{"title":"The problem of the will in the late work of Vygotsky and Leont'ev's solution to this problem","authors":"Wolfgang Jantzen","doi":"10.1002/huon.200900007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200900007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For a materialistic and monistic theory of emotional processes an overcoming of the Cartesian dualism is of fundamental importance. Following Vygotsky's analysis in The Teaching of the Emotions the concept of a free will stands in the background of this dualism of higher and lower processes. While Vygotskij is able to solve this dualism in the area of emotions in his late work, starting with the lecture Infancy, a solution to the problem of the will is still due. Here Vygotskij radically rejects the separation of higher and lower emotional functions according to a dualism of psychology and biology. He replaces this separation with a dialectical relationship of rudimentary and ideal form. Vygotskij delivers a most interesting methodological pre-clarification for the problem of the will, supported by empirical work and theoretical considerations, but it is Leont'ev who succeeds in giving an acceptable solution. This was possible by determining the neuropsychological base of the will by means of Bernstein's psychophysiology of movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"3 2","pages":"51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200900007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"100643455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determinants of birth weight in boys and girls","authors":"Nanna Voldner, Kathrine Frey Frøslie, Kristin Godang, Jens Bollerslev, Tore Henriksen","doi":"10.1002/huon.200900001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200900001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Boys are heavier at birth than girls, but girls have higher fat mass at birth than boys. Insulin action may play an important role of this different distribution. Animal models have shown that female offspring are more sensitive to maternal feeding and glucose values during pregnancy and weaning than male offspring. Newborn girls have higher insulin and proinsulin concentrations and total proinsulin-to-insulin ratios in cord blood than boys, despite lighter birth weight. In a cohort of 522 newborn above 37 gestational weeks we split between the sexes and studied associations between birth weights, parental anthropometrics and fasting maternal plasma glucose and insulin levels. Boys weighed 184g more than girls, they were 1.1 cm longer and head circumference differed by 0.86 (all p values <0.01). Multiple linear regressions showed that parity, maternal body mass index, gestational age and maternal birth weight were associated with birth weight for both sexes, whereas maternal weight gain in pregnancy and maternal fasting plasma glucose at week 30-32 were significantly associated with birth weight for girls only. The effect of fasting plasma glucose on birth weight in girls was twice as high as in boys (B=162, 95% CI 33.4-291, p=0.01). Paternal birth weight was significantly associated with birth weight of boys, but no such association was seen for girls. This supports the notion that there is a genetic regulation along the male line. Girls may be more sensitive to intrauterine environment and maternal glucose values, as these have a stronger influence on birth weight of girls.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"3 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200900001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131975451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason L. Sachman, Jay H. Mayefsky, Stanislav Ozhog, Lawrence C. Perlmuter
{"title":"Birth weight predicts subclinical orthostatic hypotension in children","authors":"Jason L. Sachman, Jay H. Mayefsky, Stanislav Ozhog, Lawrence C. Perlmuter","doi":"10.1002/huon.200800015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200800015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>BACKGROUND: Relatively low birth weight is associated with elevated heart rate and increased circulation of catecholamines and overall higher sympathetic activation in children. Increased levels of each of these variables in turn may promote poorer systolic blood pressure regulation in response to an orthostatic challenge. The present study examined the relationship between subsyndromal orthostatic systolic change in children and birth weights varying from 4 to 10 pounds. METHODS: Boys and girls (N=34) ranging in age from 7 – 10 years from a culturally diverse population were recruited. After lying supine for five minutes and again after about one minute of standing, blood pressure and pulse were measured. The greater the difference between standing minus supine systolic blood pressure, the stronger the response to orthostatic challenge. RESULTS: As birth weight increased, the systolic increase in blood pressure to an orthostatic challenge grew stronger. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing birth weight is associated with more efficient subsyndromal orthostatic blood pressure responses. Thus, increased heart rate and greater sympathetic nervous system activation found in low birth weight neonates are associated with poorer orthostatic blood pressure regulation that in turn is prognostic of cardiovascular difficulties and hypertension as well as cognitive and affective difficulties in childhood and in adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"3 1","pages":"13-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200800015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"106064290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frank J. Rühli, Michael Finnegan, Israel Hershkovitz, Maciej Henneberg
{"title":"Peer-review for the peer-review system","authors":"Frank J. Rühli, Michael Finnegan, Israel Hershkovitz, Maciej Henneberg","doi":"10.1002/huon.200900004","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200900004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The process of peer-review of papers submitted for publication and of grant proposals is widely accepted in modern science as a crucial guarantee of high-quality work. Foremost in restricted research areas, anonymous reviewers and editors may use their power to slow down or even reject competitive yet worthwhile work that does not fit or is questioning their own dogmas. This potential “peers” conflict of interest of may be particularly expressed in areas where empirical proofs of findings are <i>de facto</i> impossible, e.g. in physical anthropology. An example, two-way anonymous (double-blind) peer-review process improves the overall quality of evaluation but it is hard to implement in a highly specialized research field. Yet, the introduction of a completely open peer-review policy would most likely be supported by the overwhelming majority of reviewers. Furthermore, it may increase the overall quality of peer-review with reviewers to have their name acknowledged. Science should be about the possibility of advertising fresh concepts on evidence-based results in a non-biased, egalitarian, and open way with transparency the prime goal of editing such scientific discourse. By raising our foremost concerns and, hopefully, by the implementation of the proposed policy, we believe that these stated goals can be achieved, thus enhancing the true purpose of peer review particularly in the complex situation of scientific niches.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"3 1","pages":"3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200900004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"105633318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The ontogeny of throwing and striking","authors":"Richard W. Young","doi":"10.1002/huon.200800013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200800013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Humans are the most adept throwers in the animal kingdom. Although throwing has been recorded in other primates, it is rare, weak, inaccurate and entails only arm movement. In contrast, human throwing is an explosive act employed from a bipedal stance that involves a complex, exceedingly rapid, full-body movement. This motion generates a pulse of kinetic energy in the legs that is progressively augmented by the pelvis, trunk, arm and hand, where it is transferred to a missile that is launched toward the target with high velocity and accuracy. Linking the study of throwing development in young children with analysis of the adult throwing motion makes it possible to address the question of whether human throwing is an acquired behavior or is based primarily on an inherited motor program. Current evidence supports the conclusion that the role of instruction and learning is minimal. Human throwing is predominantly the result of an innate motor program which emerges at a very early age in all children without teaching, yields a throwing motion that is the forerunner of the one used by adult athletes, is characterized by a prominent gender difference, and proceeds in some adults to a high level of proficiency. The same conclusions apparently apply also to striking (club-swinging), which employs a similar full-body motion. An explanation for these observations is presented, based upon the concept that throwing and club-swinging prowess provided reproductive advantages during early human evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"3 1","pages":"19-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200800013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"99920337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The obstetrician's perspective on cesarean section on maternal request","authors":"Joachim W. Dudenhausen","doi":"10.1002/huon.200800017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200800017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Percentages of cesarean section world-wide have increased substantially over the past two decades. Maternal request for abdominal delivery may have contributed to this development. The wish to be delivered by C-section for personal reasons without medical indication should be discussed from the medical point of view as well as from the legal perspectives of mother and child. Today, mortality in primarily indicated and performed cesarean section is not substantially higher than in vaginal delivery. The consequences of cesarean section are important for succeeding pregnancies. Besides the risk of scar rupture, the drastic increase in the incidences of placental detachment (placenta accreta/increta/percreta) and placenta previa in succeeding pregnancies are of relevance. However, this risk should be weighed against fetal risk in vaginal delivery, especially intrauterine death and encephalopathy caused by intrapartum hypoxia as well as cerebral palsy amounting to 1/500. Pelvic floor damage after vaginal delivery can probably be reduced but not necessarily avoided by primary cesarean section. In summary, advantages and disadvantages of vaginal and abdominal delivery have to be weighed up carefully. Cesarean section performed by an experienced team with optimal equipment is accompanied by rather low risk. The obstetrician has to consider possible unlawfulness in cases of maternal request for cesarean section.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"2 3","pages":"93-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200800017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"97082876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abstinence-only sex education: potential developmental effects","authors":"Milton Diamond, Hazel G. Beh","doi":"10.1002/huon.200800018","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200800018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the United States the federal government has spent over $170 million annually to subsidize states and community organizations that provide abstinence-only sex education or abstinence until marriage sex education programs. Such an education not only stresses that abstinence until marriage is to be practiced but that any sexual activity outside of a monogamous heterosexual marriage is not only morally wrong but is the only way to prevent pregnancy or avoid developing a sexually transmitted disease. Any other method except for abstinence is said to fail. The government's decision was based on politics rather than science. Those who argue against abstinence-only instruction and for comprehensive sex education programs claim the current programs are not only ineffective but also dangerous to the children it is supposed to help and bad for society as a whole. Comprehensive sex education has been shown to increase preventive behaviors against unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and other sex-related complications. Many professional organizations have testified against continued funding for abstinence-only programs and for comprehensive instruction. Also, the large majority of parents of junior and senior high school students believe it is important that sex education be complete and cover such topics as birth control use, prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases, and contraception use and skills. It has evolved into a political debate to define American values. This essay is a commentary on this governmental conservative policy and the negative effect it has on students' mature development. The positive influences of comprehensive sex-education are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"2 3","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200800018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"112857311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genesis of sexual orientation: From Plato to Dörner","authors":"Michel Odent","doi":"10.1002/huon.200800011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/huon.200800011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Why do most human beings have a consistent preference for sexual relations with the opposite sex? Why do others have a consistent preference for sexual relations with their own sex? Why do others express some ambivalence about their partner's sex? Any study of heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality must start with questions about the genesis of sexual orientation. We are the only species where a substantial proportion of individuals is exclusively and consistently oriented towards their own sex. This essay attempts to exemplarily illustrate the past, present and future of research into the origins of sexual orientation, focusing on mechanisms which act during perinatal life.</p>","PeriodicalId":100613,"journal":{"name":"human_ontogenetics","volume":"2 3","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/huon.200800011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113319496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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