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Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging最新文献

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Pulmonary Embolism 肺栓塞
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia1301s02
Kostaki G. Bis, Anil N. Shetty
{"title":"Pulmonary Embolism","authors":"Kostaki G. Bis,&nbsp;Anil N. Shetty","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1301s02","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1301s02","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There have been a number of approaches taken to image the pulmonary vasculature. This unit presents basic protocols based on black blood spin echo and/or gradient echo techniques for detection of pulmonary embolisms and deep vein thrombosis. Bright blood magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 2-D time-of-flight (TOF), and 3-D contrast-enhanced MRA is also presented for visualizing the entire vascular tree. The parameters provided in this unit are acquired from Siemens 1.5T Vision Scanner. These parameters may need to be altered depending on the field strength and equipment manufacturer.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia1301s02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77231521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spinal Inflammation 脊髓炎症
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0804s01
J. Randy Jinkins, David D. Stark
{"title":"Spinal Inflammation","authors":"J. Randy Jinkins,&nbsp;David D. Stark","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0804s01","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0804s01","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit presents a basic protocol for conventional and fast spin echo imaging of spine for evaluation of infections involving the CNS. The epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the frequency of CNS infections has been on the rise. An alternate protocol is presented for coronal acquisition that may be helpful to analyze the perispinal tissues for abscess formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0804s01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89254617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spondylosis Deformans
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0803s01
J. Randy Jinkins, David D. Stark
{"title":"Spondylosis Deformans","authors":"J. Randy Jinkins,&nbsp;David D. Stark","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0803s01","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0803s01","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit presents a basic protocol of conventional and fast spin echo acquisition for detecting spondolysis deformans. The margins of the osteophytosis associated with spondylosis deformans are generally well defined utilizing fast spin echo acquisitions. An alternate protocol is presented for gradient recalled echo acquisitions that may be used in the sagittal and/or transverse planes to clearly distinguish between discs and soft tissue, and to clarify the spinal neural foramen in the cervical region.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0803s01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79093711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Spin Behavior in the Rotating Reference Frame 旋转参考系中的自旋行为
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mib0102s01
Yu-Chung Norman Cheng, E. Mark Haacke
{"title":"Spin Behavior in the Rotating Reference Frame","authors":"Yu-Chung Norman Cheng,&nbsp;E. Mark Haacke","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0102s01","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0102s01","url":null,"abstract":"<p>At any given point in time, the interaction of a classical magnetic moment with an external magnetic field is equivalent to an instantaneous rotation of the moment about the field. For a static field, the rotation is a constant precession about the field itself. This unit discusses the effect of adding a radiofrequency (RF) field perpendicular to a much larger constant field. The interest in the additional field stems from the need to generate a transverse component of the magnetization.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mib0102s01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84903364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fundamental Properties of Magnetization 磁化的基本性质
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mib0103s01
Yu-Chung Norman Cheng, E. Mark Haacke
{"title":"Fundamental Properties of Magnetization","authors":"Yu-Chung Norman Cheng,&nbsp;E. Mark Haacke","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0103s01","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0103s01","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In MR imaging the detected signal is proportional to the magnetization of an ensemble of spins (a spin isochromat). Thus, one can simply replace the magnetic moment with bulk magnetization in many equations such as the Bloch equations. The beauty is that the physics concepts behind energy, forces, and the equations of motion do not change, whether one considers a single spin or a set of spins. In this unit, the concept of bulk magnetization and quantized spin angular momentum are introduced. The dependence of the magnetization on spin density.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mib0103s01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74037394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Meningitis 脑膜炎
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0402s01
A. Auber, Clifford Belden
{"title":"Meningitis","authors":"A. Auber, Clifford Belden","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0402s01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142719.mia0402s01","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in meningitis, as with most other forms of intracranial inflammatory or infectious diseases, is a powerful though largely non‐specific diagnostic tool. The technique is used to detect the presence of disease, and also complications related to the primary process, as well as assess for alternative diagnoses. For imaging these patients, a standard imaging protocol is utilized which includes gadolinium‐enhanced sequences. This unit presents a protocol based on diffusion MRI (dMRI), which can be employed if specific clinical situations require further clarification. The parameters given in this unit are derived from experience at 1.5T and may need to be altered slightly depending on the field strength available and the specific equipment manufacturer.","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80648961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 84
Clinical fMRI 临床功能磁共振成像
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0600s01
K. Thulborn
{"title":"Clinical fMRI","authors":"K. Thulborn","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0600s01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142719.mia0600s01","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical functional MRI (fMRI), in the context of this chapter, refers specifically to the use of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast to detect localized hemodynamic responses due to specific regional neuronal activity elicited by defined cognitive tasks to which the patient is exposed in a controlled manner. The method was first demonstrated in humans in the early 1990s in a research setting (Bandettini et al., 1992; Kwong et al., 1992; Ogawa et al., 1992), but has rapidly found clinical applications (Lee et al., 1999; Thulborn, 1999). At clinical field strengths of 1.5 T, the signal change is small (1% to 3%) thereby requiring the use of image averaging during the cognitive task. Thus, the stimulus paradigm has a block design, consisting of repetitive cycles of at least two different stimulus conditions. These two conditions differ by the cognitive function being examined. Both the baseline and the active conditions may last from 20 to 60 sec and as many as 10 cycles may be used. Images are acquired continuously across all cycles. This block design allows the signal averaging that is essential to detect the small signal changes induced by the paradigm at 1.5 T, although these changes can be increased at higher field strengths (Gati et al., 1997; Thulborn 1999). The alternative approach of event-related design is being developed in a research setting (Rosen et al., 1998; Richter, 1999), but the lower signal-to-noise performance does not suit the short duration of acquisition times that are important in clinical applications (Marquart et al., 2000). An interesting approach, in which no paradigm is apparently required to demonstrate connectivity between different regions of the brain, may have clinical applications but will not be discussed further until clinical applications (UNIT A6.1) are reported from multiple sites (Biswal et al., 1995).","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91271963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pericardial Disease 心包疾病
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia1101s00
Vivian S. Lee
{"title":"Pericardial Disease","authors":"Vivian S. Lee","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1101s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1101s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit presents a basic technique for evaluating non-neoplastic disease of the pericardium with optional contrast-enhanced sequences for evaluating suspected neoplastic disease. The parameters are based on experience on a Siemens 1.5 T Vision or Symphony and should be altered accordingly for different field strengths and machines from different manufacturers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia1101s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74850906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brain Abscess 脑脓肿
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0401s00
Andrew E. Auber, Clifford Belden
{"title":"Brain Abscess","authors":"Andrew E. Auber,&nbsp;Clifford Belden","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0401s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0401s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in cerebral abscess, as with most other forms of intracranial inflammatory or infectious diseases, is a powerful though largely nonspecific diagnostic tool. This unit presents a variant of a previously published standard imaging protocol, to include gadolinium-enhanced sequences for imaging of these patients. Several optional sequences, including diffusion (dMRI), perfusion (pMRI), and spectroscopic (MRS) sequences are outlined that can be employed should patient tolerance allow and if specific clinical situations require further clarification. The parameters given in this unit are derived from experience at 1.5 T and may need to be altered slightly depending on the field strength available and the specific equipment manufacturer.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0401s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81626841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Intramedullary Spine Disease 髓内脊柱疾病
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0901s00
William G. Bradley
{"title":"Intramedullary Spine Disease","authors":"William G. Bradley","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0901s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0901s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the most significant impacts of magnetic resonance (MRI) has been its ability to exquisitely depict normal and pathologic anatomy of the spine. This unit presents a that deals with intramedullary disease, i.e., that involving the cord. An is presented for cases of extramedullary-intradural disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0901s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86001306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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