IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays最新文献

{"title":"An Analog PWM, Sweep Driver Enabling 240-Hz Frame-Rate Active-Matrix Micro-LED Displays","authors":"Bo-Chen Yang;Philex Ming-Yan Fan;Sung-Chun Chen;Chih-Lung Lin;Arokia Nathan","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2026.3666463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2026.3666463","url":null,"abstract":"A 9-bit sweep driver is proposed, enabling 240 Hz frame rate of a 4.5-inch active-matrix Micro-LED display with 160 × 90 resolution via analog pulse-width modulation (APWM). This sweep driver provides three channels, each comprising a counter, high-voltage (HV) digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and HV buffer. A current-steering (CS) DAC is adopted to simplify the interface between low- and high-voltage domains, reducing electrical overstress (EOS) risk and enhancing Micro-LED reliability. The adopted HV bias generator formed by low-voltage devices also enhance reliability of HV DACs and HV buffers. Fabricated in a 0.18 μm BCD process with a 16 V supply, the prototype generates sweep waveforms ranging from 15 V to 10 V∼5 V with 512 stair-step levels of 9.77∼19.53 mV. The integrated RC oscillator operates between 5.6–7.7 MHz, enabling step durations of 0.13–0.18 μs.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11399931","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Announcing Prof. Guangtao Zhai as the New Editor-in-Chief","authors":"Renuka Jindal","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2026.3655506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2026.3655506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11391326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic Photodetectors and System Integration: Enabling Next-Generation Human-Machine Interfaces for Immersive Display","authors":"Taoming Liu;Tong Shan;Xiaojun Guo;Gufeng He","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2026.3659457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2026.3659457","url":null,"abstract":"Organic photodetectors (OPDs), known for their high sensitivity, tunable spectral response, mechanical flexibility, and compatibility with low-temperature solution processing, have emerged as promising components for integration with immersive display technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR). This review summarizes the key performance metrics and working principles of OPDs with different device architectures, including photoconductive, photomultiplication, photovoltaic, and phototransistor configurations, and discusses recent advances in materials and interface engineering that enhance responsivity, detectivity, and mechanical robustness. Particular emphasis is placed on integrating OPDs with immersive displays for multifunctional health monitoring, imaging, and optical communication. In wearable physiological monitoring, OPDs enable flexible photoplethysmography sensors for heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and blood pressure estimation. In imaging, active-matrix OPD arrays support low-light and near-infrared sensing compatible with organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and thin film transistor (TFT) display panels. In optical communication, OPD arrays integrated near the display panel can receive modulated ambient or dedicated light, establishing low-power, directional data links for secure interaction. Despite this progress, challenges remain in achieving fast response, low noise, long-term stability, and reliable large-area integration with OLED and TFT circuits under complex optical and mechanical conditions. Future advancements will rely on coordinated optimization of materials, device architectures, and flexible system design, together with AI-driven signal processing and data fusion. This review outlines current progress, identifies key challenges, and provides perspectives on the convergence of display, sensing, and communication in next-generation immersive electronic systems.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"8-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11368621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CPU-Embedded 6000 × 4500 OLED/OS/Si Display Capable of Driving at 231.5 Hz With Reduced Bandwidth Using Foveated Rendering","authors":"Munehiro Kozuma;Minato Ito;Kiyotaka Kimura;Kouhei Toyotaka;Hiroki Inoue;Toshihiko Saito;Masashi Fujita;Hidetomo Kobayashi;Koji Kusunoki;Yuto Yakubo;Yuichi Yanagisawa;Yutaka Okazaki;Tsutomu Murakawa;Daiki Nakamura;Ryo Hatsumi;Shigeru Onoya;Takaaki Nagata;Nozomu Sugisawa;Makoto Ikeda;Shunpei Yamazaki","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2026.3678194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2026.3678194","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we design a high-resolution, high-frame-rate micro organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display tailored for virtual reality (VR) systems. Our OLED/oxide semiconductor/Si structure allows display drivers to control resolutions individually (per independently addressable 750 <bold>×</b> 750 pixel array) and implement foveated rendering (FR). This approach reduces the data volume and bandwidth for one frame. Furthermore, the integration of a central processing unit (CPU) and temperature sensors enables internal processing such as logic parameter control and temperature-dependent management. Measurement results demonstrate stable operation of the CPU-embedded OLED display with a resolution of 6000 <bold>×</b> 4500 at a frame rate of 231.5 Hz with FR. This frame rate requires a bandwidth of 150.1 gigabits per second (Gbps) in conventional driving mode (Normal mode), where all frame data are transferred as high-resolution data, but is achieved with a significantly reduced bandwidth of 38.9 Gbps in our FR mode, representing an approximately 74% reduction. This achievement suggests that the proposed FR mode may mitigate the bandwidth bottleneck (over 150 Gbps) for future VR devices requiring a resolution of 8K <bold>×</b> 8K, a color depth of 30 bits per pixel (bpp), and a frame rate of 90 Hz. This study contributes to the development of high-resolution, high-frame-rate micro OLED displays that meet the demands of next-generation VR systems.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"44-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11456821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic and Isotropic Piezoresistance in Amorphous Thin Film Transistors","authors":"Peyman Servati;Yuan Li;Amir Servati;William I. Milne;Arokia Nathan","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2026.3669085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2026.3669085","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the effects of mechanical strain on thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on the various amorphous semiconductor families, such as hydrogenated amorphous silicon (<italic>a</i>-Si:H) or amorphous oxide semiconductors, is critical to the evaluation of the performance and reliability of these devices in flexible electronics applications. This work identifies both the effects of anisotropic and isotropic piezoresistance and charge redistribution in <italic>a</i>-Si:H TFTs under mechanical strain. At high current biases, the piezoresistance is distinctly anisotropic and has the highest magnitude for a transistor oriented in the longitudinal direction with respect to applied strain. An orientation-dependent modification of the density of tail states, and consequently the effective carrier mobility, explains the anisotropic nature of the piezoresistance in <italic>a</i>-Si:H at high biases. In contrast, for low current biases, the piezoresistance demonstrates a rather isotropic behavior that can be associated to a shift in the density of localized deep states and a change in threshold voltage of the device, irrespective of the orientation of the applied strain. A similar behavior is observed in amorphous InGaZnO where the strain induced shift in deep and tail states is isotropic. Considering the related redistribution of carriers in transverse and longitudinal directions for this disordered semiconductor, the work presented here serves as a framework for describing piezoresistive properties over a wide range of disordered semiconductors used for large area and flexible electronics.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"36-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11417859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight rPPG Framework for Real-Time Physiological Monitoring on AR Devices","authors":"Danyang Chen;Wenchang Zhao;Tianyi Song;Lunlun Huang;Peiming Xu;Danmin Miao;Zhi Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3641884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3641884","url":null,"abstract":"To address the accuracy–efficiency trade-off that limits current rPPG methods in dynamic environments, we propose rPPGViT, a multi-scale Vision Transformer designed for real-time and energy-efficient physiological monitoring on AR devices. The model reconstructs precise blood-flow rhythm signals from facial videos while maintaining robustness against illumination variation and motion interference. Furthermore, a lightweight re-parameterized variant, Light-rPPGViT, is developed to achieve low-power, low-latency inference suitable for edge deployment on wearable AR platforms. Experimental results show that rPPGViT achieves MAE of 0.27 BPM and 0.65 BPM on the UBFC and MMPD datasets, respectively, with a correlation coefficient <inline-formula><tex-math>$rho$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.99. Light-rPPGViT attains comparable accuracy while reducing computational cost by more than 65%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of deploying high-accuracy, energy-efficient rPPG models on wearable AR devices, paving the way for next-generation remote healthcare, psychological monitoring, and intelligent human–computer interaction.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"3 ","pages":"2-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11288014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head and Eye Movement Prediction in Omnidirectional Videos via Multimodal Fusion and Knowledge Distillation","authors":"Yucheng Zhu;Yu Wang;Jialiang Chen;Jiaxing Ye;Sijing Wu;Yunhao Li;Wei Sun;Huiyu Duan;Xiongkuo Min;Liang Yuan;Guangtao Zhai","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3640566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3640566","url":null,"abstract":"Eye tracking and prediction are fundamental to virtual reality (VR) applications. This paper presents a novel framework for forecasting head and eye movements by combining audio–visual stimuli with historical scanpath data. A channel-temporal attention module is employed to jointly capture cross-channel interactions and temporal dependencies, while a transformer-based encoder–decoder architecture generates multi-step predictions. To address scenarios where saliency information is unavailable, a knowledge distillation framework transfers supervision from a saliency-based teacher to an audio–visual student model, further enhanced by hard example mining to strengthen feature alignment. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving robust and accurate predictions across diverse environments and prediction horizons.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"222-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A DIKW-Based Pyramid Framework for Integrating the Metaverse in Supply Chain Management","authors":"Fikri Abdulhakim Ichsan;Bernd Noche;Frank Lobeck","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3639210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3639210","url":null,"abstract":"The Metaverse, as an interconnected virtual environment integrating technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Twins, and Blockchain, represents a new frontier in technology and academic research. Supply Chain Management (SCM) also shows growing research development, with an average of around 5,000 publications per year. In modern SCM, increasing complexity and volatility demand advanced digital frameworks to enhance efficiency, visibility, agility, and resilience. However, current studies on Metaverse applications in SCM remain fragmented, lacking a unified conceptual structure for systematic adoption. This research aims to bridge this gap by developing a hierarchical framework for Metaverse integration in SCM using the Data–Information–Knowledge–Wisdom (DIKW) model. A PRISMA-based literature review was conducted across multiple databases, yielding 34 relevant studies for in-depth analysis. Clustering and the DIKW framework were used to organize Metaverse-enabled SCM functions into a layered pyramid structure. The resulting pyramid model categorizes the functional stages of Metaverse into four hierarchical layers: Data Integration, Data Management, Analytics and Simulations, and Decision Support. These layers correspond to increasing levels of cognitive complexity, with Decision Support at the apex. In addition, there is a cross-layer “technology-enabled” element that serves to provide the infrastructure for all layers. This DIKW-based hierarchy offers a roadmap for understanding and implementing Metaverse technologies in SCM. The study contributes theoretical insights and practical guidance, enabling organizations to strategically leverage immersive and intelligent technologies for digital innovation and competitive advantage in the industrial and logistics 5.0 landscape.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"232-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downscaling of Self-Aligned Double-Gate Oxide Semiconductor TFT for Ultrahigh-PPI Displays","authors":"Mengran Liu;Haohang Zeng;Wenlong Chen;Shengjie Yang;Qianpeng Zhang;Dongxiang Luo;Lei Li;Kuan-Chang Chang;Shengdong Zhang;Congwei Liao;Lei Lu","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3637082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3637082","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for ultrahigh pixels per inch (PPI) displays has surged in emerging augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), extended reality (XR) applications. The critical requirements of low power loss, long-term reliability, large size, cost-effectiveness, and precise brightness control essentially restrict the simplification of pixel circuits for ultrahigh PPI displays. The mass production of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) backplanes is hindered by the small die size and high cost, while the low temperature poly-silicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) backplanes are subjected to the severe channel shortening effect. In contrast, featured with low-cost, large-area, and decent electrical performance, oxide semiconductors (OS) offer reasonable room for ultrahigh PPI displays. This work experimentally demonstrated downscaled self-aligned double-gate (SADG) OS TFT through optimizing the gate insulator and passivation layer, and verified their potential in ultrahigh PPI displays. Compared with single-gate (SG) operation mode of the proposed SADG TFT with Al₂O₃ gate insulator and passivation layer, higher on-current, steeper subthreshold swing (<italic>SS</i>) of 64 mV/dec, and smaller threshold voltage (<italic>V</i>_TH), accompanied by ultralow leakage current around 10^-14 A/μm, are achieved under double-gate (DG) mode. Besides, the SADG TFT exhibits linear dynamic <italic>V</i>_TH modulation and negligible shift of <italic>V</i>_TH under bias stress, which are respectively beneficial to the flexible current modulation and long-term reliability of pixel circuit for ultrahigh PPI displays. Finally, we proposed a 7T2C pixel circuit for Micro-LED display based on the SADG TFT with 475 nm gate length. The simulation results suggest that the proposed 7T2C pixel circuit exhibits PWM and PAM characteristics, with the pixel density expected to reach 2252 PPI. These attributes make the proposed SADG TFT a promising candidate for the ideal immersive near-eye display with both large panel size and ultrahigh PPI.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Intelligent Mura Systems: Unified Detection, Quantification, and Compensation for Advanced Display Technology","authors":"Fengchen Zhang;Jinlong Gao;Zhaoqiang Liu;Ke Zhang;Zhaojun Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJID.2025.3636456","url":null,"abstract":"Display panels are the primary carriers of visual information and important data sources for downstream processing. Mura, manifested as brightness or color non-uniformity, remains a principal obstacle to image fidelity and manufacturing yield in high-end displays. In this paper, we focus on recent advances across the complete Mura system encompassing detection, quantification, and compensation. For detection, the field has shifted from classical image processing to learning-based paradigms, with lightweight, efficient, and cross-domain-generalizable models emerging as priorities for industrial deployment. For quantification, research is moving from heuristic measures toward perception-aligned metrics and intelligent assessment frameworks, while establishing unified, reproducible, and benchmarkable standards remains a pressing need. For compensation, methods are evolving from pixel-level correction to panel- and system-level co-optimization, with increasing emphasis on joint modeling and closed-loop integration of device characteristics, driving circuits, and optical calibration. Although these methods have significantly improved luminance and chromaticity uniformity, achieving perceptually stable, high-resolution displays remains a substantial challenge. Looking ahead, the tighter integration of artificial intelligence models with weakly supervised learning schemes and standardized datasets is expected to enable joint optimization of Mura detection, quantification, and compensation, thereby further advancing the engineering deployment of high-uniformity display technologies.","PeriodicalId":100634,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal on Immersive Displays","volume":"2 ","pages":"251-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}