IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3610580
Bing Mak;Jingda Yang;Juntao Chen;Paul Ratazzi;Ying Wang
{"title":"Symbolic and Safety-Centric Formal Verification of MAVLink for Autonomous eVTOL Systems","authors":"Bing Mak;Jingda Yang;Juntao Chen;Paul Ratazzi;Ying Wang","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3610580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3610580","url":null,"abstract":"The growing use of autonomous electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (A-eVTOL) vehicles demands secure and reliable command and control (C2) communication to meet stringent safety and regulatory requirements. MAVLink (Micro Air Vehicle Link), a lightweight protocol widely adopted in UAV systems, lacks standardized encryption and authentication mechanisms, exposing it to critical threats such as spoofing and message tampering. This letter presents a formal verification framework that models MAVLink’s behavior in the context of A-eVTOL operations. We identify how its vulnerabilities, tolerable in traditional UAV use, are amplified under eVTOL specific constraints such as real-time responsiveness, autonomy, and fail-safe guarantees. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to formally analyze MAVLink in a safety critical eVTOL setting, revealing attack paths and proposing formally guided cryptographic mitigation strategies tailored to autonomous flight. Our findings offer new insights for certifying lightweight protocols in next generation aerial mobility systems.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"260-264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AIoT-Driven Privacy-Preserving and Decentralized Ubiquitous Music Learning","authors":"Zhisheng Liu;Yaxin Zhao;Hu Xiong;Abubaker Wahaballa;Kuo-Hui Yeh","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3602131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3602131","url":null,"abstract":"AIoT-driven (Artificial Intelligence of Things) ubiquitous music learning facilitates personalized education anytime and anywhere while raising privacy concerns associated with centralized data processing.To address this, we propose a privacy-preserving and decentralized music learning framework by integrating federated learning and blockchain technologies within the AIoT ecosystem. Learners train models locally on their private data and only share encrypted model updates with decentralized servers, thus mitigating privacy leakage. Furthermore, to defend against poisoning attacks and ensure gradient authenticity and anonymity, a customized ring signature mechanism is employed. Theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the framework’s effectiveness in maintaining privacy and ensuring security.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"250-254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3633686
Xingqi Wu;Yuhui Wang;Junaid Farooq;Hakim Ghazzai;Gianluca Setti
{"title":"SliceWise: Traffic-Aware Multi-Agent RL with Temporal Encoding for Joint Slice Admission and Resource Orchestration in O-RAN","authors":"Xingqi Wu;Yuhui Wang;Junaid Farooq;Hakim Ghazzai;Gianluca Setti","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3633686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3633686","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) services in mission-critical applications such as industrial automation, remote healthcare, and autonomous systems demand stringent quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees under dynamic, resource-constrained wireless conditions. Open radio access networks (O-RAN) offer a software-defined and programmable foundation for embedding AI-driven control. This letter proposes <sc>SliceWise</small>, a traffic-aware multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL) framework for joint admission control, user-slice association, and resource orchestration in O-RAN. The control problem is modeled as a cooperative multi-agent Markov decision process, with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks capturing temporal traffic dynamics and dueling double deep Q-networks (D3QN) ensuring stable learning. Simulation results show that <sc>SliceWise</small> substantially reduces delay violations and packet drops while improving slice-level reliability and resource efficiency, offering a scalable orchestration solution for AI-native O-RAN deployments.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"323-327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3606789
Hassan El Alami;Danda B. Rawat
{"title":"IDS-Twin: Digital Twin-Based Intrusion Detection Systems for Wireless Networks","authors":"Hassan El Alami;Danda B. Rawat","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3606789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3606789","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of IoT devices has greatly enhanced wireless connectivity but also increased exposure to sophisticated and evolving cyber threats. Recent intrusion detection systems (IDS) based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) often rely on offline training and static models, limiting their ability to adapt in dynamic environments where device behavior and attack patterns continuously change. To address these challenges, we propose IDS-Twin, a Digital Twin (DT)-based intrusion detection framework designed for wireless IoT. IDS-Twin incorporates a self-adaptive anomaly detection model powered by contrastive learning, enabling real-time learning from streaming traffic with minimal labeled data. The DT component is implemented as a lightweight software replay engine that emulates real-time arrival by sequentially streaming flows in timestamp order, enabling the system to continuously detect and adapt to new or evolving attacks. Experimental validation on the UNSW-NB15 and CIC-IoT-2023 datasets demonstrates the superior performance and adaptability of IDS-Twin, outperforming state-of-the-art IDS solutions in detecting both known and unknown attacks in wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"255-259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3619460
Jingxue Chen;Juhao Wang;Fazlullah Khan;Jingcheng Song;Chunhua Su
{"title":"A Weighted Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell","authors":"Jingxue Chen;Juhao Wang;Fazlullah Khan;Jingcheng Song;Chunhua Su","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3619460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3619460","url":null,"abstract":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are emerging as a promising new energy technology with the potential to significantly transform the field of new energy vehicles. However, due to the limited availability of data at individual institutions—since PEMFCs technology remains in the developmental stage—collaborative learning across multiple institutions becomes essential. Given the high confidentiality of research data and models, institutions are unwilling to share raw data or trained models. The widely accepted approach is to utilize federated learning to balance privacy and data availability. However, existing federated learning schemes cannot meet the requirement of PEMFCs since low accuracy and high centralization. To address the limitations of existing methods, which suffer from centralization and low aggregation accuracy, this letter proposes a decentralized, high-precision, and dynamic privacy-preserving federated learning framework. The proposed approach employs aggregation techniques combined with homomorphic encryption to ensure privacy and decentralization. Unlike traditional federated learning frameworks, our protocol does not rely on any central server or coordination node; all participants are treated equally. The aggregation results are deterministic and not influenced by added random noise, thereby ensuring high model accuracy. Moreover, the system supports dynamic participation, allowing users to join or leave at any time. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework achieves high computational efficiency and robust performance, making it a practical and secure solution for collaborative PEMFC development.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"270-273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enabling End-to-End Determinism With Cross-Domain Traffic Scheduling Mechanism Towards 6G","authors":"Hongxing Li;Yali Li;Xiaoyu Zhao;Yifan Huang;Guochu Shou","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3610703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3610703","url":null,"abstract":"Creating a deterministic network remains a challenge for cellular networks. This letter proposes a cross-domain scheduling mechanism to enhance the available support of 5G in conjunction with Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) for future end-to-end time-critical applications towards 6G. By coordinating gating strategies across the cellular network and connected multiple TSN domains, our approach guarantees end-to-end determinism in a converged TSN and cellular network architecture. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism effectively reduces end-to-end delay variation, ensuring reliable performance for time-sensitive traffic.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"308-312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3605531
Quynh Tu Ngo;Ying He;Beeshanga Jayawickrama;Eryk Dutkiewicz
{"title":"Multi-Agent DDPG-Based Joint Beam Hopping and Resource Allocation for Cognitive GEO-LEO Satellite Networks","authors":"Quynh Tu Ngo;Ying He;Beeshanga Jayawickrama;Eryk Dutkiewicz","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3605531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3605531","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning-based framework for joint beam hopping and resource allocation in the secondary LEO system within a cognitive GEO-LEO satellite network. Beam hopping is adopted to flexibly steer limited resources toward areas with high and dynamic traffic demand, improving spectral efficiency and load balancing. A centralized critic multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient approach is proposed to optimize beam hopping patterns, bandwidth and power allocation, aiming to enhance system throughput and reduce service delay imbalance across LEO cells. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms benchmark approaches, achieving approximately 45% higher throughput and around 37% lower service delay under varying traffic and power conditions.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"303-307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148515055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Weighted Fault and Congestion Aware Routing Algorithm for Wireless Network-on-Chip Systems","authors":"Nikhil Handa;Abhinav Gollapalli;Sandeep Joshi","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3636067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3636067","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) has emerged as a promising solution to address the scalability challenges of traditional wired network-on-chip (NoC) architectures in multi-core processors. This letter presents a novel weighted fault and congestion-aware (WFCA) routing algorithm for WiNoC that combines fault-tolerant algorithms with congestion mitigation strategies. The proposed approach uses a double-sensing mechanism to effectively distribute packets/flits and avoid congested and faulty regions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm enhances system robustness and maintains performance under various fault rates and traffic patterns compared to existing solutions. The algorithm achieves lower latency and higher throughput in high fault scenarios while ensuring low complexity.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147280892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HASEC-IoT: Hybrid Adaptive Security and Energy-Conscious Consensus-Based Robust Framework for Edge-IoT Systems","authors":"Paritosh Kumar Yadav;Sudhakar Pandey","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3628070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3628070","url":null,"abstract":"The Edge-centric Internet of Things (IoT) systems encounter challenges in maintaining secure, low-latency, energy-efficient, and secure operations due to limited resources and ever-evolving threats. This letter presents HASEC-IoT: Hybrid Adaptive Security and Energy-Conscious Consensus (HASEC) framework that consists of lightweight and adaptive consensus, dynamic trust evaluation, and energy-aware encryption. The proposed approach uniquely incorporates zero-trust security principles. Additionally, HASEC-IoT produces results when compared to RAFT, PoA, and traditional techniques such as 22% less latency, 18% less energy consumption, and 25% greater resiliency. Overall HASEC-IoT produces solution that is scalable, secure, and energy-efficient for next-generation edge-enabled IoT applications and services","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"92-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147280503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}