Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"A comprehensive review on multilayered natural-fibre composite reinforcement in geopolymer concrete","authors":"Shyamkumar Mani ,&nbsp;Pachaivannan Partheeban ,&nbsp;C. Chella Gifta","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid growing environmental concerns in India regarding the substantial CO₂ emissions from Portland cement, accounting for 5 to 8 % of total emissions, the development of Geopolymer concrete (GPC) emerged as a long-term substitute. The study aims to review the research works on geopolymer concrete fortified with diverse elements like GGBFS, nanomaterials, and natural Fibres. The research employs a multidisciplinary methodology, encompassing a comprehensive assessment of previous experimental studies conducted by the investigators to examine the mechanical and structural characteristics, as well as the durability and microstructural aspects, of composite materials used in the production of geopolymer concrete. Materials under investigation include Fly ash, GGBFS, Nanoclay, bamboo, sisal, and hemp fibres. Findings from the literature review reveal that compared to a control mix, the notable improvements in compressive, tensile, and flexural strength by integrating GGBFS and Nanoclay are 15 %, 27 %, and 106 %, respectively. Adding hemp fibres at 5 % volume fraction, Fly ash, and GGBFS amplifies the water absorption capacity by 20 %. Sisal fibre was utilized as reinforcement in glass composites to develop a multilayered sisal-glass composite in polyester matrix optimal configuration (4 glass and 9 sisal layers) demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 57.60 MPa, flexural strength of 36 N/mm², and 10 % moisture absorption, offering superior performance and cost-effectiveness. The findings highlight the effectiveness of strategic fibre layering in enhancing composite strength and cost efficiency. Natural fibres like hemp, bamboo, and sisal also improve the composites hardness and tensile characteristics. These consequences highlight the possibility of incorporating supplementary materials in geopolymer concrete, offering substantial improvements in mechanical and durability, environmental sustainability, and cost-effective construction solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability assessment of ultra-high performance concrete made with various supplementary cementitious materials","authors":"Leila Farahzadi ,&nbsp;Saeed Bozorgmehr Nia ,&nbsp;Behrouz Shafei ,&nbsp;Mahdi Kioumarsi","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is widely recognized for its exceptional strength and durability, making it a preferred choice in modern concrete construction. However, the high cement content of conventional UHPC mixtures causes environmental concerns, particularly in terms of carbon footprint. To address such concerns, this study presents a comprehensive sustainability assessment of various UHPC mixtures that incorporate high volumes of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag and fly ash, individually and in combination, as partial replacements for cement. The use of alternative SCMs also addresses the reliance of UHPC mixtures on silica fume. While beneficial for a range of concrete properties, silica fume poses challenges, in terms of cost and potential particulate emission during handling and mixing. A detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed in the current study to evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative UHPC mixture designs, considering key factors, such as resource utilization, energy consumption, water use, raw material transportation, and production processes. In contrast with past research that primarily focused on simple CO₂-equivalent metrics, this study assessed 14 distinct environmental impact categories, offering a unique and holistic contribution to UHPC sustainability research. The findings demonstrated that incorporating up to 50% GGBF slag as cement replacement significantly reduces the UHPC’s environmental impacts without jeopardizing the main mechanical and durability characteristics. This research underscores the critical role of industrial by-products in enhancing sustainable construction practices and offers practical solutions for adopting low-impact concrete production methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and property study of geopolymer composite fireproof coating with PVA fiber and manganese slag","authors":"Zhenyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Chenxi Zeng ,&nbsp;Hongqing Wei ,&nbsp;Yanhuai Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geopolymers have garnered widespread attention due to their excellent mechanical properties, durability, and fire resistance. In this paper, we have conducted the design of a geopolymer coating, incorporating a specific proportion of solid waste manganese slag and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. The geopolymer serves to stabilize the manganese slag, while the PVA fibers enhance the mechanical properties of the coating. The results demonstrate that the composite geopolymer coating becomes dense at high temperatures, exhibiting outstanding fire-resistant characteristics. Furthermore, the coating significantly enhances the mechanical performance of wood specimens, indicating promising application prospects in the field of building material fire protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonation reaction of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA): CO2 mass consumption under various treatment conditions","authors":"Hossein Sousanabadi Farahani ,&nbsp;Amin Hosseini Zadeh ,&nbsp;Jiong Hu ,&nbsp;Chris Hawkins ,&nbsp;Seunghee Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete is a key building material around the world due to its excellent strength and durability. Recycling demolished concrete for new construction materials may play a significant role in sustainable development. Producing recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) from waste concrete is one approach for such an initiative. However, using RCA may pose challenges, such as reduced density, lower elastic modulus and strength, and increased water absorption. Recently, the carbonation of RCA has emerged as a method to address those concerns. This study explores the carbon sequestration capacity of RCA through carbonation, examining various parametric conditions, including initial CO₂ pressure, relative humidity, temperature, and pre-treatment approach. Both lab-scale and large-scale carbonation tests were conducted. Additionally, a cost analysis and CO₂ footprint assessment were performed. The findings showed that applying higher initial CO₂ pressures (<em>e.g.</em>, 40–60 psi) and optimal relative humidity (∼55 %) could significantly enhance the carbonation efficiency of RCA. Elevating temperature also led to accelerated CO₂ consumption, being more effective on the lab scale. The economic analysis presented potential cost benefits when substituting natural aggregates with CO₂-treated RCA. All in all, these results suggest that the carbonation of RCA may provide significant environmental benefits through carbon sequestration, promoting sustainable construction practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of manufacturing variables on the mechanical performance of recycled glass-enhanced composites","authors":"Nathaphon Buddhacosa ,&nbsp;Thevega Thevakumar ,&nbsp;Everson Kandare ,&nbsp;Sujeeva Setunge ,&nbsp;Dilan Robert","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the influence of various manufacturing conditions – including moulding pressure, post-curing, and aging – on the microstructure and mechanical properties (flexural and tensile) of epoxy matrix composites incorporating recovered glass particles at weight fractions ranging from 84 wt% to 90 wt%. The study focused on understanding how these conditions affect the interfacial bonding between the glass particles, epoxy matrix, and void content to establish a correlation between microstructure and mechanical performance before and after ceramification. The findings revealed that increasing moulding pressure from 1.1 MPa to 6.6 MPa reduced void content, increased composite density, and significantly improved flexural properties. The impact of post-curing on the composites’ flexural performance was also examined, and it was found that adjusting the epoxy matrix weight fraction from 6 wt% to 12 wt% further influenced the composite’s mechanical properties. X-ray computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed changes in composite porosity and interfacial bonding, enabling the correlation of these microstructural changes with variations in mechanical properties for both non-ceramified and ceramified composites. Ceramification induced additional microstructural changes, including the formation of voids, which influenced the composites’ mechanical properties. Additionally, the effect of integrating steel wire mesh with 6.5 mm apertures on the mechanical performance of the glass/epoxy composites, both before and after ceramification, was explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing double-layer rubber composites for eco-friendly laminates: A thermal-mechanical characterization","authors":"Thanwit Naemsai ,&nbsp;Chatree Homkhiew ,&nbsp;Theerawat Petdee ,&nbsp;Chainarong Srivabut","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the optimal design of double-layer rubber composites for eco-friendly laminates. A comprehensive methodology was used, combining material selection, manufacturing processes, and structural optimization to create composites with improved conductivity, strength, durability, and environmental sustainability. The Box-Behnken design methodology was utilized to optimize the formulation of these composites, yielding an optimal solution characterized by a desirability score of 0.714. This optimal formulation consists of a blowing agent content of 12 parts per hundred rubber (phr), wood sawdust content of 80 phr, and a processing temperature of 110 °C. The projected performance characteristics for this optimal composite formulation include a thermal conductivity of 0.023 watts per meter-kelvin (W/mK), a peeling force of 0.728 kN, a puncture force of 97.84 N, and a shearing force of 0.344 kN. Furthermore, an analysis of dimensionless parameters identified a favorable thickness ratio of 0.5 for the double-layer laminate wall panels, which corresponds to a total thickness of 10 mm. This finding is consistent with the principles of green building, facilitating resource efficiency. By adopting a holistic design approach, this study demonstrates a viable strategy for developing high-performance and sustainable double-layer rubber composites tailored for eco-friendly laminates, thus contributing to advancements in green building solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber-reinforced geopolymers made with recycled aggregates for screed flooring and repair applications","authors":"Joud Hwalla ,&nbsp;Hilal El-Hassan ,&nbsp;Joseph J. Assaad ,&nbsp;Tamer El-Maaddawy","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increase in greenhouse gas emissions from cement production, along with limited landfill capacity for construction waste, has driven research into finding sustainable alternatives to replace cement and natural aggregates. While cement replacement with geopolymeric binders in mortar and concrete has been proven feasible, replacing natural aggregates with recycled counterparts has led to performance losses. To offset this drawback, different additives, including fibers, have been incorporated into such construction materials. This study evaluates the feasibility of using steel fiber (SF)-reinforced geopolymer (GP) composites incorporating recycled fine aggregates (RFA) for screed flooring and repair applications. GP mixes were prepared with RFA mass substitution up to 100 %, alongside SF volume of 0.5 % and 1 %. Flow values of 125 ± 25 mm were attained within 35 to 70 min. The 7-day compressive strength of GP composites reached 74.0 % to 96.2 % of their 28-day values. RFA substitution reduced compressive strength, elastic modulus, tensile strength, pull-off bond strength, and energy absorption and increased impact indentation and abrasion mass loss by up to 56, 69, 60, 23, 68, 266, and 2025 %, respectively. Conversely, SF addition improved most of these properties except for compressive and pull-off bond strength, which slightly decreased. GP composites made with 0 %, 25 %, and 50 % RFA satisfied the strength requirements for use in structural repair, while those with higher RFA replacement were suitable for non-structural use. Based on BS 8204, GP mixes were categorized as Category A screed flooring except the plain mix made with 100 % RFA, which was categorized as Category B.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength, pore and corrosion characteristics of ceramic insulator powder-silica fume based ternary blended mortar","authors":"Sumrerng Rukzon ,&nbsp;Suthon Rungruang ,&nbsp;Udomvit Chaisakulkiet ,&nbsp;Patcharapol Posi ,&nbsp;Prinya Chindaprasirt","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the compressive strength, porosity, water absorption, chloride penetration, and corrosion resistance of mortar in a ternary blended cementitious system that substitutes Portland Cement Type 1 (PCT) with varying proportions (15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 40%) of finely ground ceramic electrical insulator (CE) and silica fume (SF). To enhance the workability of the mortar, a superplasticizer (SP) was used, maintaining a consistent water-to-binder ratio (W/B) of 0.50. SEM-EDS microstructural analysis revealed a homogeneous composition with a high content of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, particularly notable in samples combining CE and SF. The incorporation of 5% to 20% by weight of CE and SF into the cementitious materials resulted in mortars that exhibited superior compressive strength compared to both the control sample and those containing only 10% SF. The use of very fine CE and SF also improved the mortars’ properties in terms of water absorption and chloride penetration. Furthermore, the addition of CE and SF significantly enhanced the mortar’s porosity and increased its corrosion resistance. These findings demonstrate the viability of ground ceramic electrical insulators as a cementitious material and emphasize the environmental benefits of reducing waste and alleviating disposal burdens by repurposing industrial by-products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The engineering performance of EICP-modified municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash for road construction","authors":"Zeng Yuan ,&nbsp;Tingjun Wu ,&nbsp;Linbing Wang ,&nbsp;Yucheng Huang ,&nbsp;Qiang Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) emerges as a potential alternative to natural aggregates due to its similar mineral composition and engineering properties as embanking fillings. However, the instability and environmental pollution risks of MSWIBA limit its large-scale application. This study proposes to employ Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) technology to enhance the mechanical properties of MSWIBA and reduce its environmental impact. Initial analyses focused on the basic physicochemical properties and morphological changes of MSWIBA before and after modification. Then the modified MSWIBA exhibited improvements in shear resistance, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation behavior. It was also found that existing resilient modulus and permanent deformation predicting models for soils are applicable to EICP-modified MSWIBA. The column leaching tests were conducted on samples subjected and not subjected to freeze–thaw and dry-wet cycles. The results revealed the modified MSWIBA released reduced heavy metal concentrations in both water and acid leaches. These findings establish a solid theoretical foundation for employing EICP-modified MSWIBA as an embankment fill material, highlighting the potential for wider adoption of this eco-friendly alternative in road constructions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143133623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detergent-mediated reduction of fiber fragment emissions during conventional machine laundering of textiles and garments","authors":"Dong Li ,&nbsp;Meritxell Asensio ,&nbsp;Nello Russo ,&nbsp;Mariacristina Cocca ,&nbsp;Stefan Brandt ,&nbsp;Maike Rabe ,&nbsp;Patricia A. Holden","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synthetic textile fiber fragments (sFFs) shed via laundering including washing and drying—historically, but perhaps less accurately, known as synthetic microfibers—are microplastics contaminating environmental biota, ecosystems, and human food supplies. Reducing sFF emissions is of global concern, but there are few source reduction options. sFF emissions vary by fixed factors such as the type of garment edge treatment, the type of fiber or fabric (e.g. staple vs. filament, or surface treatment such as fleece), washing machine type, water conditions, and drying conditions. However, detergent effects are less studied and, while using any detergent—especially powder—may increase sFF emissions, the concept of liquid detergents formulated to reduce sFF emissions remains unexplored. Here, we report a novel “low shed” detergent’s comparative effects on sFF mass emissions, from two studies. First, four institutions washed each of four fabric types using either a conventional detergent or a novel (low shed) detergent, finding that the latter decreased sFF mass emissions despite institutional—operational and methodological—differences. The masses of sFFs per mass of textiles averaged, for each of four institutions, 0.08 ± 0.06, 0.07 ± 0.07, 0.05 ± 0.04, and 0.08 ± 0.04 g/kg when using the novel detergent, versus 0.23 ± 0.13, 0.16 ± 0.11, 0.14 ± 0.05, and 0.11 ± 0.05 g/kg for the conventional detergent. Despite multiple fixed differences in washing conditions across the institutions, the sFF shedding amounts significantly differed according to detergent. Second, for studies at one institution, textile fiber fragment (FF) mass emissions from laundering whole garments comprised of mixed synthetic and cotton fibers were also comparatively decreased with the low shed detergent during washing, wherein the novel detergent resulted in significantly less FF (0.37 g/kg) than the conventional detergent (0.50 g/kg; Wilcoxon test, <em>p</em> = 0.02, n = 8). Although whole garment FF masses captured from the machine dryer (lint trap plus dryer exhaust) did not vary by antecedent detergent (0.50 and 0.49 g/kg, using the novel versus conventional detergent, respectively), the overall garment laundering process across washing and drying emitted relatively decreased FF masses with the low shed detergent (0.87 g/kg) compared to the conventional detergent (0.99 g/kg, <em>p</em> = 0.02). Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated that detergent type could be an important factor in determining the release of sFFs and FFs during laundering, with a possible way to reduce the release being intentional detergent formulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}