{"title":"The association between c-reactive protein and human brain microstructure: A systematic review of diffusion imaging studies","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study systematically reviews the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, CRP-related DNA methylation, and diffusion MRI metrics (DTI and NODDI) in a variety of populations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, using databases such as Scopus and PubMed. Selected studies were analyzed for methodologies including TBSS, ROI-based, volume-based DTI analysis, NODDI-based analysis, structural connectometry, and graph theory approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>29 studies from a broad spectrum of populations (healthy individuals, aging populations, patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, HIV, obesity, COPD, COVID-19, preterm birth, and asymptomatic carriers of the Apo-E4 gene) were included, highlighting relationship between CRP levels/DNAm signatures and white matter integrity, with notable correlations in specific brain regions. Specific results showed that higher CRP levels were generally associated with lower fractional anisotropy values in critical brain regions such as the Corpus Callosum, cingulum, and anterior thalamic radiation. Moreover, DTI metrics of other neural pathways including superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, external capsule, fornix and corticospinal tract were consistently correlated with CRP levels. Epigenetic studies revealed that DNA methylation might offer a more stable indicator of chronic inflammation's impact on the brain compared to serum CRP levels. While some studies identified significant correlations between CRP levels (or DNAm) and DTI metrics, others reported no significant correlations after false discovery rate correction suggesting potential moderating factors such as age, disease severity, or treatment status.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This comprehensive review emphasizes the complex and varied relationship between systemic inflammation, as indicated by CRP levels and brain microstructural integrity. These insights are crucial for understanding the role of inflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders and the potential impact on cognitive functions and neural connectivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmacology of natural bioactive compounds used for management of Huntington diseases: An overview","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Huntington's disease (HtD), an inherited genetic neurodegenerative disorder, posed threat to elderly population world-wide. HtD is caused by the repetition of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) in HtD gene, which further leads to the formation of a mutant Huntington (mHtt) protein that is responsible for neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Symptoms of HtD usually begin in adulthood and progress slowly, resulting in psychiatric disturbances, motor deficits and cognitive dysfunction. The medium spiny neurons of the striatum and cortex are mainly affected in HtD. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that lead to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. This typically includes molecular genetics, oxidative stress (OS), excitotoxicity, mitochondrial impairment etc. Natural bioactives are a diverse group of compounds derived from plants, animals and microorganisms. They have been found to modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in the development of HtD and have potentials in reducing OS, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death, which are key pathological processes in HtD.Mostly natural bioactive offers protection either by down-regulating the OS, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunctions, microglial inactivation<strong>,</strong> neuroinflammation and/or by upregulating ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy & lysosomal degradation pathway, apoptotic pathway, purinergic signaling pathway.In this chapter, we have summarized various natural bioactives that exhibit therapeutic potential against HtD. Furthermore, we have discussed the opportunities and challenges associated with the development of safe and effective natural bioactives-based therapies against HtD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inflammatory biomarker findings from a randomized controlled trial of heated yoga for depression","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Both heated and non-heated yoga have demonstrated antidepressant effects in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a greater number of studies evaluating non-heated yoga. Both heated and non-heated yoga may exert antidepressant effects in part by reducing inflammation. We report the first RCT evaluating the impact of heated yoga on inflammatory biomarkers in participants with moderate-to-severe depression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Adults (<em>N</em> = 80) were randomized to either a heated yoga or a waitlist group. The heated yoga group attended at least two community heated yoga classes per week for 8 weeks. The waitlist group completed an initial 8-week waitlist period, followed by the same heated yoga intervention. Blood samples were collected at baseline, at 8 weeks, and after the waitlist group completed the heated yoga intervention. Serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers (IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-α) were measured. Linear mixed models were used to explore three aims: 1) changes in inflammatory biomarker levels between treatment groups at the primary 8-week endpoint; 2) changes in inflammatory biomarkers from baseline to study endpoint for those in the waitlist phase of the waitlist group and those in the yoga phase of the waitlist group; and 3) the interaction between baseline inflammatory biomarkers and change in depression severity after 8-weeks of heated yoga vs. waitlist control.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Forty-five participants (<em>n</em> = 17 for the heated yoga group and <em>n</em> = 28 for the waitlist group) had inflammatory biomarker data available for analyses. Significant differences in inflammatory biomarker levels were not found between groups at the 8-week endpoint (Aim 1). Similarly, changes in inflammatory biomarkers from baseline to study endpoint did not differ for those in the waitlist phase of the waitlist group and those in the yoga phase of the waitlist group (Aim 2). Lastly, the interaction between baseline inflammatory biomarkers and change in depression severity after 8-weeks of heated yoga vs. waitlist control was not significant (Aim 3).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Heated yoga showed no significant reduction in inflammatory biomarker levels. Possible reasons include a small sample size, insufficient heated yoga dosage, timing of sampling, not targeting individuals with higher baseline inflammatory biomarker levels, or peripheral inflammatory biomarkers not influencing heated yoga’s antidepressant effects. Further research is needed to clarify the antidepressant mechanisms of heated yoga.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of leech therapy in dermatophytosis: A randomized standard controlled trial","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and purpose</h3><div>In Unani medicine leech therapy is used as analgesic and resolvent purposes. The saliva of leech contains various biological substances like Hirudin, hyaluronidase, vasodilators, anesthetics, antibacterial, fibrinases, collagenase etc. To compare the efficacy of Leech therapy with local antifungal clotrimazole (1 %) cream in dermatophytosis on long term basis<em>.</em></div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>A randomized, standard controlled, open labeled, clinical study was conducted on 40 patients of dermatophytosis, aged 18–60 years, and were randomly assigned into two groups; 20 patients in test group and 20 in control group. Patients were diagnosed clinically and confirmed through KOH examination. Complete haemogram, bleeding and clotting times, random blood sugar, HIV I & II, and HBsAg tests were carried out before starting the therapy, while haemogram was repeated after completion of treatment too. In test group, five sittings of leech therapy were applied, with intervals of one week. The control group was given clotrimazole (1 %) cream for topical application twice daily, continuously for a period of 28 days. Post-treatment follow-ups were done on 35th day in person, and then over the phone on 45th, 60<sup>th,</sup> and 90th days. Data were collected using Signs and Symptoms Severity Score for study, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). After completion of trial, appropriate tests were applied for statistical analysis of data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study shows, in most of the parameters, statically significant therapeutic effect in both the groups (p<0.001). No patients of either group reported any adverse event throughout the trial.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>it appeared that leech therapy can contribute significantly in treating dermatophytosis (<em>Qūbā</em>) without any adverse effect, and with prolonged efficacy compared to standard treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of plant-derived compounds in immune enhancement against uncontrollable cell proliferation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer, a formidable global health challenge, poses chronic and persistent treatment obstacles. The imperative to combat cancer through preventive measures emerges as a pivotal strategy in mitigating this intricate disease worldwide. This discourse highlighted the intricate roles of plant-derived compounds (PDCs) endowed with anti-cancer properties. The study, encompassing research on human and animal cancer cell lines, scrutinizes articles sourced from English-language repositories such as PubMed, Springer, Wiley, Scopus, and the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. The PDCs like quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, genistein, daidzein, apigenin, luteolin, vitexin, naringenin, resveratrol, silibinin, and astaxanthin found in fruits and vegetables exhibit promise in combating various cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, these compounds induce apoptosis, modulate the activities of molecular cytoprotective and antioxidant enzymes, and influence signal transduction pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), including extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), P38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Despite their potential, many PDCs face solubility challenges in aqueous environments, impacting their bioavailability and questioning their therapeutic translation into clinical practice. This prompts the need for further research on the pharmacokinetics and optimal delivery strategies for these health-promoting compounds targeting cancer cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The unpaved road of ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew, as a treatment for neuropathic pain: A review of mechanistic insights and clinical prospects","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Neuropathic pain (NP), a debilitating and chronic condition often accompanied by comorbid depression, presents significant therapeutic challenges. While conventional pharmacological treatments, though valuable, usually fall short in addressing their multifaceted nature, the pursuit of innovative solutions has led to the exploration of ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew originating from Amazonian plants, as a promising candidate. Recent investigations have unveiled its therapeutic potential in psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, characterized by notable alterations in mood-regulatory brain networks. In this narrative review, we explore ayahuasca's potential role in modulating neuropathic pain. Through the analysis of preclinical studies and functional MRI analyses, we aim to elucidate its influence on the affective-motivational component of pain perception and the complex immune modulation intrinsic to the pathophysiology of NP. Ayahuasca demonstrates the capacity to reduce activity within regions of the default mode network, closely linked with depression, thereby presenting a novel approach to addressing the interwoven complexities of chronic pain and mood disturbances. Furthermore, its potential to activate serotonin and sigma-1 receptors and modulate the immune/inflammatory response, including glial cells and the midbrain periaqueductal gray, a pivotal brain structure in the propagation and modulation of pain, provides valuable insights into its analgesic mechanisms. Despite these promising insights, we emphasize the imperative of rigorous research to establish the efficacy and safety, mechanisms of action, and long-term effects of ayahuasca therapy in the context of NP.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949834124000436/pdfft?md5=7178d51f6fcc1415ce3633f6c33f972b&pid=1-s2.0-S2949834124000436-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances of the risk factors, immune and inflammation, therapy in postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Postpartum Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PP-PTSD) is a psychological stress disorder that occurs as a result of traumatic childbirth experiences, posing significant risks to the physical and mental well-being of mothers. Although a variety of factors at different stages of the prenatal, traumatic or postnatal may lead to the development of PP-PTSD, the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Previous studies suggest that immunity and inflammation may play an important role in its mechanism, but there is still a lack of sufficient evidence. As a result, treatment options are very limited. This review aims to provide an overview of recent research advancements in the identification, development, immune / Inflammation, and treatment approaches for PP-PTSD. Overall, PP-PTSD is influenced by multiple factors and has substantial detrimental effects; however, current treatment strategies remain incomplete. Therefore, further research efforts are warranted to ensure timely and effective interventions for a larger number of patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949834124000424/pdfft?md5=07878614dd6533ee4e1b4375cf33dac1&pid=1-s2.0-S2949834124000424-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142232187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phytochemical characterization and evaluation of anti-amnesic activity of two source plants of Shankhapushpi","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><em>Shankhapushpi</em> is an important Ayurvedic drug used for treating various disease conditions of nervous system. <em>Convolvulus prostratus</em> Forssk. is the genuine source plant for <em>Shankhapushpi</em> as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; however <em>Clitorea ternatea</em> L. is widely used as <em>Shankhapushpi</em> in southern part of India. In this study, comparative phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation has been done in two plants such as <em>Convolvulus prostratus</em> and <em>Clitorea ternatea</em> used as <em>Shankhapushpi</em>.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Phytochemical comparison was done by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Detailed metabolite profiling was performed using Q-TOF-LC/MS-MS analysis. Antiamnesic activity of selected plants has been evaluated against scopolamine induced amnesia model in Wistar rats.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Phytochemical studies showed that only a few chemical constituents are common for both species. Most of the phytochemicals are different for selected species. LC/MS analysis showed presence of genipin and 7-hydroxyflavone in both species. Pharmacological study showed that both plants possess antiamnesic activity against Scopolamine induced memory loss; However <em>C. ternatea</em> possesses significant antiamnesic activity than that of <em>C. prostratus</em>.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study provided valuable information about the selected species in terms of its phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties. The study also provided a scientific support for using both species as <em>Shankhapushpi</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949834124000412/pdfft?md5=5abe2e361c2d1b80578b83c74e25d032&pid=1-s2.0-S2949834124000412-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142173556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing physical activity levels in people with multiple sclerosis: Should be used standardized or individualized cutoff?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessing and monitoring the level of physical activity in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) seems central as physical activity has been considered a main therapy for maintaining autonomy and improving quality of life in this population. One of the main strategies to evaluate objectively the level of physical activity of PwMS in an ecological context is the use of accelerometers. These on-board devices allow to easily convert physical measurement (acceleration) in a more intuitive outcome as the time doing moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) by PwMS. The challenge in this conversion is the use of the appropriate cutoff as PwMS present different physical profiles. To overcome this problem, an interesting alternative should be the determination of personalized cutoffs. This study aimed to determine how much the measurement of the MVPA levels in PwMS differed when using a personalized and generic cutoff. The study was conducted on a group of 28 PwMS. An accelerometer was given to PwMS for use on their non-dominant hip for 14 days. They were instructed to wear it every day from waking up until bedtime. Data collected on the accelerometer were processed and time spending in MVPA was computed with a personalized and generic cutoff. Our findings revealed a difference of 78 % in measuring MVPA using a personalized and generic MVPA cutoff in PwMS. Given the crucial role of PA in managing multiple sclerosis, it seems important to better determine personalized MVPA cutoffs before the assessment of daily life performance of PwMS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949834124000382/pdfft?md5=31e45912e2a5d43e17b5a215936997d2&pid=1-s2.0-S2949834124000382-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142087490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Divergent immune profiles in distinct populations - A vietnamese-german comparison","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The human immune system exhibits fascinating diversity, sculpted by an intricate interplay of genetic and environmental influences. This study delves into these complexities by comparing the immunological landscapes of healthy individuals from distinct backgrounds: 40 Vietnamese and 24 German participants. Our comprehensive analysis, encompassing 42 lymphocyte populations and 17 cytokines, reveals profound differences in immune profiles between these two populations. Utilizing multicolor flow cytometry and advanced analytical platforms, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of the cellular and molecular components of individual immune systems. Statistical analyses revealed highly significant differences (p < 0.05) between Vietnamese and German cohorts in 33 out of 42 lymphocyte populations and 15 out of 17 cytokines. These disparities encompassed a wide range of immune cell subsets, including T, B and NK cells and involved both activating and inhibitory immune regulators. Healthy Vietnamese subjects exhibited significantly higher numbers of B, T and NK cells compared to their German counterparts. Vietnamese participants displayed higher proportions of plasma cells, immature B cells, and B cells with low CD21 expression (CD21low), which have a phenotypic characteristic of chronic stimulation. Of the 16 subpopulations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations, 11 were significantly elevated in Vietnamese compared to German subjects. Additionally, Vietnamese participants expressed higher proportions of markers for functional and activating NK receptors, indicating the presence of highly cytotoxic NK cells in this population. Almost all of the 17 cytokines examined were significantly lower in Vietnamese subjects. These results demonstrate statistically significant variations in immunological profiles between healthy individuals from Eastern and Western populations. Our findings suggest that caution should be exercised when applying Western reference health profiles to Eastern subjects in clinical settings. This comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of considering population-specific immune profiles in clinical and research contexts, particularly when evaluating immunological parameters across diverse ethnic groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100197,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949834124000394/pdfft?md5=6b07d082fa621fe900b2e0a182e44e8a&pid=1-s2.0-S2949834124000394-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142098166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}