{"title":"Impact induced dynamic deformations and stresses in CFRP composite laminates","authors":"S.A. Matemilola, W.J. Stronge","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)90714-M","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)90714-M","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An analysis is presented of the dynamic response and stresses in a flexible carbon fibre composite strip that is struck by a rigid missile. The relative approach between the colliding missile and the strip was obtained in a stepwise fashion in the time domain by considering the compatibility of forces and displacements at the interface. The stresses in the region of contact were calculated using Hertz contact theory modified to represent material anisotropy. The plate significantly deflects near the contact patch during the period of contact. This deflection reduces the normal contact force acting between the missile and plate, and prolongs the period of contact.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 211-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)90714-M","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82357049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of domes for polymeric composite pressure vessels","authors":"M. Hojjati, V. Safavi Ardebili, S.V. Hoa","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93979-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93979-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The role of mechanical properties of composite material in dome contour design has been investigated. It has been shown that the optimal dome profile depends on the ratio of longitudinal Young's modulus to transverse Young's modulus in individual laminae (<em>E</em><sub><em>x</em></sub>/<em>E</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>). This profile for any type of composite material always lies between the Netting Analysis solution (<em>E</em><sub><em>y</em></sub> = 0, <em>E</em><sub><em>x</em></sub>/<em>E</em><sub><em>y</em></sub> =∞) and a semi-circle which is the solution for the square symmetric (<em>E</em><sub><em>x</em></sub>/<em>E</em><sub><em>y</em></sub> = 1) and isotropic materials. The shells of revolution of double curvature, classical lamination theory (CLT) and the geodesic-isotensoid assumptions have been used.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 51-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)93979-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85428070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Construction and analysis of three-dimensional woven composite materials","authors":"R. McIlhagger, B.J. Hill, D. Brown, L. Limmer","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00005-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00005-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Composite materials incorporating 3-D woven textile reinforcements have potential for applications in structural components. This paper examines the construction, manufacture and analysis of three-dimensional woven carbon fibre composites as a means of providing data for the validation of a CAD/CAM system for the design of engineering components. In order to achieve the high volume fractions and low void content required for aerospace applications, accurate positioning of yarns within the preform and the design of the moulding tool were crucial while the autoclave processing conditions required modification. The study demonstrates that 3-D woven structures can be successfully converted into complex composite components and provides valuable data for a future knowledge based design and manufacturing system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 9","pages":"Pages 1187-1197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00005-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91719929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Damping characterization of unidirectional fibre reinforced polymer composites","authors":"M. Kaliske, H. Rothert","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00028-L","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00028-L","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main concern of this paper is the modelling of material damping in composite structures. A method is derived to predict the homogenized damping properties analytically. The procedure is based on the micromechanical theory of a representative fibre-matrix cell. Since the dissipative phenomena cannot generally be defined by a unique mathematical model, an equivalent viscous damping model is suggested. On the structural level damping can be analysed by the finite element method. Modal damping is illustrated by numerical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 5","pages":"Pages 551-567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00028-L","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88558808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas D. McGarry , Marek-Jerzy Pindera , Franklin E. Wawner
{"title":"Evaluation of reaction barrier compensating coatings on SCS-6 fibers in Ti-24Al-11Nb(at%) composites","authors":"Thomas D. McGarry , Marek-Jerzy Pindera , Franklin E. Wawner","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00046-P","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00046-P","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of the present study is to determine the influence of surface coatings prepared by sol-gel techniques on microstructure and residual stress distribution in SCS-6/Ti-24AI-11Nb composites. The approach taken was to apply two different oxide coatings with varying thermal expansion coefficients and elastic moduli to the surface of the SCS-6 fibers. Yttrium oxide and magnesium oxide were chosen since each were reportedly compatible with titanium matrices. Layers of two different thicknesses (approximately 0.1 μm and 0.5 μm for the magnesia and 0.5μm and 1.0 μm for the yttria) were applied to the fibers for comparison. The fibers were then placed in the matrix foil and vacuum hot pressed to final consolidation. The integrity of the various coatings, their stability with respect to the fiber and matrix, how they influence the β-depleted region, and their effect on residual stresses, matrix cracking and interfacial strength was studied after exposure to elevated temperatures for different periods of time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 7","pages":"Pages 951-963, 965-974"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00046-P","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90794662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface thermal fracture of functionally graded ceramic coatings: Effect of architecture and materials","authors":"K. Kokini, B.D. Choules","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00045-O","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00045-O","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An analytical study was performed in order to investigate the effect of architecture and material properties on the initiation of surface cracking in functionally graded ceramic coatings. The mode of crack initiation considered was tension resulting from stress relaxation. The thermal stress distributions were calculated using a multilayer beam theory. The results obtained showed that the functional grading of the coating, as well as decreasing its thermal expansion coefficient and modulus of elasticity, decreases the transient surface stresses during cooling after stress relaxation. Changing the thermal expansion coefficient and modulus of elasticity of the substrate has a small effect on the surface stresses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 7","pages":"Pages 865-877"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00045-O","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84697855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Second-rank equilibrium and transport properties of fibrous composites: Effective predictions and bounds","authors":"J.C. Nadeau, M. Ferrari","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00042-L","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00042-L","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A direct approach to the evaluation of the effective permeability, permittivity and transport properties of an arbitrary composite is presented in terms of gradient and flux-density concentrators. A set of requirements are presented, which are imposed on the effective properties and ultimately result in conditions of admissibility for the concentrators. In the scope of bi-constituent, poly-phase composites, two approximate choices for the concentrators are discussed in detail: the Hatta-Taya theory and the poly-inclusion theory. The Hatta-Taya formulation is shown, in general, to yield an effective property which is unsymmetric and which depends on the matrix properties at unitary volume fraction of the embedded material. The poly-inclusion theory is here applied for the first time to second-rank properties. Regardless of the constitution, morphology and texture of the inhomogeneities, the poly-inclusion approach is shown to satisfy all admissibility requirements with the exception of consistency here defined to indicate form identity of mutually inverse properties. A proof is presented which infers relationships between the symmetry group of the orientation distribution function and the symmetry group of the effective properties for special classes of composites. Bounds of order <em>n</em> are presented for macroscopically homogeneous and isotropic composites comprised of an arbitrary number of anisotropic constituents. The case of <em>n</em> = 2 corresponds to the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds which to date appear to have only been calculated for composites with isotropic constituents. Application of the effective properties to the analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is addressed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 7","pages":"Pages 821-838"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00042-L","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88465071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of lateral stresses on fiber debonding/pull-out","authors":"Christopher K.Y. Leung, Yiping Geng","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00064-T","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00064-T","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The performance of fiber reinforced composites is strongly dependent on the behavior of the fiber/matrix interface. The fiber pull-out test has been widely used to determine interfacial properties, from which fiber debonding/pull-out behavior in the composite can be deduced. Pull-out test results reported in the literature are almost always obtained under the condition of zero far-field lateral stresses. However, in many practical applications, crack bridging fibers can be under significant lateral compression (e.g. splitting cracks, shear cracks) or tension (cracks at the bottom of plates under biaxial bending). In this investigation, a novel experimental set-up is developed to study the effect of lateral stresses on fiber debonding and pull-out. Steel fiber reinforced mortar specimens were tested to provide an example. With lateral compression, both the initial interfacial friction and the effective interfacial shear strength are found to increase. A higher lateral compression, however, also results in a more rapid decrease in the interfacial friction during fiber pull-out. Therefore, while lateral compression can significantly increase the peak pull-out load, the energy absorption capacity (denoted by the area under the pull-out curve) does not increase to the same degree. Qualitatively, lateral tension imposes opposite effects to lateral compression. Quantitatively, a small lateral tension can result in changes in interfacial properties comparable in magnitude to those caused by a much higher lateral compression. Therefore, although the lateral tension that can act on a fiber is limited by the low tensile strength of the matrix, it may still impose a noticeable effect on the fiber debonding/pull-out behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 10","pages":"Pages 1331-1348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00064-T","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84719978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stress-free edge effects on the transverse response of a unidirectional metal matrix composite","authors":"Joseph L. Kroupa, Noel E. Ashbaugh","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00007-A","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00007-A","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In using a representative volume element of a unidirectional composite, two out-of-plane boundary conditions represent edge and internal regions of a transversely loaded SCS-6/Timetal® 21S composite. A plane stress condition is proposed to represent a stress-free edge region of the composite, while a generalized plane (uniform longitudinal) strain condition is considered for internal regions. Numerical simulations with elastic-plastic matrix behavior and several different fiber-matrix interface strengths reveal a complex interaction of residual stress, fiber-matrix separation and matrix inelastic behavior which are all dependent on the out-of-plane boundary condition. Several permutations of plane stress and generalized plane strain solutions with several fiber-matrix interface strengths fail to accurately capture the non-linear behavior measured from experiments. The bounding of the experimentally determined transverse response between the plane stress and generalized plane strain solutions suggests that the transverse response may be a combination of both solutions. Strain measurements from the transversely loaded composite support speculation that the plane stress solution better represents edge regions of the composite than a generalized plane strain solution. Likewise, the generalized plane strain solution represents the internal strain state of the composite better than the plane stress case at low loads. Photomicrographs before and after transverse loading show fibers which have protruded from the edge of the specimen; thus, the strain state within the composite is transitioning to a less constrained condition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 569-582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00007-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88350350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanics of debonding and delamination in composites: Asymptotic studies","authors":"Xiaomin Deng","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00052-O","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00052-O","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this paper is to discuss fracture mechanics basis for the analysis of debonding and delamination in composites. Linear elastic interfacial fracture mechanics theories are reviewed, with emphasis on the modelling and characterization of stress and deformation fields near the edges of debonding and delamination. Relations between stress intensity factors and crack-tip strain energy release rate are presented for a variety of cases. Effects of crack growth, material anisotropy, and crack surface contact and friction are considered in detail. Explicit expressions are given for many important results. Implications of the interfacial fracture mechanics theories to the analysis of delamination and debonding in composite materials are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 10","pages":"Pages 1299-1315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00052-O","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80538605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}