EcoEnergy最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Metal Preloading Technologies in Batteries and Capacitors","authors":"Xuexue Pan,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhazira Supiyeva,&nbsp;Qamar Abbas","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in many fields due to their high energy density and reliability. In addition, other metal-ion energy storage devices, such as those using Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺ ions, offer significant technological opportunities. The emerging metal-ion batteries are attracting attention due to their abundant terrestrial reserves and potential low cost of raw materials. Preloading of lithium and other metals in the electrodes has been demonstrated as an effective strategy for enhancing battery performance. In this paper, the advances in the metal preloading technology of LIBs and emerging metal-ion batteries have been reviewed. The differences between preloading of lithium and other metals have been compared, and their mechanisms in improving the initial coulombic efficiency, cyclic stability, and overall battery performance are discussed. The basic principles and applications of lithium preloading technology are first introduced and then preloading methods in post-lithium batteries are discussed in detail, including their chemical and physical methods and their effects on battery performance. Additionally, the advantages and challenges of pretreatment technologies in various battery systems have been examined, and their potential limitations have been discussed. Finally, the future direction of lithium and other metal preloading, including the development of new materials, innovation in pretreatment methods, and the potential of these technologies in sustainable energy storage, has been discussed. Sacrificial metal-salt preloading in the cathode appears to be the most advantageous, leveraging its high energy gain, low process complexity, and superior cycling stability to achieve large-scale deployment in high-energy-density traction batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flower-Like Hollow Structure Cocatalyst of Amorphous CoZnPx With Strong Capacitance for Simultaneous Photocatalytic Hydrogen and Acetic Acid Evolution","authors":"Lingxiao Song,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang,&nbsp;Jianguo He,&nbsp;Jiajia Wang,&nbsp;Jiahui Yang,&nbsp;Keying Lin,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Dong Feng,&nbsp;Baojun Ma","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cocatalyst structure is crucial for optimizing the utilization of photogenerated charge carriers to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we reported an amorphous flower-like hollow structure cocatalyst CoZnP_x-H with a large capacitance of 8.5 F/g about 19.7 times of that solid crystalline CoZnP_x. The photocatalytic H₂ production rate of CoZnP_x-H loaded on CdS achieves 54.0 mmol/g/h, which is 4 times greater than that of CoZnP_x loaded on CdS. Interestingly, during the photocatalytic production, the simultaneous acetic acid rate from CoZnP_x-H/CdS arrives at 64.1 mmol/g/h, which is 2.2 times greater than that from CoZnP_x/CdS. The excellent cocatalytic performance of CoZnP_x-H can be contributed to the strong capacitance, large surface area, excellent hydrophily brought about by its specific structure. The strong capacitance is beneficial for storing photo-excited electrons, thus facilitating the efficient separation of photogenerated charges. The large surface area and excellent hydrophily provide abundant reactive sites and easy contact with reactants for proton reduction. As a result, the capacitance catalysis effect and surface redox kinetics improve, and the hydrogen and acetic acid simultaneously generate. This study proposes an effective strategy of modulating the cocatalyst structure to simultaneously obtain H₂ and high-value-added chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149259436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Active-Site NiCo2S4@CoP/Ni2P Ternary Heterojunction for High-Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors","authors":"Shunxiang Wang,&nbsp;Xue Qing,&nbsp;Cuili Xiang,&nbsp;Yongjin Zou,&nbsp;Lixian Sun","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rational design of electrode materials that integrate high capacity, excellent rate capability, and long cycle life is crucial for advancing supercapacitor development. In this study, we successfully constructed a NiCo₂S₄@CoP/Ni₂P (NCNP) ternary heterojunction composite with a hollow structure via a templating synthesis strategy for use as a supercapacitor electrode. This material intimately combines highly conductive and high-capacity NiCo₂S₄ with bimetallic phosphides, viz., CoP/Ni₂P, known for their excellent rate performance at the nanoscale, forming a triphase heterostructure rich in interfaces and sulfur vacancies. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the ternary heterointerfaces in the NCNP heterojunction composite induce significant lattice distortion and electronic structure reconstruction, producing a strong built-in electric field that substantially enhances electron/ion transport kinetics. Simultaneously, the synergistic effect of the dual active sites from CoP and Ni₂P boosts the redox reaction activity of the system. Electrochemical tests revealed that the NCNP electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1061 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, retains 93% of its capacity at 10 A g⁻¹, and possesses outstanding cycling stability (86% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). First-principles calculations further indicated that the ternary interface possesses the smallest bandgap (0.0005 eV) and optimal charge distribution, significantly enhancing the electrical conductivity and intermediate adsorption capability of the material. The assembled NCNP//AC (active carbon) hybrid supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 83 Wh kg⁻¹, demonstrating promising application prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Grain Boundaries: Formation Mechanism, Synthesis Strategy, and Application in Electrocatalysis","authors":"Jingyu Gao,&nbsp;Fengming Zhou,&nbsp;Xinying Li,&nbsp;Ying Deng,&nbsp;Zexing Wu,&nbsp;Siyuan Feng,&nbsp;Yujing Zhu,&nbsp;Dan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenyu Xiao","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Key electrocatalytic reactions such as HER, OER, ORR, CO₂RR, and NRR offer promising routes for storing renewable energy as chemical fuels. However, their widespread application is constrained due to the lack of highly active and stable catalysts. Grain boundaries (GBs), with their undercoordinated sites, lattice strain, and excess free volume, present a promising strategy to overcome the activity–stability trade-off. Yet, systematic reviews on GB engineering in electrocatalysis remain limited. This review provides a comprehensive framework, beginning with the fundamental formation mechanisms of GBs, integrating experimental and theoretical insights into the factors governing boundary evolution. Six synthesis methods—hydrothermal, electrodeposition, vapor phase, ball milling, molten salt, and laser ablation—are critically evaluated in terms of process parameters, resulting boundary characteristics, and practical trade-offs. Their applications across five major electrocatalytic reactions are examined, correlating boundary features such as misorientation angle, type, and lattice strain with catalytic outcomes in activity, selectivity, and stability. We also explore the emerging role of machine learning in the rational design of GB architectures, including property prediction, phase discovery, and interpretable modeling. By integrating these aspects, this review establishes a unified framework for a rational design of high-performance, boundary-rich electrocatalysts for sustainable energy conversion.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Temperature in Situ Upgrading of Ultra-Deep Heavy Oil Using Ni–Ce/MOF–OTf Superacid Catalysts to Enhance Energy Utilization and Sustainability","authors":"Li Wang,&nbsp;Ji-Xiang Guo,&nbsp;Qiming Huang,&nbsp;Kunpeng Li,&nbsp;Chi Li,&nbsp;Yajie Wu","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultra-deep heavy oil is an important unconventional resource, but its extremely high viscosity, poor mobility, and the high energy demand for conventional recovery methods severely limit its efficient and sustainable production. To address these limitations, a triflate-functionalized Ni–Ce/MOF superacid catalyst (Ni–Ce/MOF–OTf), based on a UiO-66(Ce)–type (BTC-based) framework, was developed to enable low-temperature in situ upgrading under near-reservoir conditions. The catalyst was synthesized through a two-step post-synthetic modification route using a Ni–Ce/MOF precursor, involving acid activation followed by grafting of triflate groups onto the framework. This design was intended to integrate strong Brønsted acidity, tunable Ni/Ce Lewis acid sites, and pore confinement within a single catalytic microenvironment, thereby promoting selective bond cleavage and suppressing secondary repolymerization. Under reservoir-mimicking conditions (∼140°C), Ni–Ce/MOF–OTf achieved a viscosity reduction of 92.11% within 12 h, maintained viscosity rebound below 10% over 60 days, and retained about 80% of its activity after four cycles. Structural characterization and theoretical calculations showed that triflate functionalization enhanced acidity, increased oxygen vacancy density, and strengthened metal–ligand interactions, enabling efficient cleavage of C–C/<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>β</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $beta $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-C–C, C–S, and C–O bonds at a lower temperature. Core-scale physical simulation further demonstrated a recovery factor of 90.25% through gas-assisted catalytic upgrading. In addition, techno-economic and cradle-to-wellhead assessments indicated improved economic competitiveness and the lowest cradle-to-wellhead carbon footprint among the evaluated heavy oil recovery routes. These results demonstrate an effective materials–reaction–engineering strategy for cleaner and more sustainable utilization of ultra-deep heavy oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Active-Site NiCo2S4@CoP/Ni2P Ternary Heterojunction for High-Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors","authors":"Shunxiang Wang,&nbsp;Xue Qing,&nbsp;Cuili Xiang,&nbsp;Yongjin Zou,&nbsp;Lixian Sun","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rational design of electrode materials that integrate high capacity, excellent rate capability, and long cycle life is crucial for advancing supercapacitor development. In this study, we successfully constructed a NiCo₂S₄@CoP/Ni₂P (NCNP) ternary heterojunction composite with a hollow structure via a templating synthesis strategy for use as a supercapacitor electrode. This material intimately combines highly conductive and high-capacity NiCo₂S₄ with bimetallic phosphides, viz., CoP/Ni₂P, known for their excellent rate performance at the nanoscale, forming a triphase heterostructure rich in interfaces and sulfur vacancies. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the ternary heterointerfaces in the NCNP heterojunction composite induce significant lattice distortion and electronic structure reconstruction, producing a strong built-in electric field that substantially enhances electron/ion transport kinetics. Simultaneously, the synergistic effect of the dual active sites from CoP and Ni₂P boosts the redox reaction activity of the system. Electrochemical tests revealed that the NCNP electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1061 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, retains 93% of its capacity at 10 A g⁻¹, and possesses outstanding cycling stability (86% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). First-principles calculations further indicated that the ternary interface possesses the smallest bandgap (0.0005 eV) and optimal charge distribution, significantly enhancing the electrical conductivity and intermediate adsorption capability of the material. The assembled NCNP//AC (active carbon) hybrid supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 83 Wh kg⁻¹, demonstrating promising application prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flower-Like Hollow Structure Cocatalyst of Amorphous CoZnPx With Strong Capacitance for Simultaneous Photocatalytic Hydrogen and Acetic Acid Evolution","authors":"Lingxiao Song,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang,&nbsp;Jianguo He,&nbsp;Jiajia Wang,&nbsp;Jiahui Yang,&nbsp;Keying Lin,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Dong Feng,&nbsp;Baojun Ma","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cocatalyst structure is crucial for optimizing the utilization of photogenerated charge carriers to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we reported an amorphous flower-like hollow structure cocatalyst CoZnP_x-H with a large capacitance of 8.5 F/g about 19.7 times of that solid crystalline CoZnP_x. The photocatalytic H₂ production rate of CoZnP_x-H loaded on CdS achieves 54.0 mmol/g/h, which is 4 times greater than that of CoZnP_x loaded on CdS. Interestingly, during the photocatalytic production, the simultaneous acetic acid rate from CoZnP_x-H/CdS arrives at 64.1 mmol/g/h, which is 2.2 times greater than that from CoZnP_x/CdS. The excellent cocatalytic performance of CoZnP_x-H can be contributed to the strong capacitance, large surface area, excellent hydrophily brought about by its specific structure. The strong capacitance is beneficial for storing photo-excited electrons, thus facilitating the efficient separation of photogenerated charges. The large surface area and excellent hydrophily provide abundant reactive sites and easy contact with reactants for proton reduction. As a result, the capacitance catalysis effect and surface redox kinetics improve, and the hydrogen and acetic acid simultaneously generate. This study proposes an effective strategy of modulating the cocatalyst structure to simultaneously obtain H₂ and high-value-added chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149259437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular and Bio-Sourced Polymers for Energy Applications: Natural Feedstocks, Recycling, and Upcycling Routes","authors":"Priyank Sinha,&nbsp;Amul Jain,&nbsp;Koushik Mahata,&nbsp;Sanjib Banerjee","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The demand for sophisticated polymer materials has increased due to the quick development of energy storage and conversion technologies, which has also raised worries about resource depletion, the buildup of plastic waste, and environmental sustainability. As electrolytes, binders, separators, electrodes, and structural matrices, polymers are essential parts of contemporary energy devices. Nevertheless, the majority of them comes from feedstocks produced from fossil fuels and have a life cycle that is primarily linear. Incorporating developments in natural feedstock utilisation, polymer recycling and upcycling, and application-specific material design, this paper provides a thorough and critical overview of circular and bio-sourced polymer methods for energy applications. First, we go into bio-sourced polymers made from renewable resources, emphasizing their molecular structures, methods of modification, and uses in batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy systems. Circular polymer techniques are next discussed, with a focus on recycling polymer components from wasted energy devices and upcycling plastic waste into higher-value functional resources including electrolytes, separators, and electrode designs. The necessity of sustainable-by-design polymers, green processing technologies, and closed-loop material systems is highlighted in the summary of existing issues and future prospects. In order to provide direction for the creation of intelligent polymer materials that enable high-performance, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly technologies, this review attempts to bridge the fields of polymer chemistry, electrochemistry, and sustainability science.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular and Bio-Sourced Polymers for Energy Applications: Natural Feedstocks, Recycling, and Upcycling Routes","authors":"Priyank Sinha,&nbsp;Amul Jain,&nbsp;Koushik Mahata,&nbsp;Sanjib Banerjee","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The demand for sophisticated polymer materials has increased due to the quick development of energy storage and conversion technologies, which has also raised worries about resource depletion, the buildup of plastic waste, and environmental sustainability. As electrolytes, binders, separators, electrodes, and structural matrices, polymers are essential parts of contemporary energy devices. Nevertheless, the majority of them comes from feedstocks produced from fossil fuels and have a life cycle that is primarily linear. Incorporating developments in natural feedstock utilisation, polymer recycling and upcycling, and application-specific material design, this paper provides a thorough and critical overview of circular and bio-sourced polymer methods for energy applications. First, we go into bio-sourced polymers made from renewable resources, emphasizing their molecular structures, methods of modification, and uses in batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy systems. Circular polymer techniques are next discussed, with a focus on recycling polymer components from wasted energy devices and upcycling plastic waste into higher-value functional resources including electrolytes, separators, and electrode designs. The necessity of sustainable-by-design polymers, green processing technologies, and closed-loop material systems is highlighted in the summary of existing issues and future prospects. In order to provide direction for the creation of intelligent polymer materials that enable high-performance, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly technologies, this review attempts to bridge the fields of polymer chemistry, electrochemistry, and sustainability science.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Metal Preloading Technologies in Batteries and Capacitors","authors":"Xuexue Pan,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhazira Supiyeva,&nbsp;Qamar Abbas","doi":"10.1002/ece2.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece2.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in many fields due to their high energy density and reliability. In addition, other metal-ion energy storage devices, such as those using Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺ ions, offer significant technological opportunities. The emerging metal-ion batteries are attracting attention due to their abundant terrestrial reserves and potential low cost of raw materials. Preloading of lithium and other metals in the electrodes has been demonstrated as an effective strategy for enhancing battery performance. In this paper, the advances in the metal preloading technology of LIBs and emerging metal-ion batteries have been reviewed. The differences between preloading of lithium and other metals have been compared, and their mechanisms in improving the initial coulombic efficiency, cyclic stability, and overall battery performance are discussed. The basic principles and applications of lithium preloading technology are first introduced and then preloading methods in post-lithium batteries are discussed in detail, including their chemical and physical methods and their effects on battery performance. Additionally, the advantages and challenges of pretreatment technologies in various battery systems have been examined, and their potential limitations have been discussed. Finally, the future direction of lithium and other metal preloading, including the development of new materials, innovation in pretreatment methods, and the potential of these technologies in sustainable energy storage, has been discussed. Sacrificial metal-salt preloading in the cathode appears to be the most advantageous, leveraging its high energy gain, low process complexity, and superior cycling stability to achieve large-scale deployment in high-energy-density traction batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":100387,"journal":{"name":"EcoEnergy","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece2.70071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149258231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}