IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"2025 Index Open Journal of Systems Engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3653144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3653144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"81-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11349675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A SysML v2 Metamodel for -Ilities: Application to a Digital Twin Complex System","authors":"Pacifique Munezero;Holly Ann Heine Handley","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3719220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3719220","url":null,"abstract":"Multidisciplinary knowledge and exchange of information are two of the most important aspects of complex system design within digital engineering and model-based systems engineering (MBSE) environments. The next generation of systems modeling language, SysML v2, developed by the Object Management Group, improves the implementation and maturation of model-based approaches. This article focuses on using SysML v2 to model reusable parameterized templates for nonfunctional requirements, referred to as -ilities, to address how they can be treated with the same rigor as functional requirements and mapped directly and explicitly from the requirements engineering phase within digital engineering and MBSE environments. The selected set of -ilities are safety, human system integration, and cybersecurity. The rationale for this selection is based on past studies that have documented the need to evaluate safety risks that involve humans in the loop and cybersecurity considerations. The metamodel design uses SysML v2 syntax to compile general characteristics for -ilities, with an application to a digital twin complex system architecture model to demonstrate an instantiation within Digital Engineering and MBSE environments. The resulting metamodel is composed of SysML v2 parameterized requirements constructs, notations for analysis and verification, and relationships that can be generalized to other -ilities with implementation steps aligned with ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148, the standard for systems and software requirements engineering. These contributions lower the barrier of adoption for SysMLv2, support the standard and consistent modeling within the MBSE domain, and advance multidisciplinary analysis.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"70-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11635875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Organizational Factors in the Practice of and the Ideal for Aerospace Industry Model-Based Systems Engineering Projects","authors":"Sarah G. Shaw;Thomas H. Bradley","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3729158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3729158","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing complexity of modern systems is driving the aerospace industry to shift from legacy systems engineering (SE) approaches to digital engineering (DE) methods. A key component of DE is model-based systems engineering (MBSE), which uses interconnected system models to support lifecycle integration, traceability, and cross-functional collaboration. Despite its technical promise, MBSE adoption has proven challenging, particularly from an organizational perspective. Whereas prior research has focused primarily on technical enablers and tool capabilities, less attention has been given to how workforce structure, specifically task allocation, role definition, and team size, affects successful implementation. This research examines artifacts from aerospace SE projects that incorporate MBSE to identify which tasks are performed, which roles are responsible for those tasks, and how roles are assigned to personnel across different team sizes. An expert panel defined and allocated roles for both current (“as-is”) and ideal (“should-be”) teams of varying scales. Using correlation-based analysis, the results show that the underlying task structure remains consistent across team sizes, whereas the degree of role consolidation and specialization changes significantly. Smaller teams exhibit greater role consolidation, with multiple roles combined within individuals, whereas larger teams distribute roles more distinctly. Ideal teams reflect a preference for clearer role delineation and more deliberate MBSE integration across project activities. These findings provide empirical insight into how organizational structure influences MBSE-enabled projects and offer practical guidance for workforce development and team structuring within aerospace SE projects.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"86-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11673017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis and Formalization of the Definition of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)","authors":"Zahir Ismail;Charles E. Dickerson;Radmehr P. Monfared;Thomas Steffen;Michael K. Wilkinson","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3722451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3722451","url":null,"abstract":"The term model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is widely referenced in modern engineering practice, yet its application is limited by ambiguous and imprecise definitions. This article assesses the clarity and precision of existing definitions of MBSE across the systems engineering community. By first examining the foundations of definition and then applying essential-definition principles and logical modeling, a formal evaluation framework is developed and used to analyze existing definitions. The analysis demonstrates that commonly cited definitions lack the precision to enable a consistent and mathematically interpretable model of MBSE. By synthesizing features of the cited definitions, a formally grounded definition of MBSE is, therefore, proposed. This addresses existing shortcomings and offers a precise expression of the essential nature of MBSE. The proposed definition is further demonstrated through an elementary technical example of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), illustrating its suitability and utility for engineering practice.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"122-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11649490","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Systems Engineering as a Foundational Enabler of Digital Twin: An In-Depth Systematic Review","authors":"Farid Sahebsara;Michael R. Hieb;Ali K. Raz","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3722420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3722420","url":null,"abstract":"Digital engineering (DE) is transforming the practice of systems engineering by advancing model-centric, data-driven methodologies across the system life cycle. At the core of this shift is model-based systems engineering (MBSE), which provides the structural rigor and semantic fidelity required to integrate a wide range of domain-specific tools and platforms, enforce traceability, and construct authoritative digital artifacts. As DE initiatives expand, digital twin (DTw) technologies have emerged as dynamic, synchronized representations of physical systems that enable continuous validation, predictive analytics, and informed decision-making. This systematic literature review examines the evolving role of MBSE as a foundational enabler within DE and DTw ecosystems. Drawing from a curated corpus of 88 peer-reviewed publications, standards, and case studies, and further supported by supplemental insights from additional relevant literature, the review synthesizes state-of-the-art frameworks, enabling technologies, application patterns, and integration challenges to provide a comprehensive and informative analysis. It highlights how MBSE contributes to the architecture, behavior modeling, and lifecycle synchronization of DTw, extending its utility from conceptual design into operational domains. The analysis spans multiple sectors, including aerospace, defense, advanced manufacturing, and energy, and reveals increasing maturity in runtime verification, semantic alignment, and digital traceability. Despite these advancements, significant challenges remain. These include fragmented toolchains, semantic inconsistency, limited integration of cybersecurity and resilience considerations, and difficulties in automating MBSE to DTw pipelines. The review identifies broad opportunities to advance MBSE through enhanced modeling approaches, improved interoperability, and deeper integration with emerging digital technologies. These findings underscore the importance of MBSE as a foundational infrastructure for enabling trustworthy, adaptive, and continuously validated DE environments. Realizing the full potential of DTw implementations will require cohesive standards, interoperable toolchains, and multidisciplinary integration, ultimately informing the development of a formal DE framework grounded in MBSE principles, suitable for high-stakes acquisition programs where complexity, traceability, and system adaptability are critical.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"103-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11646980","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Probabilistic Semantics for Defeasible Argumentation in Systems Validation","authors":"Daniel Shapiro;Nicholaos Jones;Jennifer Stenger Stevens;Bryan Mesmer","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3668147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3668147","url":null,"abstract":"Engineers commonly validate complex systems by considering arguments, pro and con, that a system possesses (or will possess) desired properties, such as safety or high-quality performance. This argumentation is often conducted in service of a decision, such as passing a critical design review or deploying a system for a given task. It can question facts, methods, and inferences, including generalizations from test cases, analogies between application tasks, and expert opinion. However, very few formalisms support quantitative reasoning about system properties in the presence of such arguments. This article develops a representation for stating conflicting arguments and evaluating such structures into probabilistic assertions about claims. We employ Toulmin argumentation models as a base, an informal representation of rhetorical argument that connects premises through warrants (justifications) to claims. We provide a novel, probabilistic interpretation of warrants as methods for making defeasible inferences by separating the relevance (or <italic>aptness</i>) of the method from the likelihood of its conclusion. We use this interpretation to formally integrate Toulmin models into influence diagrams. We illustrate the value of this integration for systems validation by employing the machinery of decision analysis to examine a decision in the presence of engineering arguments. We consider a choice between two rover wheel designs, given a simulation package that affirms one option, and an expert who casts doubt on the validity of the simulation. Then, we determine the expected value of conducting a physical test to resolve a key uncertainty in the presence of these conflicting arguments.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11412366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network System Performance Insights through Graph Signal Smoothness","authors":"Claudio M. Rocco;Kash Barker","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3722094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3722094","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of network analysis and graph theory, the integration of graph signals into the study of complex systems has opened new horizons for understanding and extracting meaningful information. First, graph signals, which capture attributes or measurements associated with nodes in a network, play a key role in bridging the gap between topology and data, enriching our comprehension of network dynamics. Second, the assessment of the smoothness of a graph signal provides valuable insights into the regularity and consistency of signal variations across network nodes, allowing proactive network management (e.g., detecting anomalies or resource optimization) that definitively enhances both the reliability and resilience of the system under study, assuring the consistent delivery of high-quality performance to the users. This article explores four main areas: 1) Graph signals for data-enriched networks, 2) multiscale smoothness assessment, 3) managing uncertainty in graph signals, and 4) node-centric importance evaluation. The analysis of the electric load smoothness in Venezuela power network serves as a concrete example of these principles in action, underpinning the future of data-driven network analysis.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11646460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Systems Engineering Maturity Models—A Systematic Mapping Study","authors":"Henriette Höfermann;Pascal Lünnemann;Kai Lindow","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3690231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3690231","url":null,"abstract":"Model-based systems engineering (MBSE), as a logical progression from document-based systems engineering (SE), presents challenges for organizations in terms of both implementation and application. To ensure long-term success, MBSE activities and capabilities must be transparently recorded and evaluated to check whether goals are being achieved and to identify areas for improvement. This article, therefore, presents a systematic mapping study (SMS) analyzing studies for MBSE maturity models. The aim of this study is to examine the existing research activities in this field and identify any gaps. The study is based on three research questions. This involves analyzing the proportion of maturity models in SE/MBSE literature. Twelve studies for assessing the maturity of (SE and) MBSE capabilities and activities in organizations are reviewed in detail and mapped according to a classification. The SMS identified a focus on fixed-level maturity models based on a combination of sources and principles. The extant literature on the subject is wide ranging, and there is no consensus on the scope for an MBSE maturity model. The results of this study provide a basis for the development of a more comprehensive MBSE maturity model.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"16-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11505905","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3733047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3733047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11688144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applied Category Theory for Formalizing Architecture, Behavior, and Design of Complex Systems: A Survey","authors":"Philipp Ahrendt;Mehdi Mcharek;Sebti Mouelhi;Stéphane Dugowson;Moncef Hammadi","doi":"10.1109/OJSE.2026.3715270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSE.2026.3715270","url":null,"abstract":"Applied category theory (ACT) is increasingly recognized as a unifying mathematical framework for reasoning about complex engineered systems. Its emphasis on compositionality, abstraction, and structure-preserving transformations makes it well suited to address foundational challenges in Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). This survey reviews how category-theoretic concepts have been applied to formalize system architecture, behavior, and design across engineering domains. We distinguish between challenges related to model consistency, encountered in areas such as dynamical systems, optimization, and probabilistic modeling, and challenges related to system complexity, mainly related to the integration of heterogeneous models. By synthesizing relevant work, we show how categorical structures support consistency by formal constructions and support complexity by reasoning across multiple levels of abstraction. This article concludes by outlining open challenges and research directions for strengthening the theoretical foundations of MBSE using ACT.","PeriodicalId":100632,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering","volume":"4 ","pages":"35-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11614757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}