Energy Storage and Saving最新文献

{"title":"Performance analysis of phase change material (PCM) integrated conical cavity receiver in solar parabolic dish collector","authors":"Yogesh N. Nandanwar,&nbsp;Pramod V. Walke","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for sustainable energy has driven advancements in solar thermal technologies, particularly in solar parabolic dish collectors (PDCs). The performance of a PDC depends on the absorption of solar irradiance and heat loss through the receiver. Furthermore, to address the problems of solar intermittency and lack of irradiance after sunset requires thermal energy storage. Consequently, an appropriate design of the receiver is necessary for maximizing the performance of the PDC. This study investigated the incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) into conical cavity receivers to enhance the thermal energy storage and efficiency of PDCs. To examine this, a comparative experimental analysis was conducted on a PCM-filled conical receiver and a conventional cylindrical receiver under identical operating conditions. The methodology involved measuring key performance metrics, such as the thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, Nusselt number, and heat transfer coefficients, across varying flow rates of the heat transfer fluid. The results demonstrated that the PCM-integrated conical receiver achieved a 42% increase in the thermal efficiency and a 31% improvement in the exergy efficiency compared to the cylindrical design. The capacity of the conical receiver for intercepting solar radiation and PCM integration contributed to superior heat transfer performance, particularly at higher flow rates, as evidenced by the elevated Nusselt numbers and convection heat transfer coefficients. These findings highlight the potential of PCM-integrated conical receivers for mitigating the challenges of intermittent solar irradiance and enhancing the reliability and sustainability of solar thermal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 166-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study on the pressure uniformity of symmetric working chambers in a scroll compressor for electric vehicle thermal systems","authors":"Haoyu Hu ,&nbsp;Shentong He ,&nbsp;Xiang Yin ,&nbsp;Yulong Song ,&nbsp;Xu Yang ,&nbsp;Feng Cao ,&nbsp;Min Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a core component of thermal systems in electric vehicles, the scroll compressor plays a crucial role in energy saving and emission reduction by enhancing its performance. The uniformity of pressure within the symmetrical working chambers of the scroll compressor significantly affected the work efficiency. This study utilizes computational fluid dynamics simulation technology to investigate methods for improving the uniformity of pressure within the symmetrical working chambers of a scroll compressor. First, the axial clearance on one side was calculated for the first time. The results indicate that when the axial clearance was located at the top of the orbiting scroll, the maximum pressure difference in the symmetrical working chambers decreased from 1.21 MPa to 0.83 MPa. Second, the groove at the beginning of the orbiting scroll can significantly enhance pressure uniformity. Under the calculation model provided in this paper, the average power of the scroll compressor can be reduced by 232.58 W, a reduction of 17.39%, through the groove. Finally, this study presents matching principles for the design of the groove and exhaust ports to ensure that both working chambers are simultaneously connected to the exhaust port. When the diameter of the exhaust port was reduced, and the size of the exhaust port did not match the groove, under the low-pressure-ratio working condition, the maximum pressure difference of the compressor increased by 0.20 MPa, and the average power increased by 158.95 W. The above conclusions have a significant reference value for improving the performance of scroll compressors and extending the driving range of electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 157-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive application of phase change materials (PCMs) for the Trombe wall: a review","authors":"Shiqiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Mengjie Song ,&nbsp;Kui Shan ,&nbsp;A. Ghani Razaqpur ,&nbsp;Jinhui Jeanne Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaotong Zhu ,&nbsp;Sirui Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive sustainable buildings are crucial for mitigating the energy crisis and addressing global warming by effectively reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and maximizing solar-energy utilization. This is particularly significant considering the energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems. The Trombe wall system is regarded as one of the most effective passive building technologies owing to its potential ability to store and release thermal energy to reduce temperature fluctuations and improve thermal comfort. More importantly, these effects can be enhanced by employing appropriate storage materials, particularly phase change materials (PCMs), owing to their unique thermal properties: high heat-storage capacity within narrow temperature variations. Therefore, this study reviews the passive application of PCMs to Trombe walls developed over the last 40 years. This study summarizes the PCM thermal-energy storage mechanism, classification, and encapsulation and provides a comprehensive list of different PCMs appropriate for Trombe walls in the laboratory or on the market. This work also provides a comprehensive and updated review of PCM Trombe wall configurations, including passive heating and passive hybrid (cooling and heating) configurations. Based on the review results, the main directions for future studies are established and proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 195-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic multicriteria optimization of household heating and cooling system for reusing fuel-cell waste heat at optimal thermodynamic conditions while considering climatic effects","authors":"Sara Azamian","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy system structures are evolving toward increasing cost benefits, efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Achieving these goals is contingent upon the utilization of renewables. Energy storage is the primary challenge associated with renewable energy. Hydrogen and fuel cells are key in addressing these issues. Iran demonstrates significant renewable-energy potential; however, only a small fraction of this potential is currently utilized. Furthermore, the country’s energy system is inefficient. Thus, a feasible plan for creating a sustainable energy system that reliably includes renewables must be developed. The household heating and cooling system is a good starting point. The required model must be dynamic and consider climatic effects, which have not been sufficiently addressed in previous studies conducted in Iran. In this study, the optimal thermodynamic variables, output power, and waste heat for different fuel-cell capacities are first determined by solving a nonlinear model. Subsequently, through a dynamic multicriteria optimization of household heating–cooling systems, the optimal system configurations for 10 years across five different case studies in various climates in Iran are determined. The objective function is to minimize the total costs, which include technology, energy, raw material, and social costs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a fuel-cell technology to satisfy the energy demands of household heating and cooling systems based on case studies. However, reusing waste heat is only practical in hot and humid climates because of the low heating demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 179-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A brief review on analysis and recent development of parabolic trough collector","authors":"Bappa Mondal ,&nbsp;Ambarish Maji","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, conventional energy sources, such as coal and petroleum, are gradually being depleted because of their excessive usage and atmospheric pollution. Therefore, alternative energy sources have been discovered to reduce pollution and satisfy escalating energy needs. This type of energy can be harnessed from natural sources, and it is known as renewable energy. Solar energy is a renewable energy source. The most common method for accumulating solar energy is the use of solar collectors. Based on the accumulation method, solar collectors can be divided into focused and concentrated. Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) are a of concentrating solar collector in which a solar beam is reflected by a parabolic reflector and accumulates at the outer surface of the absorber tube. The fluid flowing through the inner surface of the tube carries heat and either stores it or uses it for different purposes, such as cooking, industrial heating, and room heating. Many studies have assessed PTC system performance. The performance of a PTC depends on different factors, such as the collector surface, collector material, receiving tube, type of fluid carrying the heat, incident angle, and wind load. Many have been conducted to improve these parameters and PTC efficiency. Moreover, the use of metal foam absorbers in the receiver tube reduces heat loss by 45%. Molten salt as a heat -transfer fluid results in 70.5% increase in thermal efficiency, and Cu nano-fluid yields a 5% increase in receiver efficiency. In addition, tubes exhibit 25% higher performance than steel tubes. The modified fiber-glass-reinforced PTC exhibits 70% efficiency. In addition, graphene oxide nanofluid has been considered the best fluid to enhance photovoltaic thermal performance. This paper presents a brief review of the various techniques and findings of relevant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 123-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing greylag goose optimization for efficient MPPT and seven-level inverter in renewable energy systems","authors":"K. Rajaram,&nbsp;R. Kannan","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to the significant increase in energy consumption, contemporary power systems are transitioning to a new standard characterized by enhanced access to renewable energy sources (RESs). RESs require interfaces to regulate the power generation. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique employed in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to modify operational parameters to ensureoptimal extraction of power from solar panels. MPPT operates under fluctuating conditions such as sunlight intensity and temperature. An inverter is a device that transforms a direct current into a sinusoidal alternating current. A multilevel inverter (MLI) can be utilized for RESs in two distinct modes: power-generating mode (stand-alone mode) and compensator mode (STATCOM). Limited research has been conducted on the optimization of controller gains in response to variations in a single phase load, particularly reactive load variations, across several scenarios. This load may exhibit an imbalance; hence, a more robust optimization approach must be used to address this problem. This study presents a control system that incorporates an optimized auxiliary MPPT controller for a seven-level inverter. The system uses a sophisticated greylag goose optimization (GGO) random search algorithm combined with the MPPT technique. The main objective is to create a system that enhances performance under diverse and imbalanced loading scenarios by utilizing sophisticated optimization techniques that determine the optimal switching angles for a seven-level inverter. This approach aims to eliminate specific harmonics and achieve a low total harmonic distortion (THD). The inverter THD output voltage was used as the objective function, and the proposed method is particularly beneficial in agricultural settings. The proposed MPPT-based seven-level invertersystem was simulated using MATLAB. The proposed GGO algorithm achieved a minimal THD of 1.95 %, surpassing methods such as salp swarm optimization (6.14 %), artificial neural networks with fuzzy logic (5.9 %), hybrid global selective algorithm (GSA) selective harmonic elimination (7.7 %), and genetic algorithms with particle swarm optimization (10.84 %), demonstrating its exceptional efficacy in improving power quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 133-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power-to-gas and power-to-liquid systems in emerging hydrogen valleys: techno-economic assessment of alternative fuels","authors":"Endeshaw Alemu Bekele ,&nbsp;Antonio Sgaramella ,&nbsp;Alessandro Ciancio ,&nbsp;Gianluigi Lo Basso ,&nbsp;Livio de Santoli ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Mario Pastore","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a techno-economic assessment of power-to-gas and power-to-liquid pathways within the Hydrogen Valley concept to support the decarbonization of local energy systems. Using the EnergyPLAN software, both business-as-usual and Hydrogen Valley scenarios were analyzed by varying renewable energy, electrolyzer capacity, and hydrogen storage. The levelized costs of green hydrogen, electrofuels, and synthetic natural gas were estimated for both scenarios. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of cost parameters on the levelized costs of hydrogen and alternative fuel production. The findings indicate that the Hydrogen Valley scenario results in a 5.9 % increase in total annual costs but achieves a 29.5 % reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to the business-as-usual scenario. Additionally, utilizing excess energy for power-to-gas and power-to-liquid conversion in the Hydrogen Valley scenario lowers the levelized cost of electrofuels from 0.28 €·kWh⁻¹ to 0.21 €·kWh⁻¹. Similarly, the levelized cost of synthetic natural gas decreases from 0.33 €·kWh⁻¹ to 0.25 €·kWh⁻¹ when transitioning from the business-as-usual scenario to the Hydrogen Valley scenario. The results highlight that Hydrogen Valleys enable low-emission energy systems with cost-effective alternative fuels, underscoring the trade-offs between deep decarbonization and cost optimization in the transition to clean energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 148-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic analysis of PODE1–3 combustion mechanisms: towards a general framework for reaction pathways","authors":"He Liu ,&nbsp;Yajing Yang ,&nbsp;Yanju Wei ,&nbsp;Abdullah Baig ,&nbsp;Yuning Tang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahid Farooq ,&nbsp;Ning Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEs) have emerged as promising clean alternative fuels for compression-ignition engines. The combustion characteristics of PODE vary with the degree of polymerization, necessitating a deeper understanding of their kinetic behavior. This study constructed and validated a kinetic mechanism for PODE_2–3 based on a previously developed detailed kinetic mechanism for PODE₁. The good performance of the proposed model in reproducing the data indicates the validity of the constructed kinetic mechanism for PODE_2–3. A general framework for PODE reaction pathways was proposed, with special attention paid to the reaction kinetics of each original reaction. Three source routes of PODE reactivity were elucidated: (1) Route 1: a typical chain branching reaction after hydrogen abstraction from the primary carbon, followed by two oxygenation reactions; (2) Route 2: chain branching reactions in the decomposition of partial hydroperoxyl fuel radicals to carbonyl hydroperoxides; and (3) Route 3: chain branching reactions followed by hydrogen abstraction from secondary carbon, leading to low-polymerization fuel radicals. Routes 1 and 2 are chain-branching reaction pathways common to all PODE molecules; Route 3 is a reaction pathway exclusive to highly polymerized PODE, where low-polymerization fuel radicals in the decomposition products enhance the reactivity by continuing to react with oxygen. In contrast, PODE₁ exhibited significantly lower reactivity than the other components because of the absence of Route 3 reaction pathway. The kinetic mechanism of PODE fuel reactivity as a function of the degree of polymerization was elucidated. Our findings are beneficial for the development of more precise computational models to predict the combustion behavior of PODE as an alternative fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 228-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries in an electric vehicle using hybrid metaheuristic - deep neural networks models","authors":"Zuriani Mustaffa ,&nbsp;Mohd Herwan Sulaiman ,&nbsp;Jeremiah Isuwa","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SoC) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for optimizing performance, ensuring safety, and extending battery life. However, traditional estimation methods often struggle with the nonlinear and dynamic behavior of battery systems, leading to inaccuracies that compromise the efficiency and reliability of electric vehicles. This study proposes a novel approach for SoC estimation in BMW EVs by integrating a metaheuristic algorithm with deep neural networks. Specifically, teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) is employed to optimize the weights and biases of the deep neural networks model, enhancing estimation accuracy. The proposed TLBO-deep neural networks (TLBO-DNNs) method was evaluated on a dataset of 1,064,000 samples, with performance assessed using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and convergence value. The TLBO-DNNs model achieved an MAE of 3.4480, an RMSE of 4.6487, and a convergence value of 0.0328, outperforming other hybrid approaches. These include the barnacle mating optimizer-deep neural networks (BMO-DNNs) with an MAE of 5.3848, an RMSE of 7.0395, and a convergence value of 0.0492; the evolutionary mating algorithm-deep neural networks (EMA-DNNs) with an MAE of 7.6127, an RMSE of 11.2287, and a convergence value of 0.0536; and the particle swarm optimization-deep neural networks (PSO-DNNs) with an MAE of 4.3089, an RMSE of 5.9672, and a convergence value of 0.0345. Additionally, the TLBO-DNNs approach outperformed standalone models, including the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model (MAE: 14.3301, RMSE: 7.0697) and support vector machines (SVMs) (MAE: 6.0065, RMSE: 8.0360). This hybrid TLBO-DNNs technique demonstrates significant potential for enhancing battery management systems (BMS) in electric vehicles, contributing to improved efficiency and reliability in electric vehicle operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid renewable energy system for Hassi Messaoud region of Algeria: Modeling and optimal sizing","authors":"Yacine Bourek ,&nbsp;El Mouatez Billah Messini ,&nbsp;Chouaib Ammari ,&nbsp;Mohamed Guenoune ,&nbsp;Boulerbah Chabira ,&nbsp;Bipul Krishna Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enss.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The growing global energy demand and the need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions have driven the exploration of sustainable and efficient energy solutions. In Algeria, where the energy sector relies heavily on fossil fuels, integrating renewable energy systems is essential for enhancing energy security and reducing environmental impacts. This study focuses on optimizing a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for off-grid applications in the Hassi Messaoud region of Algeria to balance technical performance, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. A hybrid system consisting of photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines (WTs), fuel cells (FCs), and diesel generators (DGs) was modeled and optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). The optimization process aims to minimize the annual cost of the system while ensuring high reliability, as measured by the loss of power supply probability, and maximizing the use of renewable energy. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach was also implemented for comparison, highlighting the advantages of the GA in terms of cost distribution and system reliability. The optimized HRES demonstrated that renewable sources (PV and WT) provided 77% of the total energy demand, with an overall system cost of 0.18080 &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;$&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;·&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;kWh&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, significantly lower than recent studies, which reported costs between 0.213 and 0.609 &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;$&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;·&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;kWh&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. FCs contributed 14% to the load, whereas DGs were limited to 8% to minimize emissions, resulting in annual CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions of 10,865 kg and a relative emission rate of 3.608 &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;gCO&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;eq&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;·&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;kWh&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Economic analysis showed that DGs and FCs accounted for 44% and 24% of the annual cost, respectively, highlighting the impact of backup systems in ensuring reliability. Sensitivity analysis under varying load demands and renewable energy availability confirmed the robustness of the system, and the GA approach was found to be more effective than PSO in maintaining cost efficiency and reliability. Additionally, the social analysis highlighted a renewable fraction of 91.5%, emphasizing the contribution of the system to sustainable energy practices. These findings validate GA-based optimization as a superior method for designing cost-effective, reliable, and environmentally sustainable HRES, offering significant potential to reduce fossil fuel dependency in industrial applications. These results not only support the broader adoption of renewable energy systems in similar regions but also contribute valuable insights for future research and policy development in ","PeriodicalId":100472,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage and Saving","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 56-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}