IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Early Fault Detection in Nuclear Systems: A Digital Engineering Approach","authors":"Maria Coelho;Kaleb Houck;Logan Browning;Piyush Sabharwall;Christopher Folmar;Jack Cavaluzzi;Patrick McClure;Jack Dunker","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2025.3562518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2025.3562518","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear energy systems present unique challenges in terms of ensuring safety, reliability, and efficiency during their design and operation. Early fault detection is critical for mitigating risks and fostering system resilience. However, current methods often fall short at identifying faults during early stages, potentially leading to costly delays and safety risks. The present work proposes a comprehensive digital engineering approach that leverages digital twins, digital threads, model-based systems engineering, artificial intelligence, and immersive extended reality to support early fault detection in nuclear systems. Through a series of case studies, we highlight specific gaps in the fault detection mechanisms of traditional nuclear design and operation processes, then demonstrate a suite of solutions we are working to implement to address these shortcomings in similar projects. Our findings suggest that a digital engineering approach to design and operation can significantly improve fault detection, ultimately leading to reductions in risk.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"10-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10980436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering Vol. 2","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2025.3530707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2025.3530707","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10843079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Extended Technology Readiness Level (eTRL): From Deployment to Obsolescence","authors":"Roshanak Rose Nilchiani;JD Caddell;Hossein Basereh Taramsari","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2025.3527288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2025.3527288","url":null,"abstract":"The technology readiness level (TRL) has been used for a few decades by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Defense to assess the maturity of a technology and evaluate the risks associated with its development. The traditional TRL measure suggests nine levels, from the conception of technology to maturation and deployment. However, the TRL measure is not designed to monitor a system as it matures, ages, and eventually becomes obsolete. There is a critical need for a new measure that captures the performance status and relevance of a system as it ages and eventually becomes a legacy system. This article proposes a novel measure that extends the existing TRL measure, beginning where the traditional TRL stops measuring. The authors propose an extended technology readiness level (eTRL) that measures the contextual relevance of a system and communicates the risks as it ages, faces various environmental, political, and economic changes, or becomes obsolete. The proposed measure takes advantage of set theory to measure the overlaps in requirements, system performance, and system environment to define the eTRL scale from the system's deployment to obsolescence. The eTRL scale will enable stakeholders and program managers to identify and monitor the aging segments within a system and act as a decision analysis tool. The application of the eTRL is demonstrated through a case study of the B52-H airplane, a successful legacy system.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10833802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Open Journal Of Systems Engineering Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2024.3374612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2024.3374612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10834304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Open Journal Of Systems Engineering Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2024.3374614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2024.3374614","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10834305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition From Scenario-Based to Outcome-Based Engineering in SE4AI","authors":"Niloofar Shadab;Alejandro Salado;Tyler Cody;Peter A. Beling","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2024.3464495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2024.3464495","url":null,"abstract":"As intelligent systems become increasingly integrated into our daily lives, it has become evident that there is a mismatch between traditional systems engineering (SE) practices and the nature of intelligent systems. In this article, we posit that the current SE practices need to change their hyperfocus on scenario-based engineering to a process that is more focused on engineering outcomes in the presence of changing environment. To help enabling such transition, we incorporate closed systems precepts from systems theory into formal SE practices. The concept of closed systems is based on the idea that a system is an entity that is bounded by a physical or conceptual boundary and is isolated from its environment. Closed systems are self-contained and self-regulating, and their behavior can be predicted and controlled based on the system's internal rules and mechanisms. In our previous paper, we formalized different types of closed systems and explored how SE practices can utilize these types for various applications. However, there is a need to transition from theorizing about these types of closure to implementing them in SE processes. In this article, we will demonstrate how closed system precepts can be applied to SE practices using a simple example of an intelligent system. We will explore different aspects of applying closed system formalization from our previous effort, including how to define a system's boundary when there is an intelligent property, how to perform problem formulation, and how to address a system's causal dependencies, in order to build a more scalable and well-scoped system.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"190-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10684457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142518005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting Defects in Sequential Inputs to Digital Twins Using Machine Learning","authors":"Nathaniel Brown;Steven Simske","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2024.3458841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2024.3458841","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a method for detecting defects in sequential data inputs for digital twins (DTs) during simulations, emphasizing the importance of input validation for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the simulation results. By thoroughly validating input data, researchers and practitioners can have confidence in the validity of their models, ultimately leading to better decision-making processes and outcomes that are more successful. As DTs continue to expand in complexity, there are an increasing number of mechanisms that may produce undesirable output. An external data stream is just one such potential source of faulty DT behavior and must be analyzed during simulation execution. The proposed framework for validating inputs in real time offers a way to improve the quality and credibility of DTs, guiding future research in the evolving field of modeling and simulation. The case study described in this article involves using second-order polynomial regression to detect defects in rocket trajectory data streams, highlighting the effectiveness of validation techniques. This method shows promise, as it successfully identified defects in trajectories in real time using only historical data without knowledge of the future of the data stream. The novelties in this article include using machine learning to validate DT inputs, and performing this validation on sequential data in real time to protect modeled results. This research contributes valuable insights to the field, emphasizing the significance of input validation for enhancing the quality and accuracy of simulation models.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"179-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10675423","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Integrating Autonomy Into System of Systems: Challenges and Research Directions","authors":"Mohammadreza Torkjazi;Ali K. Raz","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2024.3456037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2024.3456037","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) technologies convert conventional engineered systems into autonomous systems that are capable of performing tasks in their operational environment with limited to no human involvement. These technologies can reduce demands for human workload while enabling a suite of new capabilities such as autonomous vehicles and smart cities. However, a major challenge is the integration of these autonomous systems into a system of systems (SoSs), essentially resulting in a system of autonomous systems (SoASs). SoASs are fraught with new challenges that compound issues from the founding domains of SoS, AI/ML, and autonomous systems. To understand the new set of challenges for SoAS, this article conducts an extensive review of both theoretical and application-based literature published in the founding domains. The goal is to examine how individual challenges in each domain intersect and exacerbate when multiple independent systems with AI/ML are integrated into an SoAS. A particular emphasis is placed on highlighting how interactions across these domains manifest at the SoAS level. As a result, four overarching challenges for SoASs are identified that must be addressed by systems engineers to ensure a successful realization of the SoAS in the future: 1) SoAS foundation; 2) emergence, safety, and performance; 3) architecture and integration; and 4) test and evaluation. Each challenge is comprehensively examined in the three founding domains by discussing domain-specific state-of-the-art methods and tools that different engineering disciplines have proposed to address. For each challenge, we also investigated how the existing tools and methods apply to addressing the challenge for SoAS and highlighted the remaining gaps that still need to be addressed. Furthermore, this article identifies systems engineering research needs for improving SoAS foundations, analysis of autonomy impacts, and enabling SoAS architecture, integration, and evaluation methods. Conducting research studies in these fields will improve systems engineering practices for a successful and effective realization of SoAS.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"157-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10669760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing System Models for Multicriteria Decision-Making—A Systematic Literature Review on the Current State of the Art","authors":"Dennis Horber;Jessica Pickel;Stefan Goetz;Sandro Wartzack","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2024.3434310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2024.3434310","url":null,"abstract":"The rising system complexity of modern products requires new approaches within model-based systems engineering to manage the upcoming challenges. System development is characterized by a wide variety of decisions to be made. These situations have to be modeled within a holistic system model to ensure traceability. Motivated by lack of a comprehensive overview of approaches, this article presents the results of a systematic literature study focusing on utilizing system models in decision-making. By that, the existing gap between theoretical foundations and implementation in practical use is intended to be closed through providing practitioners insights to relevant approaches. Apart from that, researchers are enabled to derive new research directions from the corpus of literature. Relevant reports use different diagrams to model a decision situation or its processes and reuse those diagrams as well as their contents to feed methods from multicriteria decision-making. By that, new objectives are added to those diagrams, namely to enable extensive decision-making, which is understood as their utilization. Thus, this article provides an overview of applied decision-making approaches, languages used to model the decision context, and the use of external tools, where the decision-making algorithms are executed. The findings show that the majority of existing approaches only cover certain aspects of the decision-making situation in the system model and especially the formalization of the decision-making process is hardly considered. Besides that, future research fields including the analysis of potentials coming along with the introduction of systems modeling language v2 and especially its API are identified.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"135-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10612218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architecture, Analysis, and Design of Systems Using Extensions of Category Theory","authors":"Charles E. Dickerson;Michael K. Wilkinson","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2024.3432570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2024.3432570","url":null,"abstract":"The engineering of systems has lacked the scientific and mathematical underpinnings enjoyed by traditional engineering disciplines. Earlier work of the authors formulated advanced mathematical methods for architecture definition and the use of model theory in engineering. In this article, an extension of the category of relations is defined by a semantically richer algebraic logic, denoted as CoR, suitable for analysis and design. This complements and extends the rigorous basis for our earlier work. CoR uses category theory coupled with the semantically richer logic as an architectural language for specifying structural views of concepts with concordant graphical and algebraic relational views for analysis and design. A radar case study is used to demonstrate methods for the application of these views to everyday engineering practice. CoR also addresses and can improve the expressiveness of modeling languages, such as SysMLv2. Schemata are defined to provide mathematical blueprints of the views. The intent is that CoR can be implemented in systems tools that are well-suited for engineering practitioners. This article offers a rigorous but practical platform for establishing a new generation of systems engineering methodologies, tools, and languages.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"2 ","pages":"105-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10607870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141991508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}