Sajjad Arefinia , Lida Jarahi , Hamed Khedmatgozar , Saeed Eslami Hasan Abadi , Mohammad Reza Shadmand Foumani Moghadam , André Tchernof , Hosein Soleimaninia , Reza Rezvani
{"title":"Eating frequency has an inverse correlation with adiposity measures and non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters in healthy adult people","authors":"Sajjad Arefinia , Lida Jarahi , Hamed Khedmatgozar , Saeed Eslami Hasan Abadi , Mohammad Reza Shadmand Foumani Moghadam , André Tchernof , Hosein Soleimaninia , Reza Rezvani","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2023.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2023.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Lifestyle modifications have been recommended as an essential treatment approach for cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that eating frequency (EF) correlates with hypertension and related risk of organ damage. This study aimed to examine critical clinical implications to evaluate the association of EF with arterial stiffness parameters as an early marker of atherosclerosis manifestations.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 658 participants of the PERSIAN Organizational Cohort study in Mashhad, aged 30–70 years. Arterial stiffness was assessed by measurement markers of arteriosclerosis, including arterial age, augmentation index (AIx), augmentation pressure (AP), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (Cf-PWV), and central blood pressure. Differences in anthropometric indices, blood indices, and arterial stiffness parameters were evaluated across EF groups.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Our data demonstrate that EF was positively correlated with total daily energy intake, and favourable profiles of adiposity and blood lipids. Subjects with an increased EF, had significantly lower AIx, AP, Arterial Age and Central blood pressure (<em>P</em> for trend<!--> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001) as compared to Lowest EF and not significant with PWV (<em>P</em> for trend, 0.19). Arterial stiffness was also significantly lower in those with increased EF compared with subjects with low EF. By Linear regression analysis, after adjustment for Confounding factors, except PWV, EF showed the associations with all of the non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Increased EF is associated with a lower wave reflection and blood pressure in the central arteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49711312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell aging: Insights from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome","authors":"Magda R. Hamczyk , Rosa M. Nevado","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2023.02.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2023.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) constitute the principal cellular component of the medial layer of arteries and are responsible for vessel contraction and relaxation in response to blood flow. Alterations in VSMCs can hinder vascular system function, leading to vascular stiffness, calcification and atherosclerosis, which in turn may result in life-threatening complications. Pathological changes in VSMCs typically correlate with chronological age; however, there are certain conditions and diseases, such as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), that can accelerate this process, resulting in premature vascular aging. HGPS is a rare genetic disorder characterized by severe VSMC loss, accelerated atherosclerosis and death from myocardial infarction or stroke during the adolescence. Because experiments with mouse models have demonstrated that alterations in VSMCs are responsible for early atherosclerosis in HGPS, studies on this disease can provide insights into the mechanisms of vascular aging and assess the relative contribution of VSMCs to this process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49760721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karla Johana Garay García , Ricardo Javier Chong Menendez , Juan Patricio Nogueira , Jefferson Santiago Piedra Andrade
{"title":"Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: The first case reported in Ecuador","authors":"Karla Johana Garay García , Ricardo Javier Chong Menendez , Juan Patricio Nogueira , Jefferson Santiago Piedra Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Familial chylomicronemia<span> syndrome (FCS) is a genetic entity with autosomal recessive inheritance<span>. Mutations in genes (such as APOC2, APOAV, LMF-1, GPIHBP-1) that code for proteins that regulate the maturation, transport, or polymerization of lipoprotein lipase-1 are the most common causes, but not the only ones. The objective of this study was to report the first documented case in Ecuador.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Clinical case</h3><p><span>A 38-year-old man presented with chronic hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, pancreatic atrophy, and severe </span>hypertriglyceridemia<span><span> refractory to treatment. A molecular analysis was performed by </span>next generation sequencing<span> that determined a deficiency of Lipoprotein Lipase OMIM #238600 in homozygosis. Genetic confirmation is necessary in order to establish the etiology of HTGS for an adequate management of this pathology.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"34 6","pages":"Pages 326-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118230840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Ruiz-García , Ezequiel Arranz-Martínez , Luis Enrique Morales-Cobos , Juan Carlos García-Álvarez , Nerea Iturmendi-Martínez , Montserrat Rivera-Teijido , on behalf of the Grupo de Investigación del Estudio SIMETAP
{"title":"Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity and their associations with cardiometabolic and renal factors. SIMETAP-OB study","authors":"Antonio Ruiz-García , Ezequiel Arranz-Martínez , Luis Enrique Morales-Cobos , Juan Carlos García-Álvarez , Nerea Iturmendi-Martínez , Montserrat Rivera-Teijido , on behalf of the Grupo de Investigación del Estudio SIMETAP","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Excess weight is a major health problem. Aims of this study were to determine the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity, and to compare their associations with cardiometabolic and renal risk factors between obese and non-obese populations, and between overweight and non-overweight populations.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Cross-sectional observational study conducted in Primary Care<span>. Population-based random sample: 6588 study subjects between 18 and 102 years of age (response rate: 66%). Crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were calculated, and their associations with cardiometabolic and renal variables were assessed by bivariate and multivariate analysis.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span><span>The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 36.0% (42.1% in men; 33.1% in women) and 25.0% (26.2% in men; 24.5% in women), respectively. These prevalences increased with age, and were higher in men than in women. Fifty-two percent (95%CI: 50.0–53.9) of the overweight population and 62.3% (95%CI: 60.1–64.5) of the obese population had a high or very high cardiovascular risk. Abdominal obesity, </span>physical inactivity, </span>prediabetes<span>, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia<span>, and low HDL-C were independently associated with both entities. Furthermore, diabetes was independently associated with overweight and hypercholesterolemia with obesity.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 61.0% (68.4% in men and 59.0% in women). More than half of the overweight population and nearly two-thirds of the obese population had a high cardiovascular risk. Hyperglycemia, physical inactivity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL-C, and hypertriglyceridemia were independently associated with overweight and obesity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"34 6","pages":"Pages 291-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134667945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Francisco Gómez Cerezo , José Enrique López Paz , Jacinto Fernández Pardo
{"title":"Update on new forms of tobacco use","authors":"Jorge Francisco Gómez Cerezo , José Enrique López Paz , Jacinto Fernández Pardo","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smoking remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because of its clear influence on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, it is an important factor in internal medicine consultations. Although the rate of smoking cessation has been increasing in recent years, there is a percentage of patients who continue to smoke because they are unable or unwilling to quit, despite having tried existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. For this group of patients there are strategies based on interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of smoking without the need for complete cessation. In this review it is shown that due to the absence of combustion of organic matter in conventional cigarettes, snus, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products generate significantly lower levels of toxic substances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"34 6","pages":"Pages 330-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2529912322000705/pdfft?md5=b50e0ab6d9a3aa14e9d3c74494a5d69c&pid=1-s2.0-S2529912322000705-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134667896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Marco-Benedí , Ana M. Bea , Rosa M. Sánchez Hernández , Núria Plana , Pedro Valdivielso , Fernando Civeira
{"title":"Dyslipidemia treatment strategies in primary and secondary prevention. Dyslipemia Registry of the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society","authors":"Victoria Marco-Benedí , Ana M. Bea , Rosa M. Sánchez Hernández , Núria Plana , Pedro Valdivielso , Fernando Civeira","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Clinical studies show that patients at elevated cardiovascular risk are still far from reaching therapeutic targets, especially for LDL-C levels. It is not known whether these patients are managed differently in specialised units than in other settings.</p></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><p><span><span>Sixty-one certified lipid units certified in the Dyslipidaemia Registry of the Spanish SVociety of </span>Arteriosclerosis<span> were selected for collection of the study data. We included 3958 subjects >18 years of age who met the criteria of hypercholesterolaemia (LDL cholesterol ≥160</span></span> <!-->mg/dl or non-HDL cholesterol ≥190<!--> <span>mg/dl) without familial hypercholesterolaemia. A total of 1665 subjects were studied with a mean follow-up of 4.2 years.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results and conclusions</h3><p>A total of 42 subjects had a cardiovascular event since they were included in the Registry, which is .6%. There were no differences in the treatment used at the start of follow-up between subjects with and without a prospective event. LDL-C improved during follow-up but 50% of the patients had not achieved the therapeutic targets at the final follow-up visit. Increased used of high- potency lipid-lowering therapy, including PCSK9 inhibitors, was observed in 16.7% of the subjects with recurrence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"34 6","pages":"Pages 303-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134667946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Almudena Martin-Romero , Jary Perelló-Martínez , Juan Carlos Hidalgo-Santiago , Alfredo Michan-Doña , Juan Bosco López Sáez , Pablo Gómez-Fernández
{"title":"Effect of the administration of different forms of vitamin D on central blood pressure and aortic stiffness, and its implication in the reduction of albuminuria in chronic kidney disease","authors":"Almudena Martin-Romero , Jary Perelló-Martínez , Juan Carlos Hidalgo-Santiago , Alfredo Michan-Doña , Juan Bosco López Sáez , Pablo Gómez-Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p><span>Vitamin D<span> (vitD) participates in phospho-calcium metabolism and exerts multiple pleiotropic effects<span>. There is tissue 1-α (OH)ase that converts 25-OH cholecalciferol (25 (OH) D) in </span></span></span>calcitriol<span><span> that exerts autocrine and paracrine effects. 25 (OH)D deficiency could limit these tissue effects of vitD. The administration of nutritional vitD and the activator of the vitD receptor<span>, paricalcitol, may promote beneficial effects on vascular and renal function. The objective of this work was to study in subjects with </span></span>chronic kidney disease<span> (CKD) the effect that the administration of different forms of vitD has on arterial function and albuminuria, and the possible relationship between the modifications of these variables.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><p><span>We studied in 97 patients with CKD stages 3–4 the effect of the administration of cholecalciferol (group 2; n: 35) and paricalcitol (n: 31; group 3) on parameters derived from brachial blood pressure, aortic blood pressure<span> and on aortic stiffness studied using carotid-femoral pulse velocity (Vp</span></span><sub>c-f</sub>), and on albuminuria. A group of patients with stages 3–4 CKD who did not receive vitD therapy served as a control group (n: 31; group 1). All parameters were studied at baseline and after the follow-up period which was 7<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->2 months.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>In the baseline phase, no differences were observed between the groups in brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP), central systolic blood pressure (SBP), brachial pulse pressure (bPP), and central pulse pressure (pCP) or in aortic stiffness that was increased in all groups with a baseline Vp</span><sub>c-f</sub> value of 10.5 (9.2–12.1) m/sec. The baseline albuminuria value in the grouped patients was 229 (43–876) mg/g (median (interquartile range)), with no differences between the groups.</p><p>Serum calcium and phosphorus increased significantly in those treated with cholecal-ciferol (native vitD) and paricalcitol (active vitD). Parathormone (PTH) values decreased in those treated with paricalcitol. bPP and cPP decreased in all groups treated with native and active vitD. No significant changes in bPP and cPP were observed in the control group.</p><p>Vp<strong><sub>c-f</sub></strong> did not change significantly in any of the groups, although the variation was quantitatively greater in group 3 (11.2<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->2 vs. 10.7<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->1.6 (p:0.06)). No differences were observed in the changes in Vp<strong><sub>c-f</sub></strong><span><span> between the groups when adjusted to the baseline values of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria, PTH, vitD, brachial and central blood pressure parameters, and their changes with </span>treatment.</span></p><p>Those who received treatment with native and active vitD pr","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"34 6","pages":"Pages 311-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134667947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karla Johana Garay García, Ricardo Javier Chong Menendez, Juan Patricio Nogueira, Jefferson Santiago Piedra Andrade
{"title":"Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: The first case reported in Ecuador","authors":"Karla Johana Garay García, Ricardo Javier Chong Menendez, Juan Patricio Nogueira, Jefferson Santiago Piedra Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2022.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85521271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why are brown bears protected against atherosclerosis even though their plasma cholesterol levels are twice that of humans?","authors":"Eva Hurt-Camejo , Matteo Pedrelli","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2022.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels are twice as high in hibernating brown bears <em>(Ursus arctos)</em> than in healthy humans. Yet, bears display no sign of atherosclerosis development. To explore this apparent paradox, we analyzed lipoproteins from same ten individual bears plasma collected during winter (hibernation; February) and summer (active; June) in the same year. Plasma from fourteen healthy humans were analyzed as comparator. We used standard methods for lipoprotein isolation, composition and functional investigation. The results shows that in brown bears the absence of atherosclerosis despite elevated cholesterol is likely associated with two main athero-protective properties of circulating lipoproteins. First, a significant ten times lower affinity of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) particles for arterial proteoglycans and secondly, an elevated plasma cholesterol efflux capacity. What does the brown bear data tell us? That elevated total cholesterol and apoB-containing lipoproteins not always associates with atherosclerosis disease. We need to look also at the lipoprotein biochemical features and functionality as they are relevant for arterial pathophysiology. What is the translatability into human of these results? We humans need to control our total and LDL-cholesterol levels. We are not brown bears!</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"34 6","pages":"Pages 322-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2529912322000717/pdfft?md5=3cc191f1ec74d1261bdc20b7aefcf515&pid=1-s2.0-S2529912322000717-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134667895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Cosín-Sales , Raquel Campuzano Ruiz , José Luis Díaz Díaz , Carlos Escobar Cervantes , María Rosa Fernández Olmo , Juan José Gómez-Doblas , José María Mostaza , Juan Pedro-Botet , Núria Plana Gil , Pedro Valdivielso
{"title":"Dyslipidemia observatory: Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in Spain, context and levers for improvement in clinical practice","authors":"Juan Cosín-Sales , Raquel Campuzano Ruiz , José Luis Díaz Díaz , Carlos Escobar Cervantes , María Rosa Fernández Olmo , Juan José Gómez-Doblas , José María Mostaza , Juan Pedro-Botet , Núria Plana Gil , Pedro Valdivielso","doi":"10.1016/j.artere.2022.08.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artere.2022.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and objectives</h3><p><span>The treatment of </span>dyslipidemia exhibits wide variability in clinical practice and important limitations that make lipid-lowering goals more difficult to attain. Getting to know the management of these patients in clinical practice is key to understand the existing barriers and to define actions that contribute to achieving the therapeutic goals from the most recent Clinical Practice Guidelines.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Observatory where the information gathered is based on routine clinical practice and the experience from the healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of dyslipidemia in Spain. The information is collected by health area through: (i) face-to-face meeting with three different medical specialties and (ii) quantitative information related to hypercholesterolemia patients’ management (ad-hoc questionnaire). Information includes patients’ profiles, assistance burden, guidelines and protocols used, goal attainment, limitations and opportunities in clinical practice.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>145 health areas are planned to be included, with the participation of up to 435 healthcare professionals from the 17 Autonomous Regions of Spain. Information collection will result in aggregated data from over four thousand patients.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This Observatory aims to understand how hypercholesterolemia is being treated in routine clinical practice in Spain. Even though the preliminary results show important improvement areas in the treatment of dyslipidemias, mechanisms to drive a change towards health outcomes optimization are also identified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100263,"journal":{"name":"Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition)","volume":"34 5","pages":"Pages 253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91721202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}