Energy Storage and Saving最新文献

{"title":"Engineering-oriented framework for efficient sensible heat storage material screening in packed-bed TES systems","authors":"Meng-Jie Li,&nbsp;Ming-Jia Li,&nbsp;Zhao-Ting Wang,&nbsp;Zhan-Bin Liu,&nbsp;Rui-Long Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Packed-bed thermal energy storage (TES) offers a promising solution for large-scale, high-temperature sensible heat applications. However, the pre-selection of storage materials remains a persistent challenge, owing to the wide diversity of candidate solids and the computational intensity of detailed simulations. In this study, a simplified, physics-informed framework was developed for engineering-oriented screening of sensible heat storage materials in packed-bed TES systems. An application-driven performance metric—<em>q</em>_<em>v</em>_,ave, the average volumetric heat-transfer rate per unit temperature difference—is introduced. The analysis revealed that enhancing the thermal conductivity (<em>λ</em>_s) of the storage material improves <em>q_v</em>_,ave, but only up to a distinct critical threshold. Beyond this critical <em>λ</em>_s value, further thermal conductivity enhancement yields diminishing returns with negligible improvement in <em>q_v</em>_,ave. This crucial observation underpins the development of a practical engineering matching diagram, which delineates the optimal (or necessary) <em>λ</em>_s ranges for storage materials compatible with different heat transfer fluids. Additionally, to further enhance the heat transfer performance of the sensible heat storage sphere while accounting for the pressure drop and practical constraints, a three-step engineering selection framework was proposed. This framework integrates the application requirement definition, candidate material screening (leveraging the matching diagram), and particle size design, thereby facilitating rapid and efficient material selection for packed-bed TES engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 3","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic modeling of non-equiatomic TiVNbCrAl-based lightweight refractory high-entropy alloys (LWRHEAs) for hydrogen storage applications","authors":"Ayotunde O. Aluko,&nbsp;Tien-Chien Jen,&nbsp;Sisa Pityana,&nbsp;Fredrick M. Mwema,&nbsp;Rasheedat Mahamood,&nbsp;Esther T. Akinlabi","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen, as a clean alternative energy carrier, is a key element in the global energy transition with great potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of transportation and other sectors. In this context, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising candidates for hydrogen storage. Among them, refractory body-centered cubic (BCC)-based HEAs have demonstrated exceptional storage properties, achieving hydrogen-to-metal ratios up to 2.0 H/M, which motivates research into novel systems under moderate conditions. However, their practical application is hindered by thermodynamic and kinetic limitations, such as low-pressure conditions, difficult activation, high hydride stabilities, and consequently, high desorption temperatures. In this study, four lightweight refractory HEAs (LWRHEAs)—Ti₃₃V₃₃Nb₁₄Cr₁₀Al₁₀, Ti₃₀V₃₀Nb₁₆Cr₁₂Al₁₂, Ti₂₇V₂₇Nb₁₈Cr₁₄Al₁₄ and Ti₂₄V₂₄Nb₂₀Cr₁₆Al₁₆—were selected from eight candidates that satisfied empirical phase criteria and were predicted to form a single BCC solid solution; their hydrogen-storage properties were then systematically characterized. Pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) curves revealed an unusually high hydrogen uptake of ∼2.0 H/M at 25 and 100 °C. The equilibrium plateau pressure increased steadily with composition, reaching nearly 1 bar for Ti₂₄V₂₄Nb₂₀Cr₁₆Al₁₆. Gravimetric capacity indicated a small, marginal variation with Nb/Cr/Al additions ranging from 3.60 to 3.68 wt% as the valence electron concentration (VEC) value increases, showing a remarkable capacity not commonly reported in BCC-based alloys. This study provides important insights into the compositional tuning of TiV-based BCC HEAs, demonstrating the effective synergy of Al/Cr additions with increased niobium (Nb) content, and thereby offers guidance for the design of novel LWRHEAs for advanced hydrogen storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 3","pages":"Article 100148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149199385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal energy storage capacity configuration for PV-energy storage charging stations driven by PV-charging dual variables","authors":"Xifeng Guo,&nbsp;Yizhou Chen,&nbsp;Yi Ning,&nbsp;Di Zheng,&nbsp;Wenzhuo Cong","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate optimization of energy storage capacity is critical for improving the economic efficiency and operational reliability of photovoltaic (PV)-energy storage charging stations. However, this task remains challenging owing to the intermittent nature of PV generation, uncertainties in electric vehicle charging behavior, and the limitations of conventional optimization approaches. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel method for energy storage capacity optimization driven by dual uncertainty factors from both PV generation and charging demand. Specifically, a temporal fusion adaptive density peak clustering (TFA-DPC) algorithm was developed to extract spatiotemporal patterns of PV output, overcoming the subjectivity of traditional DPC manual truncation decisions via adaptive distance optimization and time-order constraints, while improving clustering validity. Meanwhile, a multivariate hybrid proposal importance sampling model captures localized charging behaviors, achieving 34.37% faster convergence than the Monte Carlo methods by integrating gamma–beta composite distributions. Furthermore, an enhanced black-winged kite algorithm incorporating logistic dynamic mechanisms and northern goshawk search strategies balances exploration-exploitation trade-offs for capacity optimization. Case studies demonstrate that optimal storage capacities of 500, 600, and 800 kWh achieve daily profit of 2,920.9, 2,575.8, and 2,185.1 CNY—surpassing the benchmark algorithms by 2.2%, 1.8%, and 0.6%, respectively, while significantly smoothing power exchange fluctuations and reducing charge-discharge cycles. This approach provides a reliable, data-driven solution for planning PV-energy storage charging stations in high-fluctuation scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 3","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of collector geometry on the performance of a solar air heater system under forced and natural air circulation processes","authors":"Mothana M. Mohamed Salih,&nbsp;Mohd Azmi Ismail,&nbsp;Omar Rafae Alomar,&nbsp;Khaled Ali Mohammad Al-Attab","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experimental study investigated the thermal performance of three distinct external geometries of a single-pass solar air heater under simulated natural convection (ultra-low fan-assisted flow) and forced convection conditions to identify the best-performing among them. Rectangular, trapezoidal, and novel hybrid collectors were selected. Experiments were conducted under actual winter climatic conditions in Iraq. Key performance indicators, including inlet air and outlet air temperatures and the temperatures of the absorber plate and glass cover, were measured to evaluate thermal efficiency and energy yield. The results revealed that the hybrid model consistently outperformed the other designs in terms of thermal efficiency and reduced thermal losses. During peak solar radiation hours at 1:00 PM, the instantaneous thermal efficiency ranged from 31% under simulated natural convection to 52% under forced convection. Accounting for fan power consumption, the hybrid collector achieved a daily effective efficiency of 47.7% at a mass flow rate of 0.01847 kg·s⁻¹, compared with 43.3% for the rectangular model and 38.4% for the trapezoidal model. Under simulated natural convection, the maximum outlet air temperature reached 66.6 °C at 2:00 PM, whereas under forced convection at 0.01847 kg·s⁻¹, it reached 37.5 °C. The hybrid model also demonstrated the lowest calculated apparent thermal-loss values, recording 27.2 W under simulated natural convection at sunset and 4.2 W at the highest airflow rate. These findings demonstrate that optimizing the external geometry of solar air heaters can significantly enhance performance without the complexity of extended surfaces, offering a simpler design strategy with a more favorable material-cost-to-efficiency ratio under the tested conditions. This study provides a valuable foundation for future developments, including refined internal geometries, the integration of thermal storage media, and coupling with industrial waste-heat sources, thereby supporting the development of more efficient and adaptable solar heating systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 3","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical investigation on using hydrogen as a fuel additive to a spark-ignition engine fueled by a gasoline-methanol blend","authors":"Amr Ibrahim,&nbsp;Hadi Nahle","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using alcohols and hydrogen as renewable alternative fuels for gasoline engines can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and decrease emissions. The objective of this study was to numerically evaluate the performance and combustion characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fueled by gasoline, a gasoline-methanol blend with a methanol proportion of 20% by mass (M20), and different M20-hydrogen mixtures with hydrogen proportions ranging from 5% to 15%. The engine spark timing, speed, and excess air factor (λ) were optimized under the engine full-load operational condition. It was demonstrated that adding methanol to gasoline significantly increased the engine brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). However, fuel consumption was greatly reduced when hydrogen was utilized as a fuel additive in the gasoline-methanol blend. In addition, the engine brake power increased when methanol and hydrogen are used as fuel additives to gasoline, causing a small change in the engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The maximum heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure increased when the hydrogen proportion in the M20-hydrogen blend increased from 5% to 15%. However, the variation in the combustion period was not significant. The optimum engine performance was achieved when the engine operated with a spark timing of 10° before top dead center, a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture, and a speed of 2,000 rpm. The blend of M20 with 15% hydrogen was the optimum investigated fuel because its use generated the lowest engine BSFC associated with high engine brake power and BTE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 3","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149204960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and challenges in porous electrodes of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with enhanced mass transport performance: from ordered structures to integrated structures","authors":"Heng Lu,&nbsp;Xueliang Wang,&nbsp;Zhiguo Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An ultrahigh power density requires proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to operate stably with a high output voltage at an elevated current density, which enhances the mass transport efficiency of the porous electrodes. Conventional PEMFC electrodes, especially the cathode electrode, suffer from limited catalyst utilization and sluggish mass transport owing to their random pore structure and tortuous transport pathways. Systematic optimizations of the electrode components and structures are well recognized as an effective strategy for addressing the corresponding mass transport limitations and challenges. In this review, recent advancements in improving the mass transport efficiency and PEMFC performance at high current density through the optimization of electrode structure are comprehensively evaluated, specifically focusing on the ordered structures and integration of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and catalyst layer (CL). The key mechanisms of oxygen transport resistance in the GDL and CL were firstly explored, which provided a theoretical basis for the structural design and fabrication of porous electrodes with enhanced mass transport efficiency. Strategies for enhancing the mass transport efficiency of GDL, including the proposal of gas-liquid separation through wettability gradient design, oxygen distribution uniformity enhancement via ordered pore structure, and controllable nanostructure manipulation through electrospinning techniques, are summarized. Meanwhile, strategies for synergistically boosting oxygen mobility and catalyst utilization in CL are mainly focused on precise manipulations of hierarchical pore structures, ordered array nanostructures, and fiber arrangement architectures. Moreover, an integrated electrode was proposed to enhance the mass transport efficiency by reducing the tortuous transport pathways. For instance, an integrated GDL-free design can reduce oxygen transport resistance by 55% and concentration loss by 88.6%, resulting in a 43% increase in power density at 0.6 V. Finally, the potential advantage of porous electrode with ordered and integrated structure is discussed, and the integration of porous electrode and porous flow field is presented to provide guidance for the further development and commercialization of the next-generation PEMFCs with ultrahigh power density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 3","pages":"Article 100146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on recent development and applications of nano-enhanced phase change material in thermal management system","authors":"Sanjeev Kumar Gupta,&nbsp;Soni Kumari,&nbsp;Ajay Pratap Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global efforts have focused on innovative energy storage and management solutions, thermal energy storage (TES) systems have emerged as a key area of interest, driven by the unique capacity of phase change materials (PCMs) to efficiently store and release thermal energy during phase changes. However, traditional PCMs suffer from low thermal conductivity, supercooling, and phase segregation, which limit their practical application. This review explores recent advancements in nano-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCMs), which integrate nanoparticles such as metal oxides (e.g., Al₂O₃ and CuO), carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene and carbon nano tubes), and hybrid nanostructures to overcome these limitations. Despite significant progress, a research gap persists in addressing nanoparticle agglomeration, long-term stability, and scalability for widespread adoption. The purpose of this evaluation was to consolidate recent developments, focusing on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of NEPCMs in thermal energy management systems. The objective was to evaluate how nanoparticles enhance PCM thermophysical properties while pinpointing obstacles and potential pathways for future research. The novelty of this review lies in consolidating the advancements in NEPCM synthesis, characterization, and applications, highlighting diverse nanomaterials and preparation techniques to enhance the thermophysical properties while identifying scalable, sustainable solutions for thermal management systems.The review concludes that NEPCMs significantly improve thermal performance, with examples such as 5 wt.% graphene nanoplatelets increasing thermal conductivity by 336% in bio-based PCMs and 1% SiO₂-Al₂O₃ enhancing specific heat by 57% in NaNO₃-KNO₃. However, challenges such as cost-effectiveness and environmental impact necessitate further research on hybrid nanostructures and bio-based PCMs for sustainable and scalable TES solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 2","pages":"Article 100138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148572694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parametric investigation on shell-side thermohydraulic performance in spiral-wound heat exchangers","authors":"Baojun Wang,&nbsp;Xiaolong Bi,&nbsp;Nannan Sun,&nbsp;Xuejiao Zhang,&nbsp;Tianhao Wang,&nbsp;Qiuwang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spiral-wound heat exchangers (SWHEs) exhibit high heat transfer efficiency, high-pressure resistance, and excellent thermal compensation capabilities. However, owing to the complex structure on shell-side SWHEs, it is challenging to determine precise structural design and structural optimization. In the present study, numerical simulation was employed to achieve the flow and temperature distributions on the shell-side SWHE, and the thermohydraulic mechanisms were analyzed. The effects of the spiral tube outer diameter, tube bundle radial interlayer spacing, spiral tube winding angle, and axial spacing between the tubes on the SWHE performance were investigated. The results indicate that both the temperature and velocity distributions of the shell-side fluid in the SWHEs exhibit non-uniform characteristics. Meanwhile, the heat transfer coefficient on the shell-side SWHE increased with the spiral tube outer diameter, whereas the pressure drop was rarely affected by the outer diameter. Furthermore, increasing the tube bundle radial interlayer spacing and axial spacing between pipes in the same layer simultaneously reduces the shell-side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. As the winding angle increased, the shell-side heat transfer coefficient increased to a peak value and then declined, whereas the pressure loss showed a linearly decreasing trend.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 2","pages":"Article 100136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical and economic assessment of a hybrid solar PV-grid geothermal system in arid climates","authors":"Yousef Gharbia,&nbsp;Javad Farrokhi Derakhshandeh","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the implementation of a combined geothermal and solar energy system tailored for space conditioning in arid climates, with Kuwait serving as the principal case study. The proposed system incorporates a water-source geothermal heat pump system coupled with a vertical borehole ground heat exchanger (VBGHE), supported by a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with an electrical grid. The design is intended to serve a six-story residential building comprising two-bedroom apartments, where each unit is equipped with two geothermal heat pumps operating in conjunction with VBGHEs to maintain indoor temperatures of 22 °C during winter and 26 °C in summer. The performance of the system was assessed numerically by analyzing PV-grid hybrid configurations, both with and without battery storage components. To optimize thermal energy use and cost-effectiveness, TRNSYS 18 was used for detailed thermal simulations, while hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) Pro software was employed for comprehensive techno-economic analysis. The results demonstrate that the annual cooling demand of the apartment complex is significantly higher than its heating demand. Among the evaluated configurations, the hybrid PV-grid system without energy storage emerged as the most viable solution, supplying 55.7% of the electrical load through solar PV and the remaining 44.3% from the grid. This configuration reduced the total annual energy costs by 80%, achieving a competitive levelized cost of energy (COE) of 0.077 USD·kWh⁻¹ and a net present cost of 22,280 USD, with a 4.1% return on investment and a 12-year payback period. Furthermore, the hybrid system reduced CO₂ emissions by 2,100 kg·year⁻¹. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the proposed system maintains a significantly lower COE than grid-supplied electricity across all scenarios, including the least favorable conditions. Beyond these economic advantages, the system provides substantial environmental benefits through measurable reductions in CO₂ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 2","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inertial delay-based performance model for regenerative vehicle dampers","authors":"Subhankar Chakraborty,&nbsp;Santanu Sharma,&nbsp;Rupam Goswami","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive mathematical model of a regenerative dual-clutch rack and pinion (DCRP) damper for automotive applications, emphasizing the impact of system delay on energy recovery. Unlike conventional hydraulic dampers, the DCRP system offers energy regeneration capabilities, which are inherently limited by inertial system delay. The model identifies a trade-off between ride comfort and regeneration, where high-frequency excitation can lead to instability and discomfort due to the sixth-order unstable nature of the system. Simulation results demonstrate that an increase in delay angle by 10° reduces the regeneration bandwidth by 3 mHz, and the critical frequency beyond which the damper behaves like a traditional hydraulic damper drops by 2.95 mHz. Additionally, with every 1 Ω rise in external resistance, the damping sensitivity decreases linearly by 16.90 N·rad^-1·Hz^-1. The fraction of energy recovered primarily depends on the inertial delay parameter (α), which is material-dependent, and the external load resistance (<em>R_e</em>), which can be tuned electronically for adaptive control. Validation against experimental energy fraction data confirms the model's reliability despite minor mechanical losses and gear backlash. This work highlights the importance of optimizing delay and resistance parameters in DCRP damper design to balance energy harvesting and vehicle stability. The findings serve as a foundation for developing advanced regenerative suspension systems, especially in electric vehicles where energy efficiency is a paramount.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"5 2","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}