Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90068-4
F.J.C. Odibo , S.K.C. Obi
{"title":"Optimum culture conditions for the production of the extracellular pullulanase of Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus","authors":"F.J.C. Odibo , S.K.C. Obi","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90068-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90068-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The production of the thermostable pullulanase of <em>Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus</em> isolated from cow dung was studied in shake-flask cultures. Maximum production of pullulanase was obtained with 5% (w/v) soybean meal, 2% (w/v) yam starch, and Sr<sup>2+</sup>, at an initial culture pH of 5·0. The time-course of the synthesis of pullulanase indicated maximum production of the enzyme at 36 h, corresponding with the culture pH of 6·2.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 9-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90068-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76367286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90050-3
J.W. Czerkawski
{"title":"Relation between bacterial colonisation of fibrous residues and digestibility of dry matter in the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec)","authors":"J.W. Czerkawski","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90050-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90050-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 3","pages":"219-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90050-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72242260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90159-P
E.ten Brummeler, I.W. Koster
{"title":"Enhancement of dry anaerobic batch digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste by an aerobic pretreatment step","authors":"E.ten Brummeler, I.W. Koster","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90159-P","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90159-P","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The start-up of the dry anaerobic batch digestion by the BIOCEL-concept of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) is unbalanced when a methanogenic inoculum (digested sewage sludge) is added to a total solids concentration of 35%. The unbalanced conditions are the result of the rapid degradation of easily-degradable compounds which are present in the organic fraction. Enhancement of the first start-up of the dry batch digestion was tried by applying an aerobic partial-composting step. By this aerobic treatment the easily degradable compounds are removed. After the composting step the anaerobic digestion will be limited by the conversion of the ligno-cellulose part of the organic fraction. It appeared that at least 19·5% of the volatile solids (VS) should be converted during the aerobic composting period before acid formation in the digestion was in balance with the methane formation. This amount of aerobically degraded VS means a 40% loss of potential biogas. The loss of a part of the biogas is a major drawback to the partial composting as a method for enhancing the start-up of the dry anaerobic digestion. A shorter composting period which is combined with another start-up method might be a feasible method to decrease the energy input of the dry digestion process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"31 3","pages":"Pages 199-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90159-P","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77093769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90001-9
R.W. Sneath, A.G. Williams
{"title":"The possible importance of wind aeration in controlling odours from piggery slurry stored after aerobic treatment","authors":"R.W. Sneath, A.G. Williams","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90001-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90001-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An experiment to measure the respiration rate of treated piggery slurry is described. Calculations using data from the experiment estimate the effect that the wind-mediated transfer of oxygen from the atmosphere into the slurry in a storage tank or lagoon might have upon the time of the return of an offensive odour.</p><p>The study shows that the effect of wind aeration is potentially far greater than that of even a fourfold increase in the solids residence time of the prior aerobic treatment. For example, storing aerobically-treated piggery slurry in a lagoon of maximum depth 2 m could permit wind aeration sufficient to increase the period for which the odours would not be offensive from a maximum of 30 days after a 4-day solids retention time (SRT) treatment to more than 180 days, even when the slurry had had only a 1-day SRT treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"33 3","pages":"Pages 151-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90001-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75965454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90070-9
P.C. Bargale
{"title":"Development and testing of a manual flax-scutching machine","authors":"P.C. Bargale","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90070-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90070-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linseed stalk is a source of good quality fibre. A major part of the produce goes as waste due to the non-availability of a suitable flax-scutching machine for efficient extraction of fibre. A manually operated machine was, therefore developed and tested. Its capacity was 3·30 kg stalk per hour with 81·13% extraction efficiency and cleanliness percentage of 60·7. The fibre obtained had the tenacity of 22·88 g/tex, fineness of 4·0 tex, colour percentage of 50·16 and lustre of 0·993. The cost of operation per hour worked out to be Rs. 6·70 for production of fibre worth Rs. 11·88 indicating its suitability for use at farmers' level for enhancing their income.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90070-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76980318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90069-5
R. Pedroza-Islas, C. Durán de Bazúa
{"title":"Aerobic treatment of maize-processing wastewater in a 50-liter rotating biological reactor","authors":"R. Pedroza-Islas, C. Durán de Bazúa","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90069-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90069-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corn (maize)—processing effluents, known as <em>nejayote</em>, were aerobically treated in a 50-liter laboratory-scale rotating biological reactor. Removal of organic compounds, evaluated as chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), as well as reducing sugars, was monitored. Operating conditions were: feed COD, 6·4 g/liter; rotational disc speed, 16 rpm; hydraulic retention time, 2·5 days. A comparison with previous experiments, carried out in a 150liter reactor, to consider scaling-up effects (1:3) was performed. Final COD removal was 84·6%. The application of an exponential model to reducing-sugars degradation was highly satisfactory, and the value of the constant was −0·352. Generated biomass was bromatologically evaluated, and average results in per cent of total dry biomass were: protein content, 41·5; fat, 3·4; fiber, 14·8; ash, 15·1.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 1","pages":"Pages 17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90069-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72832469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90133-D
R. Nodar, M.J. Acea, T. Carballas
{"title":"Microbial populations of poultry pine-sawdust litter","authors":"R. Nodar, M.J. Acea, T. Carballas","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90133-D","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90133-D","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The average density of viable microorganisms in poultry pine-sawdust litter was 6·3 × 10<sup>7</sup>/g dry material (DP); <em>1·6%</em> of the population were aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. Acidophile bacteria, aerobic spore-forming bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were, respectively 4·8 × 10<sup>4</sup>, 8·1 × 10<sup>4</sup>, 5·2 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 8·9 × 10<sup>4</sup> CFU/g DP. However the latter did not have a measurable mycelium. Algae were in low densities (18/g DP) and cyanobacteria were not detected. Most of the population had proteolytic and ammonificant capacities, but there were very few ammonium oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers. Denitrifiers were in relatively high density and the anaerobic free-nitrogen fixers were more abundant than the aerobic ones. Aerobic cellulolytics were scarce, but anaerobic cellulolytics, amylolytics and pectolytics showed a similar, and relatively high average density. Sulphate reducers and anaerobic mineralizers of organic sulphur were more abundant than the elementary-sulphur oxidizers, and sulphide oxidizers were not detected. Except for algae, microbial populations generally tended to decrease with time of use of the litter. This decline affected mainly nitrifiers, anaerobic and aerobic cellulolytics and amylolytics while sulphate reducers and anaerobic free-nitrogen fixers increased.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"33 4","pages":"Pages 295-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90133-D","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79038476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90156-M
C.P. Singh , A. Amberger
{"title":"Humic substances in straw compost with rock phosphate","authors":"C.P. Singh , A. Amberger","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90156-M","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90156-M","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The production of humic substances and their retention capacities for phosphorus and calcium released during composting of wheat straw with two types of low-grade rock phosphate were examined. Relative quantities of humic acids increased with increase of composting time, while fulvic acids production decreased after 30 days of composting. The addition of both Mussoorie and Hyperphos retarded humic acids production and enhanced fulvic acids production. Molasses incorporation had no effect on humic acids but increased fulvic acids production. The production of humic acids and their retention capacity for P and Ca were greater in the presence of Mussoorie phosphate than in the presence of Hyperphos, but fulvic acids formation was higher with Hyperphos. About 80–85% P and 90–95% Ca retained by the total humic substances were found in the fulvic acids fraction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"31 3","pages":"Pages 165-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90156-M","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87886025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological WastesPub Date : 1990-01-01Epub Date: 2003-08-20DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90049-X
Ali M. Elshafei, J.L. Vega, K.T. Klasson, E.C. Clausen, J.L. Gaddy
{"title":"Cellulase and hemicellulase formation by fungi using corn stover as the substrate","authors":"Ali M. Elshafei, J.L. Vega, K.T. Klasson, E.C. Clausen, J.L. Gaddy","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90049-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90049-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 3","pages":"209-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90049-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72242259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}