{"title":"Determination of interfacial properties from observations of progressive fiber debonding and pullout","authors":"Roger D. Cordes, Isaac M. Daniel","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00009-C","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00009-C","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The characterization of the fiber/matrix interface or interphase region is important in accurately modeling the behavior of composites. Pushout and pullout testing on single fibers are the two primary methods for examining interfacial properties such as the coefficient of friction, residual stresses, interfacial strength or toughness, and the fiber roughness. In this study, single fiber pullout tests were performed on silicon carbide fibers (SCS-2) embedded in a barium borosilicate glass matrix. The samples were made by first passing the silicon carbide fibers through a flame and then sandwiching them between two pieces of glass. The sandwich was then heated in air for 75 min at 850°C under slight pressure. Relations between the length of the debond and the applied load (during progressive debonding) and between the embedded length and the applied load during pullout were determined from the pullout tests. The transparency of the glass allowed the propagation of the debond crack to be observed using an optical microscope. The roughness of the interface caused significant wearing during pullout.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 633-648"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00009-C","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90825719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving fracture resistance of laminar textile composites by third direction reinforcement","authors":"S. Adanur, Y.P. Tsao, C.W. Tam","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00089-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00089-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fracture behavior of multidirectional laminar composites was investigated. Two-and three-dimensional composites were fabricated and tested for this purpose. The effects of third direction fibers on composite mechanical properties were examined. Effects of fiber orientation, stitch density and configuration on resistance to crack propagation and the suppression of delamination were studied. Damage resistance, flexural and shear strength were investigated as a function of distribution of the third direction fibers. The effects of fiber damage due to stitching on the mechanical properties of composites were examined. A new stitching method was developed which successfully eliminated the fiber damage. Delamination was reduced and shear strength and impact energy were increased in properly stitched 3-D composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 9","pages":"Pages 1149-1158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00089-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91754483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prasanna Karpur, Theodore E. Matikas, S. Krishnamurthy
{"title":"Ultrasonic characterization of the fiber-matrix interphase/interface for mechanics of continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix and ceramic matrix composites","authors":"Prasanna Karpur, Theodore E. Matikas, S. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00010-K","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00010-K","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a novel approach to evaluate the elastic properties and the behavior of the interphase region formed by a chemical reaction between the matrix and the fiber materials in metal matrix and ceramic matrix composites. Contrary to the traditional approach which does not allow any relative displacement at the interface without fracture, this paper considers elastic deformation of the interphase zone between the matrix and the fiber by replacing the zone by an “equivalent elastic interface”. The elastic behavior of the equivalent elastic interface describes the local elastic rigidity and deformation of the interphase zone and can be quantified by a mechanics parameter called “shear stiffness coefficient” which is proportional to the ratio of the shear modulus to the local thickness of the interphase material. This paper also outlines an ultrasonic reflectivity modeling that can be used for the experimental measurement of the interfacial shear stiffness coefficient along the length of an embedded fiber. Further, an experimental method of measurement of the shear stiffness coefficient is presented and experimentally measured values are tabulated. The significance of the quantification of such a parameter is that the elastic property of the interface obtained can be used as a common basis among material scientists designing and developing the composite systems, and groups studying material behavior for life prediction. Also, the parameter can be used by production engineers to assure that the designed properties of the composite are being achieved, and by the end users to ensure that the designed and produced properties are being retained in use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 697-711"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00010-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75189367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Matrix crack induced stiffness reductions in [(Om/90n/+ θp/- θq)s]M composite laminates","authors":"Erik Adolfsson, Peter Gudmundson","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93983-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93983-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two- and three-dimensional linearly elastic glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy laminates of the type [(<em>O</em><sub><em>m</em></sub>/90<sub><em>n</em></sub>/+ <em>θ</em><sub><em>p</em></sub>/-<em>θ</em><sub><em>q</em></sub>)<sub><em>s</em></sub>]<sub><em>M</em></sub> containing periodically distributed matrix cracks have been analysed by aid of the finite element method. The presented finite element model enables modelling of several important thick and thin ply stacking sequences like cross-plies, angle plies and quasi-isotropic laminates. Due to periodicity it suffices to model a representative volume element of the laminate. The boundaries of this unit cell represent prospective crack surfaces. In this way varying crack configurations and crack densities could be simulated. By application of periodic boundary conditions the stiffness tensors for laminates containing different crack configurations were calculated. The results are presented in the form of reduced engineering stiffness parameters as functions of matrix crack densities for a thick quasi-isotropic [(0°/90°/+45°/−45°)<sub><em>s</em></sub>]<sub><em>M</em></sub> glass/epoxy laminate, a thick [(0°/90°/+55°/−55°)<sub><em>s</em></sub>]<sub><em>M</em></sub> carbon/epoxy laminate and a thin (0°/+45°/−45°)<sub><em>s</em></sub> glass/epoxy laminate. Comparisons are made to an approximate analytic model developed previously. An excellent agreement between the analytic predictions and the finite element results was found for all cases under consideration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 107-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)93983-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74995843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of damage on the creep behaviour of ceramic matrix composites","authors":"F. Lamouroux , J.L. Vallés, M. Steen","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00058-U","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00058-U","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 10","pages":"1379-1386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00058-U","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72246602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental and theoretical study of the thermal expansion behavior of aluminium reinforced by continuous ceramic fibers","authors":"H.J. Böhm, H.P. Degischer, W. Lacom, J. Qu","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93978-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93978-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal expansion response of an ALTEX-aluminium continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composite produced by gas pressure infiltration was measured experimentally by dilatometry. Theoretical predictions for the composite's thermal expansion behavior were made with simple analytical estimates and with a unit cell model employing the Finite Element method. By correlating experimental and computational results, improved data on the fibers' coefficient of thermal expansion were obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 37-39, 41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)93978-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79239296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High temperature mechanical and thermal stability of silicate matrix composites","authors":"S. Sutherland, K.P. Plucknett , M.H. Lewis","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00057-T","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00057-T","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two silicate matrix composites, Pyrex/Nicalon and BaO-MgO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub> (BMAS)/ Tyranno, have been used to study composite stability with respect to time at temperature, and under applied stress. Samples aged in an oxidizing atmosphere have been tested in flexure at room temperature, and also by fibre “push-down” to investigate the interfacial properties. Tensile tests have been carried out from room temperature up to 1200°C on the BMAS material, and it was found that a steady degradation in strength occurred from 500 to 1100°C, with a small but significant increase up to 1200°C. Creep experiments have been performed on both the Pyrex and BMAS materials, it was found that Pyrex has a creeping matrix and elastic fibres below the matrix softening point, whereas the BMAS composite showed creep in both components, though at long times the creep rate was shown to be fibre controlled. A simple model for the development of strain with time is reported and used to obtain values for the creep rate of both the matrix and fibres. Activation energies were calculated for the creep processes in both matrix and fibres. The values obtained were: Pyrex, 256 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, BMAS matrix, 300 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and the Tyranno fibres, 495 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 10","pages":"Pages 1367-1378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00057-T","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89458576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Floquet Analysis of Lamb Waves Propagating in Periodically-Layered Composites","authors":"A. Safaeinili, D. Chimenti","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4615-1987-4_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1987-4_19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"1471-1476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89585501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of multiple-row bolted composite joints under general in-plane loading","authors":"Ingvar Eriksson, Jan Bäcklund, Peter Möller","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00044-N","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00044-N","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A special purpose finite element method for design of multiple-row composite joints under generalized in-plane loading is presented. The stress analysis is carried out in two steps. In the first step (source analysis), the distribution of applied load within the joint and between the fasteners is determined. In the second step (target analysis), a series of detailed stress analyses of regions containing single bolt holes is performed to determine the stress distribution around the bolt holes. Far field stress distributions obtained in the source analysis are automatically transferred to the boundaries of the target models. The failure analysis includes evaluation of the failure modes (net-section, bearing and shear-out) according to simple point stress criteria. Experiments were performed using single-bolt specimens to validate the target and failure analyses for a graphite/epoxy material system. A complete analysis of a multiple-row glass-fiber/polyester joint is carried out. Computed results show good agreement with experimental data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 8","pages":"Pages 1051-1068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00044-N","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81047300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}