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Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging最新文献

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The Orbit and Optic Nerves 眼眶和视神经
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0705s00
Donald William Chakeres, Eric C. Bourekas
{"title":"The Orbit and Optic Nerves","authors":"Donald William Chakeres,&nbsp;Eric C. Bourekas","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0705s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0705s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the orbits and optic nerves has developed into the “gold standard” of imaging modalities for the evaluation of many soft tissue abnormalities of the orbit. Computed tomography (CT) remains the modality of choice for evaluation of the bony structures of the orbit. MRI is also more flexible, allowing for multiplanar imaging that is not possible with CT. This unit presents a basic protocol for imaging of the orbit. An alternate protocol is presented for the case of dedicated high-resolution surface coil orbital study.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0705s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73511301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cranial Nerves III to VI 脑神经III至VI
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0702s00
Robert W. Evers, David M. Yousem
{"title":"Cranial Nerves III to VI","authors":"Robert W. Evers,&nbsp;David M. Yousem","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0702s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0702s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI are small structures that travel in a reproducible manner from the midbrain and pons to the cavernous sinus and then to the orbit. While there are branches that course through other foramina of the skull, the emphasis in MRI is to evaluate the brainstem, the cavernous sinus, and the pericavernous regions for pathology. This unit present a basic protocol for imaging cranial nerves III to VI. Because the nerves run from a posterior to an anterior position, coronal scanning is ideal for visualizing the nerves in cross-section. Thin sections and contrast enhancement are required to best visualize the diseases that affect these nerves. An alternate protocol is also discussed for the case when demyelinating etiologies for the cranial nerve deficits are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0702s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82101679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Congenital Heart Disease 先天性心脏病
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia1001s00
Pamela K. Woodard, Jie Zheng
{"title":"Congenital Heart Disease","authors":"Pamela K. Woodard,&nbsp;Jie Zheng","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1001s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1001s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cardiac MRI plays a pivotal role in both anatomical and functional assessment of shunts, admixture lesions, transpositions, and the surgical correction of these lesions. This unit presents basic techniques for the evaluation of congenital heart disease. While sequence parameters described are meant to be as generic as possible, parameters are most appropriate for the Siemens 1.5 T Vision or Symphony, and may need to be altered for magnets of different field strengths and manufacturers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia1001s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77738710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Cranial Nerve I 第一脑神经
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0701s00
Robert W. Evers, David M. Yousem
{"title":"Cranial Nerve I","authors":"Robert W. Evers,&nbsp;David M. Yousem","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0701s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0701s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit presents the basic protocol for imaging cranial nerve I. The olfactory bulbs and tracts mediate the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain. Unfortunately they are located in a precarious position for MR imaging, above the air-filled nasal cavity and ethmoid sinuses at a bone-air-soft tissue interface. This creates problems with susceptibility artifact. This issue, plus the very small size of the structures to be studied and the superimposed eye motion artifact makes imaging of the olfactory system a technical challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0701s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80064751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Spin Density, T1, T2, T2* Relaxation and Bloch Equations 自旋密度，T1, T2, T2*弛豫和Bloch方程
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mib0301s00
Hongyu An, Weili Lin
{"title":"Spin Density, T1, T2, T2* Relaxation and Bloch Equations","authors":"Hongyu An,&nbsp;Weili Lin","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0301s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0301s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit discusses the four primary sources of signal variation in a standard MRI sequence. <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>T</i><sub>2</sub>/<i>T</i><sub>2</sub>* relaxation reveal the time dependence of the longitudinal and transverse component of the magnetization, respectively. When imaging is performed, the effective spin density is considered as the number of spins per voxel. The variation of signal with voxel size is discussed. Modification of Bloch equations that govern the motion of the magnetization is discussed for all four cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mib0301s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77316866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Cranial Nerves IX To XII 脑神经九至十二
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0704s00
Robert W. Evers, David M. Yousem
{"title":"Cranial Nerves IX To XII","authors":"Robert W. Evers,&nbsp;David M. Yousem","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0704s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0704s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cranial nerves IX to XII are rarely affected by pathology compared with cranial nerves III, V, VII, and VIII. Nonetheless, their evaluation is challenging, since lesions of these nerves span the gamut from intracranial to extracranial sites. Imaging of these cranial nerves requires a focused approach based on clinical symptomatology and signs. This unit presents the basic protocol for imaging cranial nerves IX to XII. An alternate protocol is presented for cases where non-neoplastic lesions are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0704s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91529267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Extra-Axial Tumors Extra-Axial肿瘤
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0304s00
Annette O. Nusbaum, Scott W. Atlas
{"title":"Extra-Axial Tumors","authors":"Annette O. Nusbaum,&nbsp;Scott W. Atlas","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0304s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0304s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extra-axial tumors most commonly arise from the meninges, calvarium, or skull base. Localization of a lesion as extra-axial or extra-cerebral in origin has significant clinical importance in terms of treatment planning and predicting prognosis. High-resolution fat-suppressed imaging is crucial for specific evaluation of the skull base, and correlation with computed tomography (CT) is often helpful in these cases. This unit presents basic MRI protocols for imaging extra-axial tumors in specific locations; sequence modifications are discussed where necessary. The sequences described in this unit are based on a 1.5 T scanner (GE Medical Systems), but can be expected to be equally applicable to other field strengths and scanners from other manufacturers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0304s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90388662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Quality Assurance for Clinical fMRI 临床功能磁共振成像质量保证
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0602s00
Keith R. Thulborn, Denise Davis
{"title":"Quality Assurance for Clinical fMRI","authors":"Keith R. Thulborn,&nbsp;Denise Davis","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0602s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0602s00","url":null,"abstract":"The functional MRI (fMRI) procedure has several sources of variance that determine the success of the examination. These include the scanner, patient, and paradigm. As blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast is a small effect, high signal‐to‐noise performance is mandatory. Because the preparation of a functional activation map requires averaging multiple images over time, the scanner must produce high temporal stability of the signal intensity. This unit presents the for achieving scanner stability. There are many determinants of such performance but not all possibilities need to be checked separately. An adequate approach has been to verify total system performance under the conditions of a functional MRI study on a phantom. This testing is done daily prior to patient studies.","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0602s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85693774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Metastatic Intra-Axial Neoplasia 转移性轴内肿瘤
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0301s00
Annette O. Nusbaum, Scott W. Atlas
{"title":"Metastatic Intra-Axial Neoplasia","authors":"Annette O. Nusbaum,&nbsp;Scott W. Atlas","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0301s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0301s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The role of MRI imaging in the metastatic work-up is to detect the spread of tumor to the brain parenchyma, and define the location. Intravenous contrast (gadolinium-DTPA) provides the greatest sensitivity for detecting brain lesions and is almost always indicated except when there is no intravenous access. This unit presents a for imaging intra-axial brain metastases and specific modifications are discussed for the case of metastatic brain tumors demonstrating evidence of hemorrhage. The sequences described in this unit are based on 1.5 T scanner (Echospeed GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin), but can be expected to be equally applicable to other field strengths and scanners from other manufacturers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0301s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81200042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cardiac Masses 心脏质量
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia1102s00
Vivian S. Lee
{"title":"Cardiac Masses","authors":"Vivian S. Lee","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1102s00","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1102s00","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may be indicated in patients who have poor acoustic windows or in whom lesions are incompletely characterized by echocardiography. This unit presents a basic technique for evaluating cardiac masses, with optional contrast-enhanced sequences for specific indications. The parameters are based on experience on a Siemens 1.5 T Vision or Symphony and should be altered accordingly for different field strengths and machines from different manufacturers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"00 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia1102s00","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77333834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
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