{"title":"Joining aluminium/nicalon composite by diffusion bonding","authors":"R.S. Bushby, V.D. Scott","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00016-G","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00016-G","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The joining of aluminium/Nicalon composite has been investigated by diffusion bonding under pressure using metal interlayers. Bond strengths have been measured using a simple shear jig and the joint microstructures characterised by electron microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis. Using interlayers of copper and copper-silver alloy, joints were readily formed at 550 and 510°C, respectively, as a result of the formation of eutectic liquid which helped to disrupt the oxide film on the aluminium matrix and promote metal diffusion across the joint interface. In the case of copper, however, oxidation at the edge of the interlayer limited the bonded area to ∼80%. Using an interlayer of aluminium alloy (2124), a temperature of 500°C was sufficient to produce a satisfactory joint with ∼100% bonded area, in this case the aluminium oxide film being disrupted by reaction with magnesium in the alloy interlayer. The shear strength of all bonded specimens was ∼50 MPa, with failure occurring mainly through the adjacent composite rather than at the joint interface.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 8","pages":"Pages 1029-1042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00016-G","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73305034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristovão M. Mota Soares, N.M. Marques Cordeiro, J.Infante Barbosa
{"title":"A discrete model for the design sensitivity analysis of multi-layered composite shells of revolution","authors":"Cristovão M. Mota Soares, N.M. Marques Cordeiro, J.Infante Barbosa","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00027-K","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00027-K","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper studies the sensitivity analysis for the optimization of the multi-layered composite axisymmetric shells subjected to arbitrary static loading and free vibrations. The structural analysis is carried out using a two node frustum-cone finite element with 16 degrees of freedom based on Love-Kirchhoff assumptions. The design variables are the angle of orientation of the fibers and/or the vectorial distances from middle surface to upper surface of each ply. The constraint functions are displacements, stresses (Tsai-Hill criterion) and the natural frequency of a specified mode shape. Four types of objective functions can be used: maximum displacement or natural frequency or elastic strain energy and material volume. The design sensitivities are calculated analytically, semi-analytically and by global finite difference. The potentiality of the proposed model and the accuracy of the sensitivities of response are discussed with reference to the applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 5","pages":"Pages 533-550"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00027-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84177318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic compressive properties of composites at interior ballistic rates of loading—Experimental method","authors":"Jerome T. Tzeng, Ara S. Abrahamian","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00021-E","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00021-E","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An experimental method has been developed to investigate the dynamic effects on material behavior in a gun launch environment. A test fixture with a designed crashing mechanism generates a loading condition resulting from gun pressure. Methods of data acquisition and reduction have also been developed using a streak camera and a film digitization technique. The system is calibrated and verified by testing aluminum samples and fairly good results are obtained. Finally, polymer composite laminates with layup constructions of interest are tested. Strain rate effects on the compressive strength are discovered at the interior ballistic rates of loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 5","pages":"Pages 501-508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00021-E","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86136293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal shock and fatigue resistance evaluation of functionally graded coating for gas turbine blades by laser heating method","authors":"C.Y. Jian, Toshiyuki Hashida, Hideaki Takahashi, Masahiro Saito","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00041-K","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00041-K","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents results of thermal shock and fatigue tests conducted on ZrO<sub>2</sub>-based thermal barrier coating systems under the temperature environments for advanced gas turbines. A CO<sub>2</sub> laser heating method was employed to heat two types of cylindrical specimens with conventional two-layer coating and functionally graded coating. Acoustic emission (AE) signals and temperatures were monitored to detect the fracture process of the coating systems. The measurements of AE signals and temperatures were correlated with the growth of coating delamination. In order to investigate the effects of heating rate and cooling rate on the coating fracture, four different heating/cooling thermal cycles were used in the thermal shock and fatigue tests. Using the AE and temperature results, the fracture process of the coating systems is examined, and the delamination growth rate during fatigue tests is determined. Based on the results, a suitable thermal cycle is determined for an accelerated testing method of the ZrO<sub>2</sub>-based coating systems. Finally, usefulness of application of functionally graded coating systems is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 7","pages":"Pages 879-889"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00041-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78331364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FEM study of the effects of interlayers and creep in reducing residual stresses and strains in ceramic-metal joints","authors":"R.L. Williamson, B.H. Rabin, G.E. Byerly","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00035-L","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00035-L","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Finite element numerical models are used to compute residual stresses and strains that develop in a joined Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Ni specimen during cooling from an assumed fabrication temperature. The concept of stress and strain control via interlayers is investigated by considering a homogeneous compliant interlayer, a composite interlayer, and a variety of functional gradient material (FGM) interlayers. Additionally, a power-law creep constitutive relation is incorporated into the model to investigate the effects and relative importance of time-dependent deformation during joining. Graded microstructures are treated as a series of perfectly bonded layers, with each layer having slightly different properties. Constitutive relations for the composite and gradient inter-layers are estimated using a modified rule-of-mixtures approximation. Stress and strain distributions are shown to be highly dependent upon interlayer properties, and stress reductions are only predicted when the interlayer is highly compliant, or when an “optimized” FGM microstructure is used. For reasonable rates of cooling, creep is shown to have a minor influence on the residual stress state achieved at room temperature; however, above approximately 700 K creep strains are significant, suggesting that creep should be included in models intended for predicting joint behavior at elevated temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 7","pages":"Pages 851-863"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00035-L","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79127877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental and theoretical study of the thermal expansion behavior of aluminium reinforced by continuous ceramic fibers","authors":"H.J. Böhm, H.P. Degischer, W. Lacom, J. Qu","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93978-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)93978-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal expansion response of an ALTEX-aluminium continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composite produced by gas pressure infiltration was measured experimentally by dilatometry. Theoretical predictions for the composite's thermal expansion behavior were made with simple analytical estimates and with a unit cell model employing the Finite Element method. By correlating experimental and computational results, improved data on the fibers' coefficient of thermal expansion were obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 37-39, 41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)93978-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79239296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of damage on the creep behaviour of ceramic matrix composites","authors":"F. Lamouroux , J.L. Vallés, M. Steen","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00058-U","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00058-U","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 10","pages":"1379-1386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00058-U","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72246602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hygrothermal effects on viscoelastic responses of laminated composites","authors":"Sung Yi , Harry H. Hilton","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)90712-K","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)90712-K","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Temperature and moisture content effects on viscoelastic responses of GY70/339, T300/934 and kevlar-epoxy laminated composites are investigated using finite element analyses. Time-dependent strains and stresses for these composite plates subjected to moisture absorption and desorption cycles are presented. The results show kevlar-epoxy laminates to be more strongly affected by hygrothermal loads than those made of graphite fibers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 183-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)90712-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75379866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High temperature mechanical and thermal stability of silicate matrix composites","authors":"S. Sutherland, K.P. Plucknett , M.H. Lewis","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00057-T","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00057-T","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two silicate matrix composites, Pyrex/Nicalon and BaO-MgO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub> (BMAS)/ Tyranno, have been used to study composite stability with respect to time at temperature, and under applied stress. Samples aged in an oxidizing atmosphere have been tested in flexure at room temperature, and also by fibre “push-down” to investigate the interfacial properties. Tensile tests have been carried out from room temperature up to 1200°C on the BMAS material, and it was found that a steady degradation in strength occurred from 500 to 1100°C, with a small but significant increase up to 1200°C. Creep experiments have been performed on both the Pyrex and BMAS materials, it was found that Pyrex has a creeping matrix and elastic fibres below the matrix softening point, whereas the BMAS composite showed creep in both components, though at long times the creep rate was shown to be fibre controlled. A simple model for the development of strain with time is reported and used to obtain values for the creep rate of both the matrix and fibres. Activation energies were calculated for the creep processes in both matrix and fibres. The values obtained were: Pyrex, 256 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, BMAS matrix, 300 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and the Tyranno fibres, 495 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 10","pages":"Pages 1367-1378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00057-T","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89458576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}