and manufacturing, and its application is rapidly expanding. AI has been implemented in various fields of the display industry, including display design, defect analysis, and automated process control and inspection. Research on on-device applications for displays is also active. These applications aim to advance research, develop technologies, and automate and standardize manufacturing processes. This paper comprehensively reviews AI applications in the display industry.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"165-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeong-Wan Jo;Yoonwoo Kim;Sung-Min Jung;Jong Min Kim
{"title":"Progress in 3D Display Technologies for Immersive Visual Experiences","authors":"Jeong-Wan Jo;Yoonwoo Kim;Sung-Min Jung;Jong Min Kim","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3457495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3457495","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for immersive visual experiences has significantly driven the expansion of augmented and virtual reality. The optical technologies that support the three-dimensional displays are pivotal in advancing immersive display systems. This article reviews the fundamental concepts and current progress in the development of various 3D display technologies, with a focus on immersive 3D display systems. We discuss the basic concept of depth perception through monocular and binocular cues in the human visual system. Various stereoscopic display systems that utilise eyewear glasses are introduced. The fundamental operation principles and design rules of multi-view autostereoscopic display systems are investigated, with a highlight on active optical filter technology for converting between 2D and 3D display modes. Additionally, light field display technologies, which offer more natural depth perception, are explored. State-of-the-art technologies, recent research trends, and applications to immersive AR and VR systems across stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, and light field displays are examined. Combinatorial innovations in optical materials, optical device architecture, cost-effective process technologies, and precise system design will accelerate the commercialization of immersive displays including AR and VR applications, offering an excellent user experience and leading the future of the immersive display industry.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"155-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10670335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexible Thin-Film Transistor and Integration Strategies for Future Intelligent Displays","authors":"Yuqing Zhang;Xu Wang;Sixin Zhang;Chunxiu Wang;Min Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3454559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3454559","url":null,"abstract":"Future flexible intelligent displays are driving demands for greater flexibility, higher resolution, faster refresh rates, and enhanced functionality. This review mainly focuses on recent advances and ongoing challenges in flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS), amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS), and low-temperature polysilicon and oxide (LTPO) for flexible backplane technologies. Furthermore, the developments of process and function integration techniques, including device scaling, device stacking, as well as functional circuits and applications, are discussed from the perspective of innovation and significance. Besides, the integration of intelligent systems is briefly introduced, emphasizing the role of synaptic transistors, including metal oxide and carbon nanotube-based ones, in real-time data processing and sensing functions. By providing insights into the status and future directions, this review provides a comprehensive perspective and discussion on the development of next-generation flexible intelligent display technologies.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"187-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10664033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yifan Ji;Xin Hu;Mingyang Ren;Xi Luo;Ying Lu;Qian Chen;Ning Li;Xiubao Sui
{"title":"Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Imagers: Recent Advances and Future Trends","authors":"Yifan Ji;Xin Hu;Mingyang Ren;Xi Luo;Ying Lu;Qian Chen;Ning Li;Xiubao Sui","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2024.3450830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2024.3450830","url":null,"abstract":"Infrared detection and imaging serve as powerful means in a wide range of fields such as automatic surveillance, biomedical imaging, and industrial inspection, extending human vision far beyond the visible world. Traditional infrared imagers based on rigid inorganic materials struggle to meet the dramatically increasing demand for high-performance infrared detectors, as their development and application are impeded by high manufacturing costs and complex fabrication processes. Upconversion devices that can directly convert invisible infrared input to visible images without pixel arrays and readout circuits have emerged as attractive alternatives to conventional infrared imagers. To date, continued explorations on novel materials and working mechanisms have enabled upconversion devices with excellent performances, low manufacturing costs, and compatibility with flexible and convenient fabrication methods, such as solution processing. This review focuses on the recent progress of upconversion imagers for infrared detection and visualization. We outline the fundamental working principles and the vital performance metrics of upconverters, then summarize and discuss the materials, strategies as well as fabrication process employed in state-of-the-art devices to effectively achieve long detection wavelength, high conversion efficiency, and enhanced resolution. Additionally, the diverse application scenarios are demonstrated. Lastly, the limitations and challenges are identified to promote the practical application of upconversion imagers. Specifically, the potential of infrared-to-visible upconversion imagers for improving immersive AR/VR interaction experiences is highlighted, providing new perspectives for the future development of upconversion imaging technology, which is very promising to advance compact, high-performance, and economical infrared imaging systems.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"1 ","pages":"107-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10654541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142159098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}