IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays最新文献_第2页

Toward Intelligent Mura Systems: Unified Detection, Quantification, and Compensation for Advanced Display Technology 迈向智能Mura系统：先进显示技术的统一检测、量化和补偿

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456

Fengchen Zhang;Jinlong Gao;Zhaoqiang Liu;Ke Zhang;Zhaojun Liu

{"title":"Toward Intelligent Mura Systems: Unified Detection, Quantification, and Compensation for Advanced Display Technology","authors":"Fengchen Zhang;Jinlong Gao;Zhaoqiang Liu;Ke Zhang;Zhaojun Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456","url":null,"abstract":"Display panels are the primary carriers of visual information and important data sources for downstream processing. Mura, manifested as brightness or color non-uniformity, remains a principal obstacle to image fidelity and manufacturing yield in high-end displays. In this paper, we focus on recent advances across the complete Mura system encompassing detection, quantification, and compensation. For detection, the field has shifted from classical image processing to learning-based paradigms, with lightweight, efficient, and cross-domain-generalizable models emerging as priorities for industrial deployment. For quantification, research is moving from heuristic measures toward perception-aligned metrics and intelligent assessment frameworks, while establishing unified, reproducible, and benchmarkable standards remains a pressing need. For compensation, methods are evolving from pixel-level correction to panel- and system-level co-optimization, with increasing emphasis on joint modeling and closed-loop integration of device characteristics, driving circuits, and optical calibration. Although these methods have significantly improved luminance and chromaticity uniformity, achieving perceptually stable, high-resolution displays remains a substantial challenge. Looking ahead, the tighter integration of artificial intelligence models with weakly supervised learning schemes and standardized datasets is expected to enable joint optimization of Mura detection, quantification, and compensation, thereby further advancing the engineering deployment of high-uniformity display technologies.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"251-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CAM-XT: A Physics-Based Compact Thin-Film Transistor Modeling Tool for Circuit Analysis CAM-XT：一个基于物理的紧凑薄膜晶体管电路分析建模工具

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3635019

Yuan Li;Guangzheng Yi;Hongbo Ma;Wenxuan Wang;Kunlin Cai;Jun Yu;Samar Saha;Arokia Nathan

{"title":"CAM-XT: A Physics-Based Compact Thin-Film Transistor Modeling Tool for Circuit Analysis","authors":"Yuan Li;Guangzheng Yi;Hongbo Ma;Wenxuan Wang;Kunlin Cai;Jun Yu;Samar Saha;Arokia Nathan","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3635019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3635019","url":null,"abstract":"Thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on amorphous oxide and organic semiconductors have garnered significant interest owing to their promising application in displays and large-area electronics. To guide circuit design and process optimization, it is imperative to accurately extract the device parameters and simulate the performance of TFTs using fast analytical compact model that incorporates the fundamental physics of these devices. However, the available modeling tools with such functionality remain somewhat limited due to challenges in accounting for the complex properties of TFTs at both material and device levels. In this work, we present a compact TFT modeling tool, CAM-XT, as well as model parameter extraction technique for simulation of TFTs in circuit design. The CAM-XT tool is based on a density-of-states approach coupled with advanced physics-based compact models for TFTs. Starting from the experimental terminal characteristics of the TFT, CAM-XT enables automated extraction of key parameters including threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, field-effect mobility, and contact resistance, and simulates both transfer and output characteristics beyond the range of the input data. The tool is designed to expedite manufacturing-related TFT process diagnostics and circuit design for TFT integration. A representative application example is presented along with extraction and simulation scenarios featuring a user-friendly graphical input-output interfaces.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11263457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diamond-Based Thermal Management Approaches for Micro-LED Devices 基于金刚石的微型led器件热管理方法

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3635023

Joana C. Mendes

引用次数: 0

A Review of Stretchable Displays Based on Rigid-Island Structures for Immersive Displays 沉浸式显示器中基于刚性岛结构的可拉伸显示器研究进展

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3633247

Jaehyeock Chang;Hagseon Kim;Dongsun Lee;Kyung Cheol Choi

{"title":"A Review of Stretchable Displays Based on Rigid-Island Structures for Immersive Displays","authors":"Jaehyeock Chang;Hagseon Kim;Dongsun Lee;Kyung Cheol Choi","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3633247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3633247","url":null,"abstract":"Stretchable displays are emerging as the next form factor for free-form human–machine interfaces, and the island–bridge structure is leading this transition by combining mechanical stretchability with the performance of rigid, high-quality devices. Rigid islands protect light-emitting diodes and driving circuits, while stretchable bridges absorb strain to preserve electrical stability under repeated deformation. This review explores design principles and implementation efforts that enhance system stretchability and reliability through stress-relief features, strain-engineered substrates, and material- or structure-based bridges. These advances achieve platform mechanical and electrical robustness, but robustness alone does not guarantee image quality. Deformation of the elastic substrate skews pixel spacing, and the widening of non-emissive regions reduces the fill factor, jointly degrading visual uniformity. Thus, recent advances are covered, which confront these side effects using metamaterial substrates with controlled Poisson’s ratios, multilayer structures that relocate bridges away from the display surface, and hidden pixel strategies that compensate active areas during stretching. Application demonstrations indicate momentum toward commercialization in skin-conformal biomedical patches, wearables, automotive interfaces, and industrial panels. The overall insight is that island–bridge platforms utilize established manufacturing processes and provide a scalable solution to high resolution and reliability, which presents a promising entry to market.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"173-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11264284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond the Mean: Statistical Measures for Quantifying Perceptual Quality in Neural Rendering 超越平均值：神经渲染中量化感知质量的统计方法

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3630586

Shihao Luo;Truong Cong Thang

{"title":"Beyond the Mean: Statistical Measures for Quantifying Perceptual Quality in Neural Rendering","authors":"Shihao Luo;Truong Cong Thang","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3630586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3630586","url":null,"abstract":"Novel View Synthesis (NVS) aims to generate unseen views of a scene from limited observations and has become foundational to immersive multimedia through recent advances in neural rendering. In immersive displays, the success of an NVS system mainly depends on the overall perceptual quality it can provide. However, most neural rendering models report only the mean (the average) values of synthesized novel views as the overall quality performance indicator. This practice lacks validation, raising the question of whether relying solely on the mean is sufficient to capture overall perceptual quality. In this work, we present a statistical examination to investigate whether overall perceptual quality in neural rendering is sufficiently represented by the mean alone or requires additional measures. Our results highlight the dominant role of mean quality while introducing a more comprehensive statistical framework for overall quality assessment in neural rendering. We demonstrate that other statistical measures offer additional aspects of the perceptual quality that the mean alone cannot fully represent.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"200-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11235564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maxwellian-View Augmented Reality Displays With Extended Depth of Field 具有扩展景深的麦克斯韦视图增强现实显示器

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3622128

Sung-Min Jung;Laurynas Valantinas;Leon Preston;Pawan K. Shrestha

{"title":"Maxwellian-View Augmented Reality Displays With Extended Depth of Field","authors":"Sung-Min Jung;Laurynas Valantinas;Leon Preston;Pawan K. Shrestha","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3622128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3622128","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by the growing demand for enhanced visual interaction with the physical world, augmented reality (AR) display technologies have rapidly emerged as transformative interfaces, bridging digital information seamlessly with real-world environments. Conventional optical architectures—such as birdbath, freeform combiners, holographic optical elements (HOEs), and waveguide couplers—offer trade-offs in resolution, brightness, transparency, and field of view (FOV) but often suffer from accommodation mismatch and vergence–accommodation conflict (VAC), causing visual discomfort. Maxwellian-view or retina projection displays address these issues by projecting focused light bundles directly into the pupil, producing depth-invariant images that remain sharp regardless of the eye’s accommodative state. This principle provides extended depth of field (DOF) and enables compact optical designs, though challenges such as a narrow eye-box remain. Recent advances—such as exit pupil expansion via multiple replications of converging points using HOE optics, beam splitter arrays, integration of holographic elements, and selective LED illumination—are enhancing the practicality of Maxwellian systems. By combining these with adaptive optics, intelligent tracking, and hybrid focal strategies, next-generation AR displays could deliver superior comfort, immersion, and usability. This review outlines the principles, advantages, limitations, and recent developments of Maxwellian AR optics, highlighting their potential as a transformative foundation for future AR display technologies across medical, industrial, and consumer applications.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"114-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11204834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Touch to Immersion: A Systematic Review of Haptic and Multimodal Perception in the Metaverse 从触摸到沉浸：对虚拟世界中触觉和多模态感知的系统回顾

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3622139

Wenyu Yang;Zihe Zhao;Shuo Gao

{"title":"From Touch to Immersion: A Systematic Review of Haptic and Multimodal Perception in the Metaverse","authors":"Wenyu Yang;Zihe Zhao;Shuo Gao","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3622139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3622139","url":null,"abstract":"In the emerging metaverse, immersive experiences depend on the integration of multimodal sensory channels, with haptic feedback playing a central role in enhancing realism and interaction. Recent progress in wearable devices, force feedback, and neural interfaces has driven research on combining tactile sensations with visual, auditory, olfactory, thermal, and force-related signals. Yet, current systems still face challenges in latency, energy efficiency, synchronisation, and personalisation, limiting their ability to match the complexity of human perception. This paper reviews the trajectory of haptic and multimodal perception fusion in the metaverse. It first introduces the biological and psychological foundations of touch, then discusses tactile technologies and device configurations. Next, it examines multimodal fusion models and mechanisms through comparative analyses and application evaluations, focusing on spatio-temporal synchronisation, cross-modal compensation, perceptual enhancement, and attentional allocation. The review provides an overview of technical approaches, implementation strategies, and application challenges, offering both theoretical grounding and practical insights for designing synchronised, real-time, personalised, and scalable multisensory interaction systems.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"122-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11204837","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Carbon Nanotube-Based Flexible and Stretchable Electronics 基于碳纳米管的柔性和可拉伸电子学

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3620828

Dexing Liu;Rui Qiu;Jingwen Liu;Can Li;Min Zhang

引用次数: 0

Eye Pose Estimation and Tracking Using Iris as a Base Feature 以虹膜为基本特征的眼姿估计与跟踪

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3616949

Dmitry Shmunk

{"title":"Eye Pose Estimation and Tracking Using Iris as a Base Feature","authors":"Dmitry Shmunk","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3616949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3616949","url":null,"abstract":"A novel, fast, and robust method for 3D eye pose tracking that leverages the anatomical constancy of the human iris to improve accuracy and computational efficiency is proposed. Traditional pupil-based methods suffer from limitations due to pupil size variability, decentering, and the need for complex corrections for refraction through the corneal bulge. In contrast, the iris, due to its fixed size and direct visibility, serves as a more reliable feature for precise eye pose estimation. Our method combines key advantages of both model-based and regression-based approaches without requiring external glint-producing light sources or high computational overheads associated with neural-network-based solutions. The iris is used as the primary tracking feature, enabling robust detection even under partial occlusion and in users wearing prescription eyewear. Exploiting the consistent geometry of the iris, we estimate gaze direction and 3D eye position with high precision. Unlike existing methods, the proposed approach minimizes reliance on pupil measurements, employing the pupil’s high contrast only to augment iris detection. This strategy ensures robustness in real-world scenarios, including varying illumination and stray light/glints/distortions introduced by corrective eyewear. Experimental results show that the method achieves low computational cost while maintaining state-of-the-art performance.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11189046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comfort-Aware Trajectory Optimization for Immersive Human-Robot Interaction 沉浸式人机交互的舒适感知轨迹优化

IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1109/OJID.2025.3614514

Yitian Kou;Dandan Zhu;Hao Zeng;Kaiwei Zhang;Xiaoxiao Sui;Xiongkuo Min;Guangtao Zhai

{"title":"Comfort-Aware Trajectory Optimization for Immersive Human-Robot Interaction","authors":"Yitian Kou;Dandan Zhu;Hao Zeng;Kaiwei Zhang;Xiaoxiao Sui;Xiongkuo Min;Guangtao Zhai","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3614514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3614514","url":null,"abstract":"In human-robot cohabited environments, generating socially acceptable and human-like trajectories is critical to fostering safe, comfortable, and intuitive interactions. This paper presents a trajectory prediction framework that emulates human walking behavior by incorporating social dynamics and comfort-driven optimization, specifically within immersive virtual environments. Leveraging the Social Locomotion Model (SLM), our framework captures inter-personal interactions and spatial preferences, modeling how humans implicitly adjust paths to maintain social norms. We further introduce a Nelder-Mead-based optimization process to refine robot trajectories under these constraints, ensuring both goal-directedness and human-likeness with efficiency and applicability. To evaluate the perceptual realism and spatial comfort of the generated trajectories, we conduct a user study in a virtual reality (VR) setting, where participants experience and assess various robot navigation behaviors from a first-person perspective. Subjective feedback indicates that the trajectories optimized by our model are perceived to be significantly more natural and comfortable than those generated by baseline approaches. Our framework demonstrates strong potential for deployment in virtual human-robot interaction systems, where social legibility, responsiveness, and computational efficiency are all critical.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"106-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11180046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0