Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative最新文献

{"title":"Progesterone restores blood-brain barrier and memory after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in male rats","authors":"Maydelín Espadín ,&nbsp;Miguel Cervantes ,&nbsp;Angélica Coyoy-Salgado ,&nbsp;Claudia Espinosa-Garcia ,&nbsp;Beatriz Gómez-González ,&nbsp;Gabriela Moralí","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Aging is associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). These blood flow age-related alterations might be attenuated by progesterone (P4), a neurosteroid which has been proven to exert pleiotropic neuroprotective effects in brain injury models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of P4 on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and on spatial learning and memory in rats subjected to CCH.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male Sprague-Dawley rats (12–14 month-old) were distributed in groups: CCH+vehicle; CCH+P4 and SHAM. At 7 and 14 days, the function of the BBB, the tight junction proteins and inflammatory factor levels were evaluated. At 180 days spatial learning and memory were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CCH induced BBB dysfunction, alters tight junction protein, inflammation factors and spatial learning and memory. Treatment with P4 ameliorated these alterations.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Our results suggest that P4 plays an important role in protecting the brain from hypoperfusion in old male rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A personalized, integrative approach in treating major depressive disorder: N-of-1 study with plasma proteome and physicochemical analysis of homeopathic preparations","authors":"Ubiratan Cardinalli Adler ,&nbsp;Maristela Schiabel Adler ,&nbsp;Renan dos Santos Nogueira ,&nbsp;Márcio Normando Borges Coelho Filho ,&nbsp;Eugênio de Moura Campos ,&nbsp;Patrícia Andréa da Fonseca Magalhães ,&nbsp;Antonio Brazil Viana Júnior ,&nbsp;Suellen Monike do Vale Sabino ,&nbsp;Annyta Fernandes Frota ,&nbsp;Michelle Verde Ramo Soares ,&nbsp;Anderson Carneiro Costa ,&nbsp;Raelle Ferreira Gomes ,&nbsp;Regina Celia Monteiro de Paula ,&nbsp;Rosemayre Souza Freire ,&nbsp;Eduardo Mello Barroso Filho ,&nbsp;Carla Soraya Costa Maia ,&nbsp;Felipe Domingos de Sousa ,&nbsp;Allysson Allan de Farias ,&nbsp;Francisco Luan Fonsêca da Silva ,&nbsp;Caren Nádia Soares de Sousa ,&nbsp;Lia Lira Olivier Sanders","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) treatment remains challenging. This N-of-1 study evaluated a personalized integrative homeopathic protocol for MDD. Methods: A 28-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial assessed <em>Sulphur</em> fifty-millesimal potencies (LM4–7) effectiveness and safety in a 45-year-old female with MDD. The primary outcomes were Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores, and secondary outcomes included SF-12 and Clinical Global Impression Scale scores. We conducted Plasma proteomics and physicochemical analyses (SEM, DLS, ICP-MS) of <em>Sulphur</em> LM2–7.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>BDI-II scores increased significantly in the placebo group (P = 0.017), whereas no significant change was observed in the <em>Sulphur</em>-treated group (P = 0.243). Overall symptom improvement with homeopathy compared to placebo, controlling for baseline, was 78 % (p &lt; 0.05). MCS-12 significantly decreased during placebo (P = 0.008) but remained stable during homeopathic treatment (P = 0.542). No significant PCS-12 changes were observed (P &gt; 0.2). CGI-I scores improved during the run-in treatment but showed no further change during the N-of-1 trial. Sulfur-loaded LM formulations presented nanoparticles, as confirmed by SEM analysis, demonstrated distinct particle size characteristics via DLS, and exhibited quantifiable sulfur concentrations detected through ICP-MS. Proteomic analysis suggested that <em>Sulphur</em> treatment modulates immune response pathways, highlighting a potential mechanism underlying its antidepressant-like effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This personalized integrative homeopathic protocol demonstrated superior effectiveness to placebo in the studied individual. The physicochemical characteristics and proteomic findings indicate potential immunomodulatory effects mediated by nanomedicine mechanisms. However, further research involving larger cohorts is warranted to confirm these preliminary observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep, gut microbiota, and mind-body medicine","authors":"Monalisa Das ,&nbsp;G. Muralitharan ,&nbsp;Sarashti Saini ,&nbsp;Sanjib Patra","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sleep is an intricate physiological process that is essential to both mental and physical well-being. The microbiota-gut-brain axis may be a key factor in the etiology and pathophysiology of sleep disorders, according to mounting evidence that it, directly and indirectly, influences sleep behavior. Sleep problems are linked to altered gut microbial composition, and sleep deprivation causes malfunction of the gut microbiota. Because the gut microbiota produces many of the neurotransmitters involved in sleep, altered microbial diversity is also linked to disrupted sleep. By inhibiting the HPA axis, mindbody therapies such as yoga, tai chi, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and mindful meditation primarily enhance sleep quality. The microbial community is also greatly impacted by mind-body treatment. Our hypothesis in this study is that mind-body medicine enhances the microbial population, which in turn improves the quality of sleep.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Shenqi Jieyu Formula on perfusion and brain structure in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of postpartum depressed rats: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","authors":"Qisheng Tang ,&nbsp;Boliang Li ,&nbsp;Wenjun Sun ,&nbsp;Shengnan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yingnan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiuxuan Xu ,&nbsp;Di Sun ,&nbsp;Miao Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Postpartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent mental disorder affecting approximately 20 % of mothers, with profound implications for maternal and infant health. Current pharmacotherapies pose risks during lactation, highlighting the urgent need for safer alternatives. Shenqi Jieyu Formula (SQJYF) is a traditional Chinese medicine herbal preparation that has demonstrated clinical efficacy in alleviating PPD symptoms, yet its neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. This study nvestigated the effects of SQJYF on cerebral blood flow and microstructure in the hippocampus (HP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) using a maternal separation-induced PPD rat model. We established a maternal separation model of PPD. 24 SD rats were randomized into normal group, PPD group, SQJYF-treated group and fluoxetine-treated group. Maternal separation was performed from the first day to the 21st day, 4 hours a day, controls remained undisturbed. Pharmacological intervention was applied from postnatal day 15, SQJYF (1.25 g/100 g/d) or Fluoxetine Hydrochloride Capsules or saline was administered by gavage for 1 week. Forced swim test, sucrose preference test and open field test were conducted post-intervention. Rats were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging, arterial spin labeling (ASL) measured cerebral blood flow, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assessed fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in HP and PFC. Results demonstrated that maternal separation induced depressive-like behaviors and also caused hypoperfusion and impaired tissue integrity in the HP and PFC. SQJYF could alleviate depressive-like behavior in PPD rats, also restore cerebral perfusion levels and improve tissue integrity damage. Compared with the PPD group, the horizontal and vertical scores were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01), sucrose consumption was significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01), and immobility time was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.01). the perfusion level of bilateral HP and PFC were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.05), ADC values of bilateral HP and PFC were significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.05), FA values of bilateral PFC and left HP were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01). These findings highlight SQJYF;s dual neurorestorative role in ameliorating PPD through enhanced cerebral perfusion and microstructural repair. This study provides the multimodal neuroimaging evidence supporting SQJYF’s efficacy, bridging traditional medicine with modern neurobiological insights to address a critical gap in PPD therapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Astrocytes: A potential avenue for depression and cancer","authors":"Cheng-Lin Lu ,&nbsp;Xiong Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent findings have revealed the potential of neuroscience-based targets to develop novel therapeutic interventions for cancer. Depression has long been hypothesized to increase the risk of cancer, a condition that is significantly more prevalent among cancer patients. Astrocytes have a complex role in depression at the molecular, cellular, and network levels. The targeting of astrocytes has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of depression. Additionally, astrocytes have also been implicated in cancer brain metastases and directly affect cancer progression. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the causal relationship and mechanisms by which astrocytes contribute to depression and cancer neuroscience. This interface between neurobiology and cancer biology may provide novel insights into the neuroscience-based targets for cancer therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuro-immune-cancer interactions: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications for tumor modulation","authors":"Jianzhuang Wu,&nbsp;Xinyi Lu,&nbsp;Chao Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interplay between neurons, the immune system, and cancer is a critical area of research with significant therapeutic potential. Neurons regulate immune responses and directly influence tumor progression through neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and synaptic interactions with tumor cells. The peripheral nervous system modulates immune cell activity and inflammation, while the central nervous system coordinates systemic immune responses, influencing tumor growth and metastasis. This neuro-immune-tumor crosstalk is particularly important in peripheral tumors, where local neuroimmune regulation plays a pivotal role. Emerging neuromodulatory therapies, such as Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), offer promising strategies to modulate these interactions. Despite these advances, challenges remain in optimizing neuromodulation and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these complex interactions. This perspective highlights the potential for targeting neuro-immune-cancer pathways, with a focus on personalized and precise therapies to address tumor heterogeneity and improve treatment outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rapid onset of response to depression treatment by Yueju pill: From discovery of a novel treatment target to clinical perspective","authors":"Ruiyi Liu ,&nbsp;Zhangjie Wu ,&nbsp;Ying Yin ,&nbsp;Shan Xing ,&nbsp;Changyu Wu ,&nbsp;Yan Sun ,&nbsp;Hailou Zhang ,&nbsp;Gang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depression, marked by persistent low mood and anhedonia, poses significant global health challenges, whereas mainstream antidepressants like SSRIs often have delayed onset and limited efficacy. Yueju Pill, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formulated 800 years ago to treat “stagnation syndrome”, which overlaps with depression. Yueju pill has been shown to have the rapid onset and sustained antidepressant potential since 2013. It has been revealed to have similarities to the prototype rapid antidepressant ketamine in neuroplasticity mechanisms, including instant stimulation of protein synthesis signaling in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, subsequently enhancing expressions of BDNF and synaptic proteins. More recently, some targets and compound substrates that were not known before have been revealed from Yueju pill, and some clinical evidence has been provided. This review will focus on the advances in the discovery of a novel target, the neuropeptide PACAP in the hippocampus for the onset of depression treatment, the study paradigm employed to identify the synergism of the composing compounds in Yueju pill targeting PACAP, the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and gut-brain axis, and clinical trials showing fast alleviation of depression symptoms by adjunct or monotherapy with Yueju pill, in relationship to the improvement in serum BDNF levels. The perspective for a broader use of Yueju pill as a therapeutic avenue for depression and further mechanistic and clinical research directions is also provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of neuroticism on immune fitness and susceptibility to developing immune-related complaints","authors":"Emina Išerić ,&nbsp;Guusje A. Ulijn ,&nbsp;Stephanie M.P. Oskam ,&nbsp;Gillian Bruce ,&nbsp;Johan Garssen ,&nbsp;Joris C. Verster","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Neuroticism, i.e. the tendency to experience negative affects such as stress, depression, and anxiety, can have a significant impact on daily life. The aim of the current study was to investigate to what extent neuroticism impacts the susceptibility to experiencing immune-related diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dutch university students were invited to complete an online survey. Neuroticism, immune fitness, and past year’s frequency of experiencing immune-related complaints were assessed. Correlational analyses determined the associations between neuroticism and immune outcomes, and possible sex differences were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data from N = 1790 participants were included. Their mean (SD) age was 21.31 (2.1) years old and 82.2 % of the sample were females. Overall, higher levels of neuroticism were associated with significantly poorer immune fitness (r = -0.227, p &lt; 0.001). Significant correlations were found between neuroticism and sore throat, headache, flu, runny nose, coughing, mild fever, sudden high fever, sinusitis, diarrhea, eye infection, wound infection, and slow healing wounds. However, albeit statistically significant, the magnitude of these correlations was only modest (r &lt; 0.3). Females scored significantly higher on neuroticism (p &lt; 0.001) and reported significantly poorer immune fitness than males (p &lt; 0.001). Females experienced sore throat (p &lt; 0.001), headache (p &lt; 0.001), and eye infection (p = 0.002) significantly more often than males. No sex differences were observed in the magnitude of the correlations, except for the flu, which had a stronger correlation in females than males.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Significant associations were found between neuroticism, immune fitness, and the frequency of experiencing immune-related complaints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic inflammation linking atherosclerosis to cognitive impairment: Multi-target mechanisms and therapeutic advances in chinese herbal medicine","authors":"Rumin Huang ,&nbsp;Xiangrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Meiling Ni ,&nbsp;Xinyi Chen ,&nbsp;Yanqing Wang ,&nbsp;Wenwen Chang ,&nbsp;Yan Sun ,&nbsp;Haoxin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The chronic inflammatory state associated with vascular aging plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, including occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis (AS) and cognitive impairment (CI). The detrimental impacts of inflammation are multifaceted. On the one hand, inflammation impairs the function of vascular endothelial cells (EC) and contributes to vascular remodeling. On the other hand, it triggers a cascade of events resulting in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), which disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB), induces neuroinflammation and ultimately impairs cognitive function. Consequently, these processes establish a strong pathological link between atherosclerosis (AS) and cognitive impairment (CI). Chinese Herbal Medicine(CHM) posits that AS and CI share common pathological factors and similar pathogeneses. According to CHM theory, the aging process is associated with a gradual deficiency of healthy qi, which subsequently results in spleen qi deficiency and impaired transportation functions. This dysfunction leads to the accumulation of water-dampness, which can further transform into pathogenic fire, thereby causing damage to the veins and channels. Clinically, such pathological changes may manifest as cardiac pain, dementia, and other symptoms. The treatment of AS in CHM follows principles such as clearing heat, removing toxins, as well as eliminating phlegm and resolving blood stasis. It is notable that numerous studies have demonstrated that Chinese herbs exhibit distinctive therapeutic potential in modulating the progression of CI associated with AS. These herbs have been observed to target multiple pathways intricately involved in AS-related inflammatory processes and cognitive impairment, offering a comprehensive therapeutic approach. In light of the above, this review aims to provide an overview of the evidence supporting the association between AS and CI. It will explore the pathological mechanisms and processes by which AS contributes to the development of CI, and summarize the mechanism of action of Chinese herbs in the treatment of AS-related CI. The findings aim to inform future therapeutic strategies for cognitive disorders and guide research directions in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The modulation of post-translational modification of proteins by physical exercise to improve brain functions via affecting metabolic homeostasis","authors":"Li Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exercise training effectively prevents mental or cognitive deficits, as supported by both animal studies and clinical trials. Our group has been focused on the peripheral derived molecules under endurance exercise scheme and is investigating the possible function of these factors in modulating brain functions. In particular, our recent works have shown the involvement of specific exercise metabolites in reshaping the posttranslational modification of synaptic proteins, to enhance the neural networking for counteracting mental disorders. In this article, I will briefly elaborate the recent progress regarding the linkage among exercise training, circulating metabolites and synaptic functions, in order to provide some previously unrecognized pathways for the brain health effect of exercise. In addition, the possibly future directions of the study for exercise-mediated metabolic homeostasis and brain function will be discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}