{"title":"Cross–coupling of alkenes with photocatalytic fluorination","authors":"Qixin Zhou, Tiancen Bian, Guocong Zhang, Liejin Zhou, Zuxiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advances in pharmaceutical and material science rely on the development of sustainable techniques for selective C–F bond formation, in which the unique properties of fluorine enhance metabolic stability and enable functional materials. Herein, we report a photocatalytic radical–polar crossover strategy that merges alkene cross-coupling with direct fluorination, enabling the synthesis of sp³ -rich fluorinated architectures under mild, energy-efficient conditions. In this method, abundant olefinic feedstocks and a green solvent (acetonitrile) are used to achieve precise regioselectivity while minimizing wastage, without using any harsh reagents. This versatile procedure can be used across diverse functional groups, pharmaceutically relevant heterocycles (<em>e.g.</em>, indoles), and bioactive alkenes, delivering fluorinated products in yields of up to 93%. By integrating fluorination with alkene coupling in a single photocatalytic manifold, this work addresses the prevalent challenges in terms of selectivity and scalability, offering a sustainable platform for synthesizing fluorinated scaffolds with a reduced environmental footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 190-194"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green CarbonPub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.greenca.2025.08.001
Ke Liu , Zhaolun Ma , Bingji Li , Mingjing Deng , Qiu Cui , Jing Wu , Longyang Dian
{"title":"Photoinduced α-C(sp3)–H functionalization of cyclic ethers via synergistic photocatalysis and HAT for efficient C–C bond formation","authors":"Ke Liu , Zhaolun Ma , Bingji Li , Mingjing Deng , Qiu Cui , Jing Wu , Longyang Dian","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The selective transformation of inert C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H bonds remains a significant challenge in modern organic synthesis. Herein, we report a photocatalytic strategy for achieving the efficient and selective C–H bond activation under mild conditions. Using di-<em>tert</em>-butyl peroxide (DTBP) as a dual-functional reagent, this protocol enables the generation of sp<sup>3</sup> carbon radical species of cyclic ethers, followed by radical addition to simple alkenes, including styrene, 4-phenyl-1-butene, and phenoxyallyl derivatives. Through the synergistic effect of photoexcitation and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), this strategy facilitates the construction of C–C bonds between cyclic ethers and unactivated alkenes, to yield highly functionalized ether skeletons. This approach aligns with the principles of green chemistry and extends the scope of photocatalysis in complex molecular synthesis, providing valuable insights for related photocatalytic oxidative coupling reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 238-243"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148394681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green CarbonPub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.greenca.2025.10.007
Weiqiang Zhang, Mingfang Zhou, Xinyu Tian, Biqiang Chen, Kai Wang, Yanhui Liu
{"title":"Towards a green future: Advances in biological carbon fixation strategies","authors":"Weiqiang Zhang, Mingfang Zhou, Xinyu Tian, Biqiang Chen, Kai Wang, Yanhui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased global carbon emissions have heightened the urgency to address climate change, necessitating innovative strategies for carbon sequestration. Biological carbon fixation has emerged as a promising strategy owing to its environmental compatibility and economic potential. An extensive analysis of recent advancements in biological carbon fixation technologies is reviewed herein, focusing on optimization strategies for natural, artificial, and coupled carbon fixation pathways. Integration of biological systems with electrochemical and photochemical methods to enhance carbon capture efficiency has been highlighted. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain in upscaling these technologies for industrial applications. Moreover, the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) for optimizing enzyme engineering, metabolic pathway design, and bioreactor systems for industrial-scale carbon fixation was explored. The future of biological carbon fixation can be driven by overcoming these bottlenecks using innovative hybrid systems, advanced enzyme engineering, and AI-driven optimization. Such advances will enable biological carbon fixation to play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change and fostering a circular, green economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 198-212"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Designing an intracellular biohybrid system for malate and bioelectricity production in Escherichia coli","authors":"Guangjie Liang, Kaifang Liu, Jia Liu, Liming Liu, Cong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of bioelectricity and chemicals from low-cost raw materials using photosynthetic biohybrid systems is a promising approach for sustainable development. However, the practical application of such systems is limited by narrow wavelength absorption ranges and the addition of sacrificial electron donors. In this study, an intracellular biohybrid system (IBS), which demonstrated good light absorption in the near-infrared spectrum and eliminated the addition of sacrificial electron donors, was biologically constructed <em>via</em> genetic engineering. As proof of concept, the IBS was employed to promote bioelectricity generation, resulting in sustained output for 96 h with the maximum power density and output voltage reaching 314.8 mW/m<sup>2</sup> and 252.4 mV, respectively. Furthermore, the system facilitated the regeneration of reducing equivalents to enhance malate synthesis, achieving a production of 28.5 g/L in a 5-L fermenter. These results highlight the feasibility of manipulating IBSs to improve the efficacy of microbial manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 213-221"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria drive transformation and release of phosphorus in phosphorus-enriched sludge biochar: Efficacy validation and multifaceted mechanisms","authors":"Sihui Yang, Yifei Wang, Jiayi Yuan, Bing Tian, Xiaolin Xu, Pengfei Cheng, Artem Yurevich Manyakhin, Lina Wei, Jianhua Fan, Xiongfang An","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorus (P) is an essential non-renewable nutrient; however, its inefficient recovery from sewage sludge leads to considerable losses. Although phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can convert insoluble P into bioavailable forms, their application is limited by poor colonization and stress tolerance. In this study, a biochar-microbe composite (PSB1@PBC) was prepared by immobilizing PSB <em>Raoultella ornithinolytica</em> (PSB1) on P-enriched sludge biochar (PBC) to enhance P transformation and release. PSB1@PBC improved P release and bacterial survival, with cell density 1.51 times that of free-living cells. Hedley sequential extraction showed a decrease in stable HCl-P from 13.20% to 8.90%, whereas bioavailable NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-P increased by 1.96%. P release followed a biphasic pattern, characterized by an initial rapid phase (0–4 days) followed by a slow and stable phase, peaking at 26.80 mg/g (17.5 times that of unmodified PBC) after 4 days. This improvement is attributed to three synergistic mechanisms: (i) microbial acidification <em>via</em> malonic acid secretion, which promotes mineral-bound P dissolution; (ii) enzymatic mineralization, which increases phosphatase activity to hydrolyze organic P; and (iii) chelation-assisted dissolution through siderophore production. The release of P shifted from slow chemical dissolution in PBC to rapid microbial solubilization in PSB1@PBC, with biochar transport becoming the rate-limiting step. This study demonstrated a sustainable strategy for P recovery, highlighting the potential of PSB1@PBC to enhance nutrient cycling and agricultural sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 158-168"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green CarbonPub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.greenca.2025.11.007
Adrián Martínez Gómez-Aldaraví, Francisco Javier Escobar-Bedia, Raquel Simancas, Toru Wakihara, Cristina Martínez, Manuel Moliner
{"title":"Tuning metal encapsulation in zeolites: Impact of crystal downsizing on liquid-phase hydrogenation reactions","authors":"Adrián Martínez Gómez-Aldaraví, Francisco Javier Escobar-Bedia, Raquel Simancas, Toru Wakihara, Cristina Martínez, Manuel Moliner","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pt- and Pd-encapsulated pure-silica MFI zeolites with tunable crystal sizes (80–350 nm) were synthesized by controlling the hydrothermal process temperature (80–175 °C). This approach enabled the systematic modulation of the textural and diffusional properties of the resulting materials. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the encapsulation of metals within the zeolite frameworks of varying crystal sizes. The impact of crystal size on catalytic behavior was evaluated through the selective liquid-phase hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, using it as a model reaction to assess diffusion constraints. Pd-MFI with smaller crystals exhibited markedly higher activity and selectivity toward styrene compared with its larger-crystal counterparts, underscoring the critical role of tailored textural and diffusional properties in catalyst design. However, nanocrystalline materials with larger external surfaces underwent partial metal sintering under liquid-phase conditions. Strategies to mitigate sintering, such as controlling structural defects or applying protective surface coatings, are essential for further improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances and treaty towards greener and safer plastics","authors":"Bo-Tao Zhang , Ke Zhang , Kesong Zhu , Xinxin Guo , Hangzheng Zhao , Xuerui Niu , Haoqi Yang , Weifeng Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastics play an irreplaceable and indispensable role in modern societies, leading to a rapid increase in plastic waste and its associated adverse impacts on climate change, ecosystems, and human health. Herein, issues related to plastic pollution and advances in sustainability efforts are proposed based on the articles published in the last decade. The progress of intergovernmental negotiating committee meetings for a global plastics treaty is summarized, and particular attention is paid to the second part of the fifth session (INC-5.2) in Geneva. Prospects and challenges are also presented to urge cooperation and innovations among the industry, academia and policy-makers towards greener and safer plastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 107-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green CarbonPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.greenca.2025.01.002
Xi Sun , Shiqi Luo , Shutian Kong , Guosheng Xin , Tao Chen , Feng Li , Hao Song , Zhiwen Wang
{"title":"Construction of Shewanella oneidensis chassis for unbalanced fermentation with glycerol by adaptive laboratory evolution","authors":"Xi Sun , Shiqi Luo , Shutian Kong , Guosheng Xin , Tao Chen , Feng Li , Hao Song , Zhiwen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Shewanella oneidensis</em> MR-1 is an electrochemically active bacterium with high potential for use in unbalanced fermentation. However, its efficiency in bioelectricity production using cheap substrates such as glycerol is limited. In this study, the ES3–16 evolved strain of <em>Shewanella oneidensis</em> was developed by adaptive laboratory evolution and exhibited an excellent ability to generate bioelectricity from glycerol with an electricity production efficiency of 502.1 ± 13.9 mW/m<sup>2</sup>. The evolved strain with an acetoin-producing vector co-produced 473.3 ± 21.2 mg/L acetoin and generated a power density of 1269.6 ± 19.7 mW/m<sup>2</sup> by unbalanced fermentation. Mutational analysis showed that increased glycerol utilization and altered cell morphology are vital for improving the bioelectricity synthesis capacity of <em>S. oneidensis</em>. Analysis of the genetic basis of the evolved strains provides important guidance for the efficient utilization of glycerol and unbalanced fermentation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 96-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green CarbonPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.greenca.2025.02.009
Fanping Wang, Bingqing Wang, Tianyu Zhang, Junfeng Liu
{"title":"Electrochemical CO2 reduction to C3+ products: A review","authors":"Fanping Wang, Bingqing Wang, Tianyu Zhang, Junfeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A possible pathway to achieve carbon neutrality is the production of high-value-added multicarbon chemicals <em>via</em> electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction reaction (CO<sub>2</sub>RR). This review highlights recent advances in CO<sub>2</sub>RR for C<sub>3+</sub> chemical production, emphasizing electrode design and electrocatalytic system optimization. We also explore a tandem system where CO<sub>2</sub>RR to CO occurs, followed by CO to C<sub>3+</sub> chemicals, as CO can be easily produced by electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction with high production rates and nearly 100% selectivity. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the systems that meet the following criteria: utilizing CO<sub>2</sub>/CO as the carbon source, completely or partially employing electrocatalysis, and producing C<sub>3+</sub> chemicals. This review showcases a new outlook on the main challenges and forthcoming prospects in this research field, opening new opportunities for the innovative utilization of CO<sub>2</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 12-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green CarbonPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-07-25DOI: 10.1016/j.greenca.2025.06.002
Aljaž Škrjanc , Nataša Zabukovec Logar
{"title":"Facile functionalization of ZIF–8 via mechanochemical post-synthetic linker exchange for improved CO2 capture performance","authors":"Aljaž Škrjanc , Nataša Zabukovec Logar","doi":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greenca.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective CO<sub>2</sub> capture is one of the crucial prerequisites for successful carbon management. The development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their subgroup, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), have emerged as prominent materials in CO<sub>2</sub> capture research. Among these, the most widely studied and utilized ZIF is the zinc 2-methylimidazolate with sodalite topology known as ZIF–8. Despite its exceptionally high porosity and stability under hydrothermal and chemical conditions, ZIF–8 has shown limited utility as a CO<sub>2</sub> adsorbent due to its low uptake capacity. This limitation is primarily attributed to the absence of polar functional groups in the framework, reducing interactions between the framework and CO<sub>2</sub>. With the growing interest in mechanochemistry for the synthesis of reticular materials, we explored the incorporation of linkers with polar groups using mechanical forces. Initially, we focused on a system based on ZIF–8 and imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde as polar exchange linker. The optimal conditions, which achieved linker exchange of up to 63% within 15 min, were subsequently tested with four additional imidazole linkers with 4-carbaldehyde, hydroxide, and chloride functional groups. The synthesized materials were evaluated as CO<sub>2</sub> sorbents, and further experimental evidence was found for the significance of the position of the polar functional group in the imidazolate ring for CO<sub>2</sub> sorption in sodalite ZIFs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100595,"journal":{"name":"Green Carbon","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}