Crop Management最新文献_第9页

Research Activities on Organic Production and Marketing in USDA's Economic Research Service 美国农业部经济研究局有机生产和营销研究活动

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/cm-2013-0429-06-pv

C. Greene

引用次数: 1

A Cost Comparison of Organic and Conventional Apple Production in the State of Washington 华盛顿州有机苹果和传统苹果生产的成本比较

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2013-2013-0429-05-RS

Mykel Taylor, D. Granatstein

{"title":"A Cost Comparison of Organic and Conventional Apple Production in the State of Washington","authors":"Mykel Taylor, D. Granatstein","doi":"10.1094/CM-2013-2013-0429-05-RS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2013-2013-0429-05-RS","url":null,"abstract":"Organic apple production expanded rapidly during the past decade due to strong demand, new technology, and price premiums, which suggests it is profitable for growers. No rigorous analysis of cost of production has been done to help project profitability in the face of continued increase in supply. The data presented here compare two methods of estimating cost of production and find that production of organic apples in Washington State, the leading producer, is approximately 5 to 10% more costly than conventional production on a per-acre basis. Introduction Organic apple production expanded rapidly during the past decade, reflecting increased consumer demand and new technology to control chronic pests and problems (3,5). Organic apple acres in the United States nearly doubled from 9,270 certified acres in 2000 to 17,626 acres in 2008 (9). As organic apples have moved from a niche product to a commodity, there is concern among growers and the industry about retaining a premium price that can help cover the perceived additional costs and reduced yields with organic production (4). The apple industry compiles detailed sales and price information for organic and conventional apples (e.g., Washington Growers Clearinghouse), but rigorous estimates of the cost of production are lacking. A question facing the apple industry is just how profitable organic production will be in the long run. What if price premiums shrink or disappear? Will organic production continue or will it revert to conventional production? Economic theory suggests that a price premium decline could result from an increased supply of organic apples through either expanded production acres or greater yields on existing acres. Price premiums attract more growers such that in the long run the supply of organic apples will reach a level where economic profits are driven to zero by declining prices. Table 1 displays projected prices for Washington organic apples based on increased sales volume (6). The price premium is estimated to drop to zero once organic apple sales reach 12% of total Washington sales volume. During the 2009-2010 marketing year, organic apples sales were 6% of total apple sales for Washington. The average price received that year for all apples was $19.05 per 40 lb box (FOB) and $24.89 per box for all organic apples. These prices and corresponding volumes are very close to the values predicted by O’Rourke. 29 April 2013 Crop Management Published June 13, 2014","PeriodicalId":100342,"journal":{"name":"Crop Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89840051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Grain Yield, Forage Yield, and Nutritive Value of Dual-Purpose Small Grains in the Central High Plains of the USA 美国中部高平原小杂粮的粮食产量、饲料产量和营养价值

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2012-0154-RS

M. Islam, A. Obour, M. Saha, J. Nachtman, W. Cecil, R. E. Baumgartner

引用次数: 5

Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Pillbug (Isopoda: Armadillidiidae) in Soybean 大豆粉蚧(等足目:犰狳科)综合防治策略

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2012-0165-01-RS

W. Johnson, S. Alfaress, R. J. Whitworth, B. McCornack

引用次数: 3

Effect of Glyphosate Residues on Daughter Seed Potato Growth 草甘膦残留对子种马铃薯生长的影响

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2013-0626-01-BR

A. Robinson

{"title":"Effect of Glyphosate Residues on Daughter Seed Potato Growth","authors":"A. Robinson","doi":"10.1094/CM-2013-0626-01-BR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2013-0626-01-BR","url":null,"abstract":"Seed potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants exposed to low levels of glyphosate during the growing season can store the glyphosate in the daughter tubers resulting in delayed emergence when they are planted the next growing season (1). Glyphosate is the one of the most widely used herbicide in the United States because of the rapid adoption of genetically modified crops, low cost, and effective control of weeds. In North Dakota, 31% of crop acreage was treated with glyphosate in 2008 (2). Seed potato fields can unintentionally come into contact with glyphosate by contamination of spraying equipment, inversions, physical drift, or misapplication. The level of glyphosate that comes into contact with potatoes will vary, but often the low levels of glyphosate during bulking do not cause visible foliar symptoms. This can make early detection of glyphosate toxicity in daughter tubers difficult to determine. Because glyphosate is phloem mobile, it will translocate throughout the plant reaching highest levels within four days in the meristematic tissues (3). The amount translocated will vary by the amount of glyphosate coming in contact with the potato plant and the temperature, with greater absorption of glyphosate at higher temperatures (4). Symptoms of glyphosate carryover in seed pieces include: an erratic and slow emergence; bending, twisting, and yellowing of new leaves; multiple shoots coming from a single eye; ‘candelabra’ formation of shoots; ‘cauliflower’ formation of shoots around an eye; enlarged shoots; and reduced rooting (1) (Figs. 1 and 2). Less is known about the effect glyphosate residues in potato seed have on the yield of potatoes planted the following year. The purpose of this study was to compare normally growing plants with plants affected by glyphosate residues in the seed grown from a commercial seed field. Two commercial fields planted in 2012 were identified in North Dakota and Minnesota and confirmed to have glyphosate residues in the seed tubers. Glyphosate contamination was suspected based on symptomology in foliage and tubers in the field and confirmed in tuber samples sent to a commercial laboratory for analysis using a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Levels ranged from 0.015 to 0.036 ppm glyphosate. The potato clones from each field were grown on commercial seed potato farms in North Dakota in 2011. The potato cultivars were Dark Red Norland and Red LaSoda. In each field 10 arbitrarily selected adjacent plants were flagged to compare a normally growing plant to a glyphosate-affected plant that was delayed in emergence by approximately three weeks (Fig. 3). After vine kill, potato hills were hand harvested and yield and tuber number were recorded. Data were subject to a paired t-Test with the use of the SAS TTEST procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) to test for differences between glyphosate affected seed and normally growing seed. The means were considered different at P ≤ 0.05.","PeriodicalId":100342,"journal":{"name":"Crop Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84189619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Perspective on Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial 对罗代尔研究所农业系统试验的看法

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2013-0429-03-PS

J. Moyer

{"title":"Perspective on Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial","authors":"J. Moyer","doi":"10.1094/CM-2013-0429-03-PS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2013-0429-03-PS","url":null,"abstract":"After thirty years of research, Rodale Institute’s Farming Systems Trial (FST) still remains a relevant catalyst for change in American agriculture. FST is America’s longest running side-by-side field experiment comparing organic and conventional production systems. Starting in 1981, following on the heels of the 1980 USDA study on organic production, FST was implemented to address several of the transition issues identified in the study as potential barriers to farmers adopting organic production strategies. (Additional details can be found at reference 19.) In order to assess each barrier, specific and targeted cropping systems were identified for comparison: an organic/livestock system, an organic/legume system, and a conventional/chemical system. While yield data, the standard agronomic measure of success was collected, additional and important data streams were also measured: soil health, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic returns. By every measure the organic systems documented a positive benefit to the soil, the farmer, and to society. Yield was the only standard in which all treatments performed at similar levels. The study site is located at the Rodale Institute in Kutztown, PA. Field investigations on this 6-ha site began in 1981. Prior to establishment of the experiment, the site was farmed conventionally with continuous corn for at least 25 years. The soil type is a moderately well drained Comly silt loam. The growing climate is sub-humid temperate (average temperature is 12.4°C and average rainfall is 1105 mm per year). Main plots were 18 × 92 m, split into three 6 × 92-m subplots, which allows for comparison of three crops in any given year and the use of farm scale equipment for all operations. The experiment was set up to withstand the rigors of the most intense scrutiny and managed with the assistance of an externally staffed advisory board, to assure the scientific and political communities that the results are sound. Peer review of results found in research papers again assures us all that the data is factual and based on standard acceptable research protocols. (Additional field site and experiment details can be found in reference 9, 10, 13, and 14.) First we’ll address the yield data since the current conversation seems to focus on the need to feed the world and an ever growing population. Direct crop yield comparisons can only be made between corn, soybeans, and wheat because they are the only crops that are present in all systems. In the first four years of the trial (1981-1984), corn yields were significantly lower in the two organic systems compared to the conventional system, mostly due to N deficiency (due to the research design) and weed competition. During that same time period however, soybean yields were equal between Legume and Conventional and significantly higher in the Manure system. Yields may not need to decrease during the transition from conventional to organic production, if the tran","PeriodicalId":100342,"journal":{"name":"Crop Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74337038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Comparison of Pyroxasulfone to Soil Residual Herbicides for Glyphosate Resistant Palmer Amaranth Control in Glyphosate Resistant Soybean 除草剂与土壤残留除草剂在抗草甘膦大豆中防治紫红花的比较

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2013-0032-RS

T. Grey, G. Cutts, L. Newsome, Sanford H. Newell

引用次数: 7

Supporting Organic Agriculture in USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) 支持美国农业部国家食品和农业研究所(NIFA)的有机农业

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2013-0429-08-PS

M. O'reilly, C. Sherony, M. Peet

{"title":"Supporting Organic Agriculture in USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)","authors":"M. O'reilly, C. Sherony, M. Peet","doi":"10.1094/CM-2013-0429-08-PS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2013-0429-08-PS","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to briefly describe how NIFA’s research, teaching, and extension investments in the three programs focusing on organic agriculture were apportioned to geographic areas, agricultural commodities, and topics from 2002-2011. NIFA investments in other competitive and noncompetitive programs supplement this funding to some extent. However, most NIFA organic agriculture funding (Fig. 1) can be traced to the Organic Transitions Program (ORG), created by the 1998 farm bill and originally funded at $500,000 annually; and the Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative (OREI), created by the 2002 farm bill and originally funded at $3 million yearly. In 2009, ORG funds were combined with funds from another NIFA program, the Integrated Water Quality Program (IOWQP), to focus on environmental services. In 2009, funding for OREI increased to $18 million, followed by funding of almost $20 million from 2010 through 2012. ORG funding changed in 2010 to $5 million and then to $4 million in 2011 and 2012. IOWQP was only offered in 2009, but the environmental services focus continued in ORG and was removed from OREI in 2011 and 2012.","PeriodicalId":100342,"journal":{"name":"Crop Management","volume":"122 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79903521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Productivity, Economics, and Soil Quality in the Minnesota Variable‐Input Cropping Systems Trial 明尼苏达州可变投入种植系统试验的生产力、经济性和土壤质量

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2013-0429-03-RS

Jeffrey A. Coulter, T. Delbridge, R. King, D. Allan, C. Sheaffer

{"title":"Productivity, Economics, and Soil Quality in the Minnesota Variable‐Input Cropping Systems Trial","authors":"Jeffrey A. Coulter, T. Delbridge, R. King, D. Allan, C. Sheaffer","doi":"10.1094/CM-2013-0429-03-RS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2013-0429-03-RS","url":null,"abstract":"Organic input (OI) and low external input (LEI) cropping systems with extended crop rotations have potential to maintain crop yields while enhancing net return and soil quality. From 1992 to 2007, contrasting cropping systems were evaluated in a 2-year soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation and a 4year oat (Avena sativa L.)/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-alfalfa-corn-soybean rotation in southwestern Minnesota. When compared to the high external input (HEI) 2-year rotation, corn grain yield was not reduced with LEI and OI 4-year rotations, and soybean yield was not reduced with the LEI 4-year rotation over all 16 years or with the LEI 2-year rotation in the last 4 years. Across years and crops, net return was 88% greater with the OI 4-year rotation than the HEI 2year rotation, but was 19 and 15% lower with the LEI 2and 4-year rotation, respectively. Particulate organic matter and potentially mineralizable C in 2001 were higher with the OI system than the other systems in both rotations. These results demonstrate that with diversified rotations, organic systems can produce high and profitable crop yields while enhancing soil quality, and that corn and soybean yields can be maintained in LEI systems. However, OI and LEI systems are constrained by greater management and labor requirements and pest management challenges than HEI systems. Introduction Long-term agronomic studies integrate environmental and cropping effects to provide a realistic picture of the impact of production practices on crop yield and yield stability, net return, economic risk, pest populations, and soil properties. Long-term research is especially important when evaluating rotations of several crops which may be grown only once within a 4to 5-year cycle. The Morrow Plots, established in 1876 in Illinois, are the oldest example of cropping systems research in the United States (34). This experiment has shown the value of crop rotations with a forage legume in maintaining longterm corn yield compared to continuous corn. The Morrow Plots were also among the first to show the value of manure and fertilizer inputs for sustaining crop yields and soil organic C (2,34). More recently, long-term experiments in the Midwest have re-confirmed the value of forage legumes in crop rotations and have demonstrated the economic and agronomic potential of OI and LEI systems in rotations (7,8,10,13,17,37). However, with the availability of inexpensive fertilizers and pesticides and the decline of livestock on farms beginning in the mid-1900s, many farmers in the Midwest made the transition from diversified cropping systems containing forages to more specialized grain cropping systems (19). Risks associated with these simpler cropping systems were supported by strong commodity markets for grain, federal price supports, and crop insurance programs. 29 April 2013 Crop Management Published June 13, 2014","PeriodicalId":100342,"journal":{"name":"Crop Management","volume":"94 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83892736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Organic Agriculture's Contribution to Sustainability 有机农业对可持续发展的贡献

Crop Management Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1094/CM-2013-0429-09-PS

N. Scialabba

{"title":"Organic Agriculture's Contribution to Sustainability","authors":"N. Scialabba","doi":"10.1094/CM-2013-0429-09-PS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2013-0429-09-PS","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainability is about ecosystem integrity, social well-being, economic resilience, and good governance. According to the current state of knowledge and development, how does organic agriculture contribute to each of these sustainability dimensions? Sustainability has first been equated with environmental soundness in order to ensure the continued provision of goods and services to present and future generations. Organic agriculture, as defined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, \"is a holistic production management system that avoids use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and genetically-modified organisms, minimizes pollution of air, soil and water, and optimizes the health and productivity of interdependent communities of plants, animals and people.\" In organic agriculture, limiting external inputs necessitates adaptation to local conditions in order to harness ecosystem services and increase production efficiency. To this end, the main organic strategies include: rotations, diversification and integration of crop, livestock, tree, and fish to the extent possible in order to optimize nutrient cycling; use of local varieties and breeds in order to increase the system resilience to stress; use of biological pest control to enhance predators; and promotion of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and biomass recycling. Organic management is associated with several positive impacts on land and water, including: increased soil fertility and thus, enhanced productivity; better soil structure that increases stability to environmental stress; better soil moisture retention and drainage, which result in 20 to 60% less irrigation requirements; less water pollution and nitrate leaching in groundwater; reduced erosion by wind, water, and overgrazing (currently, 10 million hectares of land is lost annually by unsustainable agricultural practices); and better soil carbon sequestration rates. A new meta-analysis indicates that soil organic carbon stocks were 3.5 metric tons per hectare higher in organic than in non-organic farming systems and that organic farming systems sequestered up to 450 kg more atmospheric carbon per hectare and year through CO bound into soil organic matter. Overall, energy use by organic farms may be reduced by one-third, as compared to conventional enterprises, due to more efficiency in biological nitrogen fixation. Existing studies report less energy use on organic farms, from 10-70% in Europe and 29-37% in the USA, with exceptions for some crops. The heart of the matter is that chemical agriculture uses 2 kcal of fossil fuel to produce 1 kcal of food energy. This low energy efficiency is compounded by higher oil prices that lead to higher farm input prices, in addition to peak oil, sooner or later. The energy issue requires more attention to paradigms such as organic agriculture in order to face future food challenges. In line with the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change 4th Assessment Report recommendations for agriculture, org","PeriodicalId":100342,"journal":{"name":"Crop Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74625698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20