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Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging最新文献

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Rule Out (R/O) Vasculitis 排除(R/O)血管炎
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2005-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0106s13
Steven Thibodeau, Ellen Grant, Pamela W. Schaefer
{"title":"Rule Out (R/O) Vasculitis","authors":"Steven Thibodeau,&nbsp;Ellen Grant,&nbsp;Pamela W. Schaefer","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0106s13","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0106s13","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When imaging patients for vasculitis, the goals are: (1) to determine if there is evidence of acute or subacute cerebral injury and (2) to assess the contour of the major intracranial arteries. An additional but still experimental goal is (3) to determine if there are areas of altered perfusion that suggest active small vessel disease. Standard MR images and diffusion-weighted imaging are used to detect and determine the age of parenchymal lesions. The 3-D TOF MRA helps evaluate the large and medium vessels. Perfusion-weighted imaging may detect regions of altered relative blood flow and blood volume. This unit contains a basic protocol for the evaluation of stable patients as well as an alternative protocol for unstable patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0106s13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72658057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Breast 乳房
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2005-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia2100s13
Werner A. Kaiser
{"title":"Breast","authors":"Werner A. Kaiser","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2100s13","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2100s13","url":null,"abstract":"D ue to the high prevalence, the high mortality, and the operative therapy which is currently required, breast cancer represents a great problem from the medical, psychological, and health policy point of view. In the past 20 years, breast cancer has been the most frequently occurring cancer of women in the western hemisphere. It is the most frequent cause of death of women below 50 years in age and, as a whole, the most frequent cause of cancer mortality of women. Despite the constant improvement of diagnostic procedures, the introduction of novel mammography techniques and ultrasonic methods, in principle, nothing has changed. This dilemma is to be regretted, as the relatively slow growth rates of breast cancer, with tumor doubling times of ∼100 to 300 days, give sufficient time to detect the tumor in a curable stage, i.e., before the formation of external metastases. It is known that a tumor <1 cm in size has an excellent prognosis irrespective of its internal histological structure. It is estimated that a breast cancer needs a period of ∼7 to 10 years for reaching a size of ∼1 cm on an average.","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia2100s13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82906828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Signal, Noise, and Contrast 信号、噪声和对比度
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2005-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mib0600s13
Azim Celik, Weili Lin
{"title":"Signal, Noise, and Contrast","authors":"Azim Celik,&nbsp;Weili Lin","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0600s13","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0600s13","url":null,"abstract":"T he accuracy or interpretation of MR images can be affected significantly by the presence of noise in the measurements. If the signal is in the noise level, it becomes impossible to differentiate the object itself from the noise; therefore, design and implementation of an imaging experiment requires a thorough understanding of signal and noise in MR. Since the signal has already been discussed at some length in Chapter B2, the noise behavior in MR (both in k-space and image domain) and its dependence on imaging parameters are the major focus of UNIT B6.1. Voxel signal, the noise distribution in the raw data, real and imaginary images, and magnitude, as well as phase images are discussed.","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mib0600s13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91104845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract 胃肠道磁共振成像
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2004-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia2901s12
Russell N. Low
{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract","authors":"Russell N. Low","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2901s12","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2901s12","url":null,"abstract":"<p>MRI provides comprehensive information on gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious, inflammatory, and malignant processes. We employ a set protocol incorporating breath-hold SS RARE imaging combined with gadolinium-enhanced, fat-suppressed SPGR imaging in the transverse and coronal planes. Bowel distension is accomplished with inexpensive water-soluble intraluminal contrast agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia2901s12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73307827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Radiofrequency Excitation 射频激励
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2004-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mib0202s12
Yu-Chung Norman Cheng, E. Mark Haacke
{"title":"Radiofrequency Excitation","authors":"Yu-Chung Norman Cheng,&nbsp;E. Mark Haacke","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0202s12","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0202s12","url":null,"abstract":"The image, or measured spin density in an MRI experiment, is not necessarily equivalent to the physical spin density of the object being imaged, even when relaxation and Fourier transform effects are taken into account. The image is actually a picture of the signal received by the RF receive coil or RF probe. It is, in fact, proportional to the product of the field (which would be produced by the receive coil) and the transverse magnetization (which itself depends on the transmit coil’s field). This has been discussed in UNIT B2.1.","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mib0202s12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82535642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging 扩散张量磁共振成像
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2004-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mib0801s12
Thomas L. Chenevert, Robert C. Welsh
{"title":"Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging","authors":"Thomas L. Chenevert,&nbsp;Robert C. Welsh","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0801s12","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mib0801s12","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit reviews the physical principles and methodologies involved in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for clinical applications. Diffusion-sensitive MRI noninvasively provides insight into processes and microscopic cellular structures that alter molecular water mobility. Formalism to extend the Bloch equation to include effects of random translational motion through field gradients is reviewed. Definition of key acquisition parameters is also reviewed along with common methods to calculate and display tissue diffusion properties in a variety of image formats. Characterization of potential directional-dependence of diffusion (i.e., anisotropy), such as that which exists in white matter, requires DTI. Diffusion tensor formalism and measurement techniques then reduce the diffusion tensor into standard anisotropy quantities that are summarized along with commonly used methods to depict directional information in an image format.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mib0801s12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78215073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Contrast-Enhanced Renal MRA 对比增强肾MRA
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2004-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia2801s11
Anil N. Shetty, Kostaki G. Bis
{"title":"Contrast-Enhanced Renal MRA","authors":"Anil N. Shetty,&nbsp;Kostaki G. Bis","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2801s11","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia2801s11","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid growth of magnetic resonance imaging systems with enhanced gradient systems together with improved pulse sequences has improved the ability to image blood vessels with a spatial and temporal resolution similar to conventional X-ray angiography. With patients who cannot undergo X-ray angiography because they are contraindicated for iodinated contrast agents (having a creatinine level &gt; 2.0), MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) has proven to be the modality of choice. Since the first demonstration of such contrast-enhanced studies in the abdominal aorta, there have been continual improvements in methods due to improved hardware/software capabilities. This unit presents the MR protocols to image vascular morphology using contrast-enhanced 3-D-MRA techniques. The pulse sequences described herein are based on the authors' experience with a Siemens 1.5 T Vision and 1.5 T Sonata scanners, but are expected to be equally applicable to machines from other manufacturers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia2801s11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90410222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High-Resolution Multi-Contrast MRI of the Carotid Artery Wall for Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Plaques 颈动脉壁高分辨率多层对比MRI评价动脉粥样硬化斑块
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2004-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0104s11
Vasily L. Yarnykh, Chun Yuan
{"title":"High-Resolution Multi-Contrast MRI of the Carotid Artery Wall for Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Plaques","authors":"Vasily L. Yarnykh,&nbsp;Chun Yuan","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0104s11","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0104s11","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carotid atherosclerosis is an important medical condition associated with a high potential risk of stroke. In addition to the degree of artery stenosis, the size and tissue composition of the atherosclerotic plaque are thought to be important factors for disease management and prognosis. This unit presents a protocol for high-resolution multi-contrast MRI of the carotid artery wall. The protocol employs a combination of bright-blood magnetic resonance angiography and black-blood imaging with different contrast weightings (T1, T2, and proton-density contrasts) in order to provide comprehensive characterization of the atherosclerotic lesion. The images obtained with the protocol presented here can be used to identify basic tissue components of the atherosclerotic plaque (fibrous matrix, lipid core, calcificates, and hemorrhage) and to conduct morphological measurements of plaque size and distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0104s11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91057864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Screening Forms for Patients for MR Procedures and Individuals for the MR Environment 磁共振检查的病人和磁共振环境的个人筛选表
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2004-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mix01s11
Frank G. Shellock
{"title":"Screening Forms for Patients for MR Procedures and Individuals for the MR Environment","authors":"Frank G. Shellock","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mix01s11","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mix01s11","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This appendix presents the screening forms that are to be filled by the patient prior to being scanned. Completion of these screening forms is also required for any person accompanying the patient into the magnet room. There are certain answers that will absolutely contraindicate the patient being scanned (e.g., if the patient has a cardiac pacemaker or ferromagnetic implant) while other questions are more designed to evaluate the patient's tolerance (such as whether they are claustrophobic). Other questions (such as those relating to renal disease) will determine if it is safe to use a contrast agent and make the physician aware of the medical status of the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mix01s11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78032509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Diffusion Tensor Imaging 扩散张量成像
Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pub Date : 2004-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/0471142719.mia0604s11
Xiaohong Joe Zhou, Keith R. Thulborn
{"title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging","authors":"Xiaohong Joe Zhou,&nbsp;Keith R. Thulborn","doi":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0604s11","DOIUrl":"10.1002/0471142719.mia0604s11","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit provides step-by-step instructions on how to perform diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in a clinical setting. A brief introduction on DTI techniques and current clinical applications is also presented. Additional technical details, practical considerations, and anticipated results are discussed in a commentary section.</p>","PeriodicalId":100347,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/0471142719.mia0604s11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90707345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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