Green Technologies and Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"The effect of behavioral factors related to cashlessness on the perception of green finance","authors":"Adem Özbek ,&nbsp;Alper Veli Çam ,&nbsp;Şafak Sönmez Soydaş ,&nbsp;Abdulkadir Barut ,&nbsp;Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to examine the effects of behavioral factors shaping cashless payment behaviors in Turkey on green finance perception. The study focuses on subconscious factors such as functional benefit, economic benefit, psychological benefit, attitude toward technology, and perceived behavioral control. Data were collected from 520 participants aged 18 and older via an online survey and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that functional benefit, perceived behavioral control, and attitudes toward technology significantly and positively influence perceptions of green finance, while economic and psychological benefits do not have a significant effect on behavioral control. The results reveal that behavioral factors such as ease of use and attitudes toward technology play a more significant role in individuals’ adoption of cashless payment systems than rational economic gain expectations. The study contributes to the literature by showing that cashless payment behaviors contribute to the development of sustainable finance and environmental awareness. It also provides practical recommendations for policymakers and financial institutions on improving digital payment infrastructure and user experience to promote green finance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145652042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of cement–pozzolana–carbide slag binder and carbonation curing in concrete: A step towards carbon-neutrality","authors":"Jad Bawab ,&nbsp;Hilal El-Hassan ,&nbsp;Amr El-Dieb ,&nbsp;Jamal Khatib","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2026.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2026.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early carbonation curing is an effective approach to mitigate the environmental impacts of concrete. This is particularly valid when coupled with other strategies, such as substituting cement with alternative low-carbon materials. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to understanding the behavior of ternary blended cementitious concrete subjected to early carbonation curing. The main objective of this research is to assess the carbon storage potential, performance, and microstructure of carbonation-cured concrete incorporating volcanic ash (VA) and carbide slag (CS). The mixture design of experiments was utilized to evaluate and optimize the concrete mix design containing 60%–100% cement, 0%–40% VA, and 0%–40% CS and subjected to three carbonation schemes. The analysis revealed that setting the pre-curing and carbonation for 20 and 4 h, respectively, rendered the highest carbon uptake when incorporating up to 5% VA and up to 40% CS. The optimum 28-day compressive strength was achieved when the pre-curing and carbonation intervals were 4 and 20 h, respectively, with a binder incorporating up to 35% VA with no more than 5% CS. The microstructural analysis of the optimum mixes highlighted advanced calcite formation in mixes designed for maximum carbon uptake and 1-day strength. Meanwhile, the mixes designed for maximum 28-day performance underlined the coexistence of hydration and carbonation reaction products. The findings demonstrated that carbonation curing and the chemical composition of the ternary blended binder system influenced the properties and microstructure of carbonation-cured concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Sustainable biodegradable polymer volcanic stone, and palm waste composites with enhanced properties for waste upcycling and energy-efficient construction” [Green Technol. Sustain. 4 (2) (2026) 100326]","authors":"Noura Al Mazrouei ,&nbsp;Amged Elhassan ,&nbsp;Waleed Ahmed ,&nbsp;Ali H. Al-Marzouqi ,&nbsp;Essam Zaneldin","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of producing biodegradable paper from malt bagasse: Bridging waste valorization, material performance, and circular economics","authors":"Tyrone Fernando Alcivar-Reyna ,&nbsp;Sebastián Aaron Antón-Criollo ,&nbsp;Sandra Mirella Ronquillo Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2026.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2026.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The brewing industry generates large volumes of malt bagasse, an underutilized lignocellulosic residue that poses an environmental challenge and represents an opportunity for the circular economy. In the face of increasing pressure on forest resources for paper production, the valorization of agro-industrial waste as an alternative source of cellulosic fiber emerges as a sustainable strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of producing biodegradable paper from brewer’s spent grain using an alkaline pulping process with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The methodology included the collection and pretreatment of the bagasse, two-stage alkaline digestion (70 °C and 80 °C), morphological characterization of cellulose by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting paper (grammage, moisture content, ash content, porosity, tensile strength, and tear resistance). The results showed a high grammage (233 g/m²), low porosity in the paper samples (Average: 27.96 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>), ash content of 2.38%, maximum tensile stress of 2.26 MPa, elongation at break of 1.52%, and average tear resistance of 2.19 N—values comparable to those of commercial papers. Although the production cost at laboratory scale was high ($108.18/m²), the prospective analysis indicates that NaOH recovery (&gt;80%) and process scale-up could reduce it to $3.28/m², making it competitive. In conclusion, brewer’s spent grain constitutes a viable raw material for biodegradable paper production, aligned with circular economy principles, although further optimization is required to improve homogeneity, reduce ash content, and enable sustainable scale-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosorption of aqueous cadmium using chemically delignified lignocellulose from industrial hemp stalks: kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics","authors":"Junli Liu ,&nbsp;Chunhua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biosorbents present a cost-effective alternative to expensive fossil-based ion-exchange resins for addressing the challenge of heavy metal contamination in wastewater treatment. Among these contaminants, cadmium poses a significant health threat, even at low concentrations. This study investigated the potential of hemp stalks, processed through chemical treatment to remove lignin, as effective biosorbents for cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. This study examined the effects of initial pH, biosorbent dosage, cadmium concentration, temperature, and contact time on biosorption. The kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of biosorption were analyzed. Biosorbents before and after biosorption were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The findings indicate that the biosorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with intraparticle diffusion as the rate-limiting step. The maximum cadmium adsorption capacity of the biosorbent was determined to be 213.4 mg/g, according to Langmuir isotherm. Both kinetics and isotherms demonstrated cadmium biosorption was monolayer chemical adsorption. Furthermore, the biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, highlighting the potential of these biosorbents as cost-effective alternatives to synthetic sorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of steam sterilization of infectious medical waste on air quality in a building: A case study in Thailand","authors":"Nattaporn Chaiyat","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a novel system for managing air pollution produced during steam sterilization is presented. Steam sterilization technique is used to manage infectious medical waste into municipal waste under the Ministerial Regulations on the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. A novel treatment system is implemented with an R-22 vapor compression system (VCHP) with a cooling capacity of 5 TR, an autoclave of ECODAS-T1000, a carbon adsorption capacity exceeding 25 %wt, and a well insulator thickness of 75 mm. According to the energy results, the high performance of the air-to-air VCHP can be achieved at an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 4.64 kW<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>th</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>/kW<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. In terms of the air quality impact, the measurement data are collected under two declarations from the Department of Health, Thailand, in 2022 and the Department of Labor Protection and Welfare, Thailand, in 2017. Almost all the results are in accordance with the Thailand standards, except for four factors, including bacteria, fungi, particulate matter with a size of less than 2.<span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> (PM2.5) and particulate matter with a size of less than <span><math><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> (PM10). In the economic results, a high economic value is observed; the payback period is 5.466 y, the internal rate of return is 17.578%, and the levelized cost is 0.186 USD/kg<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>SW</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted interesterification method from coconut oil for biodiesel production via heterogeneous catalyst: Characterization and optimization","authors":"Lailatul Qadariyah,&nbsp;Mahfud Mahfud,&nbsp;Angga Adhi Nugraha,&nbsp;Muhammad Irfan Hanifa","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasound-assisted interesterification is a new approach for biodiesel production, and in this study, coconut oil was selected as the raw material to produce biodiesel using this technology. Therefore, this study aims to produce biodiesel from the reaction of coconut oil with ethyl acetate via ultrasound-assisted interesterification method with heterogeneous catalysts by characterization and optimization. This study begins by characterizing the eggshell CaO catalyst for 2 h at 900 °C through calcination. Next, the ultrasound-assisted interesterification process was conducted with the parameters of temperature (35 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C), molar ratio (1:6, 1:9, 1:12 w/w), and process time (1, 5, and 10 min). After obtaining biodiesel yield, physicochemical characteristics, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, and optimization of three parameters using Design Expert with face-centered central composite design type of 17 experimental designs were analyzed. The biodiesel composition products are fatty acid ethyl ester, triacetin, and diacetin were 21.69%, 1.09%, and 0.61% with density, viscosity, water content, acid value, and flash point of 0.961 g/mL; 5.902 cSt; 0.048%; 0.112 mg KOH/gr of oil; and 142 °C, respectively. The optimization results showed that the quadratic model was suggested with high precision (R<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9890</mn></mrow></math></span>) by obtaining a peak biodiesel yield of 81.17% with a temperature of 55 °C, molar ratio of 1:9.7 (w/w) and process time of 6.03 min.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secure and scalable power system event identification with renewable integration via federated LSTM and adaptive privacy mechanisms","authors":"Lei Su ,&nbsp;Kan Cao ,&nbsp;Haoyu Ma ,&nbsp;Wanli Feng ,&nbsp;Ruoshi Gu ,&nbsp;Junda Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The power system event detection process must accelerate and become more precise with increasing penetration of renewable energy systems into the grid. The authors discuss a federated learning LSTM (FL-LSTM) that serves as a secure detection system for distributed grid operations, keeping user data private. The federated model achieves better cross-grid generalization through the integration of system physical constraints, which operate under a physics-guided loss function that unites swing-equation consistency with ROCOF limits and frequency nadir bounds. To address privacy and noise sensitivity, we implement an adaptive differential privacy mechanism that modulates Gaussian noise per event stream based on event frequency, maintaining a global (<span><math><mi>ɛ</mi></math></span>, <span><math><mi>δ</mi></math></span>)-DP budget while preserving rare-event sensitivity. This facilitates improved event detection without compromising data privacy. Simulations on the modified IEEE 39-bus system with varying renewable levels show that, compared to benchmark LSTM using central SCADA/DC data, the federated model converges faster, identifies events more accurately, and requires less communication. It preserves its distributed nature, stays robust to unseen events, and proves to be a strong candidate for privacy-preserving event detection in renewable-rich power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of sustainable-oriented investor penetration in enhancing corporate carbon and energy efficiency: Evidence from China","authors":"Yunrong Li ,&nbsp;Chi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2026.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2026.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current research utilizes a firm-level panel dataset of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2020 to investigate how sustainable-oriented investor penetration (SIP) affects corporate carbon emission efficiency (CCEE). To describe the nature and degree of green investor participation, two dimensions of SIP are examined, namely, entry (SIPdum) and intensity (SIPnum). The empirical results indicate that SIP has a significant positive impact on carbon efficiency, be reflected in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. Findings are also strong between specifications and endogeneity. Also, the study highlights that green investors can achieve ecological and economic goals simultaneously by enhancing financial performance, in addition to increasing environmental benefits. The data are consistent with resource dependence theory and stakeholder theory, which propose that sustainability-oriented capital involvement leads to long-term value creation. This research advances the literature by offering micro-level evidence from an emerging market and by proposing policy recommendations to scale up green finance to support China’s low-carbon transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of flexural and split tensile strength of waste glass-concrete composite using machine learning algorithms","authors":"Derrick Mirindi ,&nbsp;David Sinkhonde ,&nbsp;Tajebe Bezabih ,&nbsp;Frederic Mirindi ,&nbsp;Oluwakemi Oshineye ,&nbsp;Patrice Mirindi","doi":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.grets.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Waste material, including glass, presents significant environmental challenges due to its non-biodegradable nature and low global recycling rates. Incorporating waste glass into concrete offers a sustainable solution, but predicting its effects on mechanical properties, particularly flexural (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) and split tensile (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) strengths, remains complex. This study utilizes machine learning (ML) algorithms (decision tree (DT), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), support vector regression (SVR), and gaussian process (GP)) to predict &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; strengths based on compressive strength (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), concrete age, and glass replacement percentage of glass-concrete composites. Thirteen experimental studies were utilized using secondary data. Results demonstrate that Pearson correlation analysis reveals strong interdependence among mechanical properties (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;-f&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;: 0.809-0.876, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;-f&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;: 0.927-0.948, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;-f&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;: 0.943-0.970), with negligible influence of glass type and moderate positive impact of replacement percentage. The ML algorithms each offer unique predictive strengths—most notably, XGBoost training model achieves near-perfect accuracy (with R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; equal to 0.9991). However, k-fold cross-validation revealed overfitting concerns limiting applicability to conventional concrete compositions. Non-parametric analyses reveal moderate &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; correlations (Spearman’s &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;ρ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5879&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, p=0.0739) and statistically significant &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;-f&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; relationships (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;ρ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6364&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, p=0.0479), while ML models achieve high predictive accuracy by","PeriodicalId":100598,"journal":{"name":"Green Technologies and Sustainability","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}