Climate Resilience and Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Benefits and barriers to the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in West Africa: A systematic review","authors":"Thomas Peprah Agyekum,&nbsp;Philip Antwi-Agyei,&nbsp;Andrew J. Dougill,&nbsp;Lindsay C. Stringer","doi":"10.1002/cli2.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.79","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) serves as a credible mechanism to simultaneously address food security, climate change, and agricultural productivity. Despite the widespread adoption of CSA approaches across West Africa, many countries have still not been able to resolve the problems of food insecurity and rural poverty. This systematic review evaluates published evidence on the types of CSA practices, the determinants and benefits of adoption, and the barriers confronting the adoption of CSA practices across West Africa, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement checklist. Articles published in English from January 2010 to March 2023 investigating the benefits of and barriers to the adoption of CSA practices in West Africa were retrieved from ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for use in systematic reviews. The themes emerging from the articles were extracted, and a summary was provided to illustrate each theme. After applying the eligibility criteria, 12 articles were included in the final review. The studies reviewed revealed that farmers used more knowledge-, water-, carbon-, and nitrogen-smart practices, compared to weather- and energy-smart practices. Across the reviewed papers, factors such as the education level of farmers, age, gender, household size, membership of a social group, agricultural extension services, and access to credit/financial resources influenced CSA adoption. The reviewed studies identified that farmers who used CSA practices reported benefits such as improved soil fertility, higher yield, improved household income, climate resilience (such as overcoming the effects of drought and extreme temperatures), and food security. Some farmers adopted CSA practices to reduce the effect of droughts and high temperatures on their crops, and thus increase their resilience to climate variability and change. However, farmers’ adoption is confronted with challenges related to the technicality of some CSA practices, high cost of labor for CSA implementation, lack of credit and government support, limited access to weather and climate information, limited information about CSA options, high illiteracy level of smallholder farmers, and incompatibility of some practices with farmers’ crop of interest. Our findings show that most CSA practices in the studies we reviewed are not well targeted to meet farmers’ crop of interest, and that governments should provide more practical training to enhance farmers’ understanding of CSA practices, especially those related to weather- and energy-smart initiatives. There should also be more robust financial and institutional support to improve the adoption and usage of CSA practices at all levels. Additionally, socio-cultural factors such as values, customs, and beliefs should be properly integrated into CSA plans as they influen","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.79","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141556732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind the gap: The fissure between aspirations and actions in climate change governance at a local government level: A study of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa","authors":"Siyaxola Ernest Gadu,&nbsp;Richard Kwame Adom,&nbsp;Mulala Danny Simatele","doi":"10.1002/cli2.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.72","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is no longer a myth that climate change-related disasters are on the rise globally, with severe and devastating consequences in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where many of the world's poor people reside. Thus, the emphasis on adaptation to climate change is no longer a choice or a deferred problem into the future, but rather an urgent matter of concern which must be considered a policy priority. As a response to retrogressive climate change challenges on social-economic development and environmental degradation, the government of South Africa has in the last two and half decades, embarked on the progressive formulation of different policy instruments and strategic frameworks to curb and minimize the impacts of climate change on all sub-sectors of the economy. Although much remains to be achieved, some level of success has been realized, particularly in the space of policy formulation, albeit the poor record of implementation. Using research methods inspired by the tradition of qualitative research and an appraisal of existing literature, this paper discusses the complexities of climate change adaptation governance at a local government level in South Africa, focusing on the Eastern Cape Province. It is argued in the paper that one of the major challenges for climate change governance at local municipality levels in South Africa emanates from the gap between aspirations and actions across the entire national governance system. The absence of an integrated climate change governance system has posed significant systemic challenges, and these have tended to constrain decision-making and implementation processes. These issues have been discussed within the broader discourse of the sustainable development goals, particularly goals number 13, 16 and 17.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.72","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140817181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The future is transient: Barriers and opportunities for improved UK water resource climate change assessments using the enhanced Future Flows and Groundwater (eFLaG) climate service products","authors":"Mason Durant,&nbsp;Eleanor Hall,&nbsp;Anna Morris,&nbsp;Grace Walburn,&nbsp;Amy Wilcox,&nbsp;Chris Counsell","doi":"10.1002/cli2.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.69","url":null,"abstract":"<p>UK water resources face a number of challenges when planning for an uncertain future. Climate change impacts and what future droughts might look like can be a significant contributor to this uncertainty. Recent and potential future developments (e.g. ever-finer resolutions) in climate modelling offer the potential for running bias-corrected transient future scenarios through hydrological, hydrogeological and water supply models, providing users with droughts of differing severity, frequency, spatial extent and duration to those experienced historically, incorporating changes over time and an understanding of climate model uncertainty. The recent enhanced Future Flows and Groundwater (eFLaG) project sought to demonstrate a climate service using these transient scenarios, with the aim of enhancing the resilience of the water industry to drought events and complementing existing approaches. The project demonstrated the use of this transient climate change information within a water resource setting, using a variety of hydrological and water resource models to help illuminate potential gaps and issues with such an approach. If we are to realise the potential of transient scenarios, a number of barriers – both scientific and organisational – need to be overcome. We present a road map for the future based on outcomes from the eFLaG project, as well as ways the eFLaG projections could be used to improve system resilience in the present.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.69","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140343080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and ecological sustainability in Zimbabwe: Interrogating the role of Higher Education Institutions in disaster management","authors":"Mavis Thokozile Macheka","doi":"10.1002/cli2.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.68","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Zimbabwe has been hit by a number of cyclones in the last two decades, namely Cyclone Eline in 2000, Cyclone Japhet in 2003, Cyclone Dineo in 2017, Cyclone Idai in 2019, Tropical Storm Chalane in 2020, Cyclone Eloise in 2021, Cyclone Ana in 2022 and Cyclone Freddy in 2023. Resultantly, the issue of ecological sustainability becomes a key priority issue in the country, and thus, all key stakeholders’ participation becomes imperative. Against this background, the study interrogates the level of participation and inclusion of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in climate change and disaster management in Zimbabwe. This qualitative research adopted a mixed research approach where data were gathered and generated through self-administered and online questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and document review. Findings revealed that the available laws, structures and mechanisms for climate change management and disaster prevention do not have provision for the participation of HEIs. The study further established mixed views among the participants regarding the efforts by HEIs in climate change and disaster management. On one hand, academics and students highlighted roles of HEIs in climate change management, and these include material donations, knowledge creation, training community on climate mainstreaming, awareness campaigns, leading climate change adaptation projects, leading climate change mitigation projects and testing and deployment of innovative practices. On the other, communities voiced their concern on the low level of participation by HEIs. Results illustrate that HEIs do not fully participate in ecological sustainability outside the academia realm. Therefore, the study concludes that in order to realize ecological sustainability, these policy gaps and inconsistences and failures could be bridged by allowing HEIs as centres of knowledge creation to be key players in climate change and disaster management. The ‘business as usual’ approach to environmental challenges could be changed to being key players in addressing climate change issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.68","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140340305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of adaptive capacity of rural women farmers: The role of climate action and information mediums in rural Ghana","authors":"Amma Birago Kantanka Gyimah,&nbsp;Philip Antwi-Agyei,&nbsp;Gifty Adom-Asamoah,&nbsp;Frank Baffour-Ata","doi":"10.1002/cli2.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.67","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gender-differentiated roles, responsibilities, access, rights, and knowledge gaps shape women's vulnerability to climate change. This is especially critical for women farmers whose livelihoods are climate-dependent. A key component in building women farmers’ resilience to climate change is deepening their adaptive capacity. Therefore, this research sought to measure the adaptive capacity of women farmers from two unique districts of Ghana using the sustainable livelihood capitals and investigate how access to climate information and the uptake of climate action can influence women's adaptive capacity. Rural women farmers (<i>n</i> = 497) were interviewed through a survey and supported with key informant interviews from six agricultural staff at the selected districts. The adaptive capacity of respondents was rated moderate at 0.405. Differences between the adaptive capacity of women from different agroecological zones (Dormaa East—0.422; East Gonja—0.388) were statistically insignificant (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). All climate information mediums except the TV medium had a significant prediction on women farmers’ adaptive capacity. The odds of a decreasing relationship of predictor variables, such as extension officer medium, radio, and adaptation action, require strategic structuring to accrue holistic benefit. The study thus recommends deepening women's benefit from extension services by attracting and retaining female extensionists, while training extensionists on tailored techniques for engaging female farmers. Again, extensionists who report high outreach to female farmers should be incentivized. Traditional and modern Information and Communication Technology mediums must be explored and integrated as alternatives. Co-benefit practices for both adaptation and mitigation should be encouraged among women farmers to deepen climate action.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140161439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying ensemble climate models to predict the fate of marginal coral reefs already existing at thermal and turbidity limits in arid tropical Australia","authors":"Paula Cartwright,&nbsp;Nicola Browne,&nbsp;Peter Fearns,&nbsp;Mick O'Leary,&nbsp;Ryan Lowe","doi":"10.1002/cli2.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.66","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Marine fauna, including coral reefs, exist under particular oceanographic and meteorological (metocean) processes that maintain water quality within the range limits to which they have adapted over millennia. Climate-induced changes to these metocean processes could alter ambient marine water quality to ranges beyond those limits and at rates faster than species can adapt. Extreme (or marginal) coral reefs, such as those in arid tropical regions, already exist at the limits of their ranges for water quality parameters such as temperature and turbidity. Here, we apply projected anomalies from ensemble climate models to the metocean processes that drive turbidity in the Exmouth Gulf region of north Western Australia where habitats of significant environmental value exist. We also apply projected sea surface temperature anomalies to look at how a combined effect of turbidity and temperature might impact important habitats. We find that turbidity is predicted to increase in some parts of the Gulf and decrease in others due to differing metocean drivers of turbidity throughout the region. Temperature anomalies reveal year-round increases in temperature consistent with current summer marine heat wave events (&gt;2.5°C above mean temperatures). Climate models used in the predictions varied between themselves underscoring the importance of model choice and of using ensembles.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.66","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139700572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A drought and heat risk assessment framework for urban green infrastructure","authors":"Raghid Shehayeb,&nbsp;Regine Ortlepp,&nbsp;Jochen Schanze","doi":"10.1002/cli2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.63","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is a prominent concept toward climate adaptation and urban resilience, but it is also affected by droughts and heat. Hence, this study aims to advance the multi-assessment of drought and heat risks (DHRs) for UGI through the DHR assessment framework with conceptual and methodological features, paving the way toward knowledge creation and decision support. The framework was systematically developed, starting with defining the situation, analyzing concepts, and finally, constructing the framework. The situation is interpreted as a coupled human and natural system to represent the biophysical and immaterial elements, processes, and interrelations. Further, the concepts of risk, UGI, and ecosystem services lead to a risk system showing the compound hazards, the exposure, and the cascading vulnerabilities of the UGI. The DHR assessment framework distinguishes two stages, multi-risk analysis and multi-criteria risk evaluation. The analysis includes the definition and interpretation of the UGI situation under drought and heat conditions, analyzing the hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities of the system, and translating the risk system into an indicator-based information system. Hereby, the vulnerability analysis of the biophysical UGI aspects comprises the susceptibility and resilience of UGI entities, as well as the degree to which providing ecosystem functions and services can be affected. The multi-criteria risk evaluation covers the assignment of thresholds and weights for indicators, in addition to the aggregation methods. The resulting framework intends to support local actors in the risk assessment of current and future conditions, fostering evidence-based decisions and interventions to deal with compound DHRs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.63","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139399940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy harvester reliability study by Gaidai reliability method","authors":"Oleg Gaidai,&nbsp;Jiayao Sun,&nbsp;Fang Wang","doi":"10.1002/cli2.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.64","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study validates a novel structural reliability method, particularly suitable for high-dimensional green energy harvesting device dynamic systems, versus a well-established bivariate statistical method, known to accurately predict two-dimensional system extreme response contours. Classic reliability methods dealing with time series do not always have an advantage of dealing easily with dynamic system high dimensionality, along with complex cross-correlations among different system components. Energy harvesters constitute an important part of modern offshore green energy engineering; hence, proper experimental study along with safety and reliability analysis are of practical design and engineering importance. To study the performance of galloping energy harvesters, a series of laboratory wind tunnel tests have been conducted, selecting different wind speeds. This study illustrates the usage of the advocated novel reliability method, by analyzing bivariate statistics of experimental galloping energy harvester's dynamics. The bivariate statistics was extracted from available experimental results, more specifically for the device's voltage-force dataset. Advantage of the proposed methodology being that relatively short experimental data record may still yield meaningful design results, provided proper statistical methods have been applied. Safety and reliability are important engineering concerns for all kinds of green energy devices. In the case of measured device's structural response, an accurate prediction of system failure or damage probability is possible, as illustrated in this study. Distinctive advantage of advocated novel semi-analytical reliability methodology being the fact that it can tackle dynamic systems with practically unlimited number of dimensions (or components), along with complex nonlinear cross-correlations between different system key components.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.64","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139090724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of climate change on crop yield anomaly in Europe","authors":"Miriam Schmidt,&nbsp;Elizaveta Felsche","doi":"10.1002/cli2.61","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cli2.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Every human needs sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to live an active and healthy life. Climate change, especially more frequent extreme climate events, increasingly affects crop yields. Unpredictable losses in crop production pose a high risk to our food systems, thus threatening agricultural producers and consumers worldwide. This study analyzes the effect of climate change on wheat, maize, and barley yield anomalies for the major producing countries in the EU. Applying the Random Forest machine learning model, climate indicators, comprising mean and extreme climate conditions, explain 18% of crop yield anomalies across crops and countries from 1961 to 2020. The predictive power of climate indicators is highest for maize with 24%, followed by barley with 22% and wheat with 3%. However, mean climate indicators are stronger associated with crop yield anomalies than extreme climate indicators. Temperature- and soil moisture–related indicators are more important than precipitation-related indicators. The results reveal a nonlinear relationship between climate indicators and crop yields. Thresholds lead to a sharp decrease or increase in crop yields. Under SSP3-7.0, rising temperatures tend to increase crop yield losses until 2100 without effective adaptation measures. The impact of changing soil moisture–related indicators depends on crop and country. Our study discusses adaptation strategies but also emphasizes the relevance of global mitigation efforts to reduce climate-induced crop risk and to improve our food system's resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138949456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building climate resilience through crop residue utilization: Experiences of Ghanaian smallholder farmers","authors":"Philip Antwi-Agyei,&nbsp;Jonathan Atta-Aidoo,&nbsp;Lawrence Guodaar,&nbsp;Andrew Dougill","doi":"10.1002/cli2.55","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cli2.55","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A major limiting factor affecting the uptake of conservation agriculture practices in smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa is the limited availability of sufficient crop residues for use as surface mulch. This paper assesses the trade-offs in crop residue utilization among smallholder farmers and its implications for soil management in the face of climate change risks in northern Ghana. The paper triangulated data from 350 household surveys with participatory key informant interviews from seven selected communities in three districts of northern Ghana. The problem confrontation index (PCI) was adopted to identify and rank the challenges associated with farmers’ decision to use crop residues, while a multivariate probit model was used to analyse and predict the factors that influence farmers’ choice of crop residue management practices. Results showed that crop residues were used as cooking fuel in households (21%), livestock feed (21%), left on the farm to decompose as mulch (34%) or burned to clear the land (24%). Key challenges identified included high labour cost (PCI = 404), high labour intensity (PCI = 388), the cost and transport for collection and storage of externally sourced crop residue (PCI = 383) and the low benefit from crop residue to farm output/soil fertility (PCI = 339). Results from the multivariate probit model revealed that household and farm variables, institutional and socio-psychological factors, and experience of some climate shocks all influence farmers’ choice of crop residue management practices. Crop residue use and management practices adopted were determined by factors including the crops being grown, challenges faced by farmers and the management options available. The study recommends the need for the Government of Ghana to empower farmers through the provision of technical knowledge and machinery for the sustainable utilization of crop residues due to the high labour intensity and cost associated with such practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":100261,"journal":{"name":"Climate Resilience and Sustainability","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cli2.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80056855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}