Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging最新文献

{"title":"Pelvic Floor Relaxation","authors":"Julia R. Fielding","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2003s08","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2003s08","url":null,"abstract":"Pelvic floor relaxation–abnormal descent of the bladder (cystocele), uterus and/or vagina (uterine or vaginal vault prolapse), small bowel (enterocele), or rectum (rectocele), is a significant women’s health issue affecting primarily parous women >50 years of age. Up to 50% of such women have some degree of genital prolapse. Symptoms are present in 10% to 20% of this group and most commonly include pelvic pressure, protrusion of tissue through the pelvic floor and urinary incontinence. In addition to age, risk factors include multiparity, menopause, and obesity. The purpose of this work is to describe a technique for production and review of MR images that can be used to quickly and accurately identify significant pelvic floor defects as an aid to treatment planning (Gold et al., 1999; Fielding et al., 2000).","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia2003s08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75863751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Function Evaluation with Cine MRI of the Heart","authors":"Arthur E. Stillman, Michael Jerosch-Herold","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1104s08","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1104s08","url":null,"abstract":"This unit describes how to determine hemodynamic parameters of cardiac function such as ejection fraction (EF), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac mass, based on experience using a Siemens 1.5 T Sonata scanner. Briefly, cine loops are acquired over several heartbeats, synchronized with the heart cycle by gating of the encoding steps with the patients electrocardiogram (ECG). Recently, it has become feasible to acquire cine loops in real time, although the temporal resolution is not optimal. Options discussed in this unit include breath hold versus free breathing, prospective triggering versus retrospective gating, and volumetric data sets versus biplanar approaches. Patient parameters such as heart rate or rhythm, degree of functional impairment, the presence of valvular disease, and the need to assess for jets from shunts or valve dysfunction are also treated. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000cardiac function; \u0000cine loop; \u0000hemodynamic parameters","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia1104s08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80594074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormalities of the Osseous Structures of the Hip and Peri-Articular Soft Tissues","authors":"J. Bruce Kneeland,&nbsp;Carolyn Kaut Roth,&nbsp;James Garrison,&nbsp;Anthony Testa","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2601s08","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2601s08","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit presents a basic protocol for detection and assessment of a large number of disorders arising in the bones of the hip or the surrounding soft tissues, including osteonecrosis, transient osteopenia, fractures, soft tissue injuries, and tumors. All of these disorders can be readily assessed without the use of a contrast agent. The evaluation of intra-articular structures, in particular the acetabular labrum, however, is probably best accomplished with the use of the direct injection of a Gd-chelate contrast agent into the hip joint. The protocol is presented for a 1.5-Tesla system for evaluation of disease in the region of the hip. Modifications for low-field (0.23 to 0.3 T) systems are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia2601s08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80052791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Function Evaluation with Cine MRI of the Heart","authors":"A. Stillman, M. Jerosch-Herold","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1104s015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142719.mia1104s015","url":null,"abstract":"This unit describes how to determine hemodynamic parameters of cardiac function such as ejection fraction (EF), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac mass, based on experience using a Siemens 1.5 T Sonata scanner. Briefly, cine loops are acquired over several heartbeats, synchronized with the heart cycle by gating of the encoding steps with the patients electrocardiogram (ECG). Recently, it has become feasible to acquire cine loops in real time, although the temporal resolution is not optimal. Options discussed in this unit include breath hold versus free breathing, prospective triggering versus retrospective gating, and volumetric data sets versus biplanar approaches. Patient parameters such as heart rate or rhythm, degree of functional impairment, the presence of valvular disease, and the need to assess for jets from shunts or valve dysfunction are also treated.","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80314643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hip MR Arthrography for Acetabular Labral Tears","authors":"J. Bruce Kneeland,&nbsp;Carolyn Kaut Roth,&nbsp;James Garrison,&nbsp;Anthony Testa","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2602s08","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2602s08","url":null,"abstract":"It is the authors’ opinion that the MR assessment of labral tears should be performed as an MR arthrogram, employing an array or surface coil and using higher resolution than that employed for routine MR examinations of the hip MR. The authors also believe that these studies should not be attempted on systems with static field strength <1 Tesla, because of the considerable demands placed on these systems to evaluate the labrum, in particular, the need for high resolution and fat saturation. (Not all investigators agree with the necessity of using arthrography, however. At least one investigator maintains that intra-articular contrast is not needed if sufficiently high resolution is employed. A different group of investigators performed MR arthrograms on a group of patients using a 0.5-T system for some patients and a 1.0-T system for others. These investigators did not describe any difference in accuracy between the two systems, although, they did not directly address this issue.) Under fluoroscopic guidance, a small amount of iodinated contrast agent is injected to confirm intra-articular location of the needle. A small amount of dilute Gd-chelate in saline, bupivicaine, and betamethasone is injected into the joint. Bupivicaine, a long-acting anesthetic, is used to confirm the intra-articular origin of the pain, as well as to provide short-term relief of symptoms. Betamethasone, a long-acting steroid, is used to provide somewhat longer-term symptomatic relief. Following the acquisition of a scout sequence in the coronal plane, fat-saturated, T1-weighted, fast-spin echo sequences in the transverse, coronal, and sagittal planes are obtained. Fast spin echo (FSE) sequences are used because fat saturation, when used with short TE FSE sequences, increases the study time much less than when used with short TE conventional spin echo sequences (CSE). The authors also set the second echo of the echo train in the FSE sequence to two times the minimum TE as the effective TE because of reduced blurring compared with use of the first echo. See Kowalchuk et al. (2000) for further discussion of the rationale for using the second echo of a fast-spin echo sequence as well as demonstrating its accuracy for the assessment of knee meniscal tears. To keep this effective TE <30 msec while using the second echo of the train requires relatively strong gradients and wide bandwidth. This type of sequence cannot be performed on all systems. In particular, if the gradients are not sufficiently strong, fat-saturated, T1-weighted CSE sequences are used and more time is taken to perform the study. Other investigators have advocated the use of 3-D, T1-weighted, short TR, gradient sequences. The authors have had no experience with these sequences for this application.","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia2602s08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91151286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post Surgical Spinal Evaluation","authors":"J. Randy Jinkins,&nbsp;David D. Stark","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0808s08","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0808s08","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the most challenging areas of diagnosis is to be found in acquiring and interpreting medical images in the patient who has undergone lumbosacral surgery for spinal degenerative disease. The section illustrates the features of expected and abnormal postsurgical spinal imaging. These discussions provide the background, practical information, and graphic examples necessary to enable the medical imaging physician to better approach the clinicoradiologic evaluation of the postsurgical patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0808s08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79728143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems and Equipment Suppliers","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.misuppls08","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.misuppls08","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This appendix lists the full contact information, including website URLs, for all auppliers mentioned in <i>Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88469691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease","authors":"E. Mark Haacke,&nbsp;Daniel Kido,&nbsp;Karen Tong","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0103s07","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0103s07","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a noninvasive means for studying the integrity of the vascular system. This unit presents a basic protocol describing an MRA technique for imaging the carotid arteries, time-of-flight MRA, and an \u0000 <text>Alternate Protocol</text> for contrast-enhanced MRA. A second basic protocol based on high-resolution spin-echo scanning is also described. This protocol can be used to study the vessel wall in more detail. The parameters given here are derived from experience at 1.5 T and may need to be altered slightly depending on the field strength and the equipment manufacturer. In particular, optimal TE may vary with different field strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0103s07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77396010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging of the Paranasal Sinuses","authors":"Daniel T. Boll,&nbsp;Michael Coffey,&nbsp;Jonathan S. Lewin","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0706s07","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0706s07","url":null,"abstract":"<p>MRI in most instances, can better distinguish between soft tissues when compared with CT. The distinction of soft tissues becomes most clinically relevant when evaluating for possible sinonasal tumors and when inspecting for extension of tumor or inflammation into the orbit or intracranial spaces. It is in these areas that MRI has found its major application in sinus imaging. This unit presents MRI techniques for imaging the sinuses with and without contrast enhancement. The parameters given in this unit are derived from experience at 1.5 T and may need to be slightly altered depending on the field strength and the equipment manufacturer.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0706s07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83014609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI of the Male Pelvis","authors":"Richard Semelka,&nbsp;Laurie Fisher,&nbsp;Kathy Wilber","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1901s07","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia1901s07","url":null,"abstract":"<p>MRI provides comprehensive information on many male pelvic diseases, such as prostate cancer and bladder cancer as well as lymph nodes and bone metastases. This unit presents a protocol incorporating T1- and T2-weighted sequences including transverse and sagittal data acquisitions, and the routine use of intravenous gadolinium.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia1901s07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75450779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}