IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3622036
Dimitrios Zorbas;Aruzhan Sabyrbek
{"title":"On the Uplink Repetitions in LoRaWAN","authors":"Dimitrios Zorbas;Aruzhan Sabyrbek","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3622036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3622036","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring reliable data delivery in LoRaWAN is challenging due to interference and path loss. This letter analyzes the trade-off between using acknowledgments (ACKs) and successive uplink retransmissions without ACKs. While ACKs confirm reception, they consume downlink capacity and suffer from low delivery ratios due to duty cycle limits and half-duplex hardware. Retransmissions avoid downlink use but increase collision risk. Through probabilistic modeling and simulations, we show that repeated uplinks improve reception probability by 11% compared to using ACKs, even though the latter case offers better reliability in some cases. Moreover, ACKs increase energy consumption by about 14.6% on average in the selected simulated scenarios.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"342-346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NOMA-ISAC Empowered UAV Networks: Joint Clustering and Power Allocation Optimization","authors":"Jiajie Zhou;Chao Yang;Junlin Huang;Suidan Yuan;Xin Chen;Shengli Xie","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3598036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3598036","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a matching scheme within non-orthogonal multiple access-integrated sensing and communication (NOMA-ISAC) based uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) networks. NOMA-ISAC technology is utilized to optimize the downlink transmission delay (TD) and conditional mutual information (MI) performance for UAVs. The user clustering, flight trajectory and power allocation of UAVs are optimized jointly. Recognizing the varying population density of users, an improved density-weighted agglomerative hierarchical clustering (DWAHC) algorithm and a dynamic load balancing algorithm are applied to assign each user to the appropriate UAV. Then, a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm is employed to optimize the UAVs’trajectory and transmission power through interactive learning. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and other baseline algorithms in terms of reducing TD and improving conditional MI.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"279-283"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-29DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3603996
Suraj Suman;Anjali Shaw;Petar Popovski
{"title":"Latency-Reliability-Accuracy Optimization for Wireless Transmission of Sensory Data","authors":"Suraj Suman;Anjali Shaw;Petar Popovski","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3603996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3603996","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time wireless applications, such as Tactile Internet or robotic manipulation, pose stringent latency and reliability requirements. This is critical when a large volume of sensory data is transmitted, requiring joint consideration of compression and communication in terms of latency, reliability, and accuracy. This letter proposes a scheme for uplink latency reduction upon transmission of sensory data with lossy compression. The aggregated latency consists of compression and transmission latency, respectively, each of them represented by a random variable. We investigate the interaction between latency reduction, reliability, and lossy compression through a suitable optimization problem. The results reveal that a latency reduction of up to >20% is achieved with 0.9999 reliability and 1% accuracy loss for 25Mb of data transmission.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"284-288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3593665
Francesco Malandrino;Olga Chukhno;Alessandro Catania;Antonella Molinaro;Carla Fabiana Chiasserini
{"title":"XR Offloading Across Multiple Time Scales: The Roles of Power, Temperature, and Energy","authors":"Francesco Malandrino;Olga Chukhno;Alessandro Catania;Antonella Molinaro;Carla Fabiana Chiasserini","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3593665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3593665","url":null,"abstract":"Extended reality (XR) devices, commonly known as wearables, must handle significant computational loads under tight latency constraints. To meet these demands, they rely on a combination of on-device processing and edge offloading. This letter focuses on offloading strategies for wearables and assesses the impact of offloading decisions over three distinct time scales: instantaneous power consumption, short-term temperature fluctuations, and long-term battery duration. We introduce a comprehensive system model that captures these temporal dynamics, and propose a stochastic and stationary offloading strategy, called TAO (for temperature-aware offloading), designed to minimize the offloading cost while adhering to power, thermal, and energy constraints. Our performance evaluation, leveraging COMSOL models of real-world wearables, confirms that TAO successfully avoids exceeding temperature limits while keeping additional edge offloading to a minimum. These results also highlight how properly accounting for all features of wearables allows fully exploiting edge offloading opportunities.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"352-356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3622332
Citong Que;Faisal Nadeem Khan
{"title":"TopoFreer: Towards Topology-Free Cellular Traffic Prediction Through Self-Adaptive Local Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolution","authors":"Citong Que;Faisal Nadeem Khan","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3622332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3622332","url":null,"abstract":"The topology of cellular networks may vary over time or even be inaccessible due to privacy concerns. Although recent spatio-temporal neural networks employ learnable topology-independent adjacency matrices to model inter-cell dependencies, they capture spatial and temporal correlations among cellular traffic separately rather than simultaneously, thus resulting in limited prediction accuracies. To overcome these challenges, we propose TopoFreer, a topology-free cellular traffic prediction model based on self-adaptive local spatio-temporal graph convolution. The performance of TopoFreer is evaluated on two real-world datasets and the results demonstrate that it achieves higher prediction accuracy than baseline models and performs comparably to its topology-aware variants.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"318-322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148515103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3590887
João Torrinhas;Miguel Luís;Duarte Dias;Pedro Rito;Susana Sargento
{"title":"Multipath TCP With Single Radio Access Technologies: A Paradox or an Opportunity?","authors":"João Torrinhas;Miguel Luís;Duarte Dias;Pedro Rito;Susana Sargento","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3590887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3590887","url":null,"abstract":"Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP) was designed to explore the multipath diversity, maximizing resource usage and increasing redundancy. This diversity arises from the fact that, at a given communication hop, two or more access networks become available, as is the case of cellular and Wi-Fi networks in mobile environments. This letter explores a different scenario: what if the multipath is established over the same access network? Can MPTCP benefit communications in multiple paths in the same radio access technology? With a vehicular network as use case, we show how the IEEE 802.11p interface is shared among the multiple logical links created between the On-Board Unit and the several Road Side Units in its range, supporting the different MPTCP subflows. The results, obtained through experimentation with real vehicular networking hardware, show a positive answer to the previous question: MPTCP allows for seamless handovers, ensuring continuous, stable and efficient communication in highly mobile environments, even in single Radio Access Technology networks.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"289-292"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributed Constrained Real-Time Control of Multiple Batteries in Green Networks","authors":"Eleni Stai;Giorgos Gotzias;Marianna Papadostefanaki;Symeon Papavassiliou","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3582414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3582414","url":null,"abstract":"Energy sustainability is endeavored in all networked systems and renewable energy sources (RESs) will play a fundamental role towards its achievement. Due to their uncertainties, RESs integration for powering any type of network requires support for handling energy surplus or shortage due to, e.g., unexpected weather conditions or generation-demand lags. Such support can be offered by batteries that have become crucial for a large scale integration of RESs to networked systems and when multiple batteries serve one network, their coordinated control will allow for maximizing the benefits of their operation. In this letter, we propose a real-time control scheme for multiple batteries based on a multi-agent reinforcement learning scheme that is distributed in execution but centralized in training so as to achieve a high level of coordination but in a scalable way. Most importantly, it is safe in the sense that it accounts for binding lookahead constraints on the batteries state-of-energy, which express long-term feasibility and cost efficiency goals in the network operation. We have performed a case study in smart grids with the network goal of following a dispatch plan in real-time. Numerical results showcase the effectiveness of the proposed scheme both in terms of cost performance and of constraints violation avoidance versus baseline approaches.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"332-336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3609310
Wanying Huang;Shimao Chen
{"title":"Hybrid Granular Controller Provisioning in Software Defined Satellite Internet","authors":"Wanying Huang;Shimao Chen","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3609310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3609310","url":null,"abstract":"Software-defined networking (SDN) has been applied to satellite Internet for flexible network control. However, the dynamic topology and traffic variations inherent in satellite networks significantly increase the complexity of controller provisioning. To address this challenge, this letter proposes a hybrid granular controller provisioning (HGCP) method, comprising two components: switch-level provisioning employs a p-median model to jointly optimize controller placement and request assignment, adapting to dynamic topology changes; request-level provisioning uses particle swarm optimization algorithm to perform request reassignment at heavy-load switches, ensuring load balancing across the controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that HGCP outperforms existing methods in flow-setup delay and load balancing while requiring fewer switch migrations.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"328-331"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3611236
Xuli Cai;Poonam Lohan;Burak Kantarci
{"title":"FLARE: Flying Learning Agents for Resource Efficiency in Next-Gen UAV Networks","authors":"Xuli Cai;Poonam Lohan;Burak Kantarci","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3611236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3611236","url":null,"abstract":"This letter addresses a critical challenge in the context of 6G and beyond wireless networks, the joint optimization of power and bandwidth resource allocation for aerial intelligent platforms, specifically uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), operating in highly dynamic environments with mobile ground user equipment (UEs). We introduce FLARE (Flying Learning Agents for Resource Efficiency), a learning-enabled aerial intelligence framework that jointly optimizes UAV positioning, altitude, transmit power, and bandwidth allocation in real-time. To adapt to UE mobility, we employ Silhouette-based K-Means clustering, enabling dynamic grouping of users and UAVs’ deployment at cluster centroids for efficient service delivery. The problem is modeled as a multi-agent control task, with bandwidth discretized into resource blocks and power treated as a continuous variable. To solve this, our proposed framework, FLARE, employs a hybrid reinforcement learning strategy that combines Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) and Deep Q-Network (DQN) to enhance learning efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate that our method significantly enhances user coverage, achieving a 73.45% improvement in the number of served users under a 5 Mbps data rate constraint, outperforming MADDPG baseline.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"313-317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-22DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2025.3624066
Van Phuc Bui;Junya Shiraishi;Petar Popovski;Shashi Raj Pandey
{"title":"Time-Constrained Federated Learning (FL) in Push-Pull IoT Wireless Access","authors":"Van Phuc Bui;Junya Shiraishi;Petar Popovski;Shashi Raj Pandey","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2025.3624066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2025.3624066","url":null,"abstract":"Training a high-quality Federated Learning (FL) model at the network edge is challenged by limited transmission resources. Although various device scheduling strategies have been proposed, it remains unclear how scheduling decisions affect the FL model performance under temporal constraints. This is pronounced when the wireless medium is shared to enable the participation of heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) devices with distinct communication modes: (1) a scheduling (pull) scheme, that selects devices with valuable updates, and (2) random access (push), in which interested devices transmit model parameters. This letter investigates the interplay of push-pull interactions in a time-constrained FL setting, where the communication opportunities are finite, with a utility-based analytical model. Using real-world datasets, we provide a performance tradeoff analysis that validates the significance of strategic device scheduling under push-pull wireless access for several practical settings. The simulation results elucidate the impact of the device sampling strategy on learning efficiency under timing constraints.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"7 4","pages":"347-351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}