Biological Wastes最新文献

{"title":"Use of EDTA for chelating toxic metals inhibiting BOD measurements","authors":"C.M.A. Ademoroti","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90061-V","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90061-V","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The <em>trans</em>-isomer of sodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used to chelate metal ions known to inhibit accurate determination of BOD of wastewater. The results showed that as much as 5 mg Cu(II) and 6 mg Zn present in a litre of poultry wastewater were effectively chelated by 1 ml of 0·1 <span>m</span> EDTA so that the metals had no suppressive effect on the BOD values.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 4","pages":"Pages 299-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90061-V","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91478113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tannin levels and their degree of polymerisation and specific activity in some agro-industrial by-products","authors":"H.P.S. Makkar,&nbsp;B. Singh,&nbsp;S.S. Negi","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90167-Q","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90167-Q","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tannins were determined by various chemical and biological methods in 15 agro-industrial by-products. Tannins in terms of total phenols (TP), condensed tannins (CT) and protein-precipitation capacity (PPC) were very high in <em>Acacia nilotica</em> and <em>Theobroma cacao</em> pods, <em>Mangifera indica</em> seed kernel, <em>Panicum miliaceum</em> polish and cakes of <em>Madhuca indica</em> seed and <em>Garcinia indica</em>. The correlation coefficients of PPC (measure of biological activity) with TP (0·81), degree of polymerisation (−0·83) and protein-precipitable phenolics (0·96) were significant (<em>P</em> &lt; 0·05), but that with CT (0·34) was not significant. It is inferred that TP rather than CT contribute significantly towards PPC and that highly-polymerised tannins do not bind proteins as efficiently as the lesser-polymerised ones.</p><p>The TP and CT were low in pods of <em>Prosopis juliflora</em> and <em>Pithecolobium saman, Cassia tora</em> seeds, cakes of <em>Guizotia abyssinica, Pongamia glabra, Schleichera oleosa, Hevea brasiliensis</em> and <em>Hibiscus cannabinus</em> and <em>Panicum miliaceum</em> bran. The PPC could not be detected in these by-products, suggesting that these nine by-products can be considered safe for incorporation in livestock feed, subject to absence of other deleterious factors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"31 2","pages":"Pages 137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90167-Q","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84169145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermophilic methane production from dairy cattle waste","authors":"J.E. Wohlt,&nbsp;R.A. Frobish,&nbsp;C.L. Davis ,&nbsp;M.P. Bryant ,&nbsp;R.I. Mackie","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90048-W","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90048-W","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methane production from waste of dairy cattle fed diets containing 72% roughage (dry matter basis) was investigated in anaerobic reactors at 60°C with retention times (RT) set at 3, 6 and 9 days. Influent concentrations of volatile solids (VS) were increased in steps of 2% from 4 to 14% VS or until the reactor failed due to excess substrate. Gas production was measured and samples of effluent taken for six consecutive days after allowing three volume turnovers for each increment of VS. The maximum concentration of VS in the substrate for highest volumetric fermentation efficiency was 8–10, 10–12 and 12 for RT of 3, 6 and 9 days, respectively. Destruction of VS for these and lower substrate concentrations was 19–24, 26–27 and 30–33% for 3-, 6- and 9-day RT reactors, respectively. The corresponding methane production rates were 0·09-0·12, 0·11-0·14 and 0·11-0·16 liters/day/g of VS in substrate. The gas contained 51–56% methane with the rest mainly carbon dioxide. Increasing the percentage of feed VS beyond the values indicated resulted in greatly decreased VS destruction and methane production.</p><p>The dairy cattle waste contained the following constituents as percent of dry matter: Volatile solids (VS) 85, Na 0·37, K 3·8, P 1·0, Si 2, non-ammonia N expressed as crude protein (CP) 18, NH₃N 0·3, cell wall constituents 46, acid detergent fiber 32, hemicellulose 13, cellulose 21, lignin 10, acetate 3·1, lactate 6·6 and ether extract 4. Detailed analyses for organic acids indicated that the efficiency of methanogenesis was, in general, good until increasing organic loading rates caused total organic acid concentration to reach 120–150 m<span>m</span>. As loading rates increased, propionate was the first acid to increase but did not exceed levels higher than 27 m<span>m</span>. Acetate was the second acid to increase and reached levels as high as 150 m<span>m</span> at high reactor loading rates. Butyrate was low or absent initially but was produced at high loading rates, reaching levels of 30–40 m<span>m</span>. Inhibition of methane did not appear to be associated with a change in any specific acid. Isobutyrate and isovalerate plus 2-methylbutyrate, indicative of protein catabolism, accumulated in amounts as high as 5 and 7 m<span>m</span>, respectively, when 10–14% of VS were fed. Little <em>n</em>-valerate, <em>n</em>-caproate, formate or succinate accumulated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 3","pages":"Pages 193-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90048-W","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88157903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen losses during the storage of liquid livestock manures","authors":"T. Dewes,&nbsp;L. Schmitt,&nbsp;U. Valentin,&nbsp;E. Ahrens","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90082-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90082-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitrogen losses during the storage of liquid livestock manures were measured in short- and long-term model experiments (35–68/191–200 days) with cattle and pig slurries. The true nitrogen losses were strongly correlated with the storage time. They were also often higher than they were previously thought to be, even without aeration. Calculated on the ash content they ranged between 1·4 and 20·5% of the total nitrogen content after 35 days, and between 17·1 and 53·6% after 180 days. The differences did not depend on the species of animal, but on the origin of the slurries. Furthermore, they seemed to depend on the pH-value. Other alternating effects between the N-losses (ammonia volatilization) and any other parameter (e.g. mineralization rate) could not be derived from this investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"31 4","pages":"Pages 241-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90082-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78130408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymology of ligno-cellulose degradation by Pleurotus sajor-caju during growth on paper-mill sludge","authors":"K. Kannan ,&nbsp;G. Oblisami,&nbsp;B.G. Loganathan","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90116-A","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90116-A","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mechanism of degradation of paper-mill sludge containing lignin and cellulose was studied, for establishing a technology for the bioconversion of paper-mill solid wastes and waste lignins to useful materials and for protecting the environment from lignin-related pollutants. The degradation of cellulose by <em>Pleurotus sajor-caju</em> was rapid at the initial stages of growth. The activities of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase were maximum at 8, 12 and 26 days of growth, respectively. The activities of lignin-degrading enzymes were maximum at the later stages of the growth. Such a delignification process is considered to have potential applications in the cinversion of paper-mill sludge into food, animal feed and fibre products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90116-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80256101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesophilic and thermophilic aerobic digestion of municipal sludge in an airlift U-shape bioreactor","authors":"R.D. Tyagi ,&nbsp;F.T. Tran ,&nbsp;T.J. Agbebavi","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90083-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90083-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aerobic digestion of primary and secondary sludges was studied in airlift bioreactors at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures. The experimental studies were conducted with a laboratory U-shape airlift reactor (operating volume 23 liters) and in a pilot U-shape airlift reactor of 1150 liters operating volume. In the laboratory reactor, with cold (6°C) and concentrated (3–4% solids) feed of primary and secondary municipal sludge, a 30% volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction was achieved with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2·5 days. A VSS loading rate of 8·2 kg VSS/m³/day was achieved. This loading is comparable to that obtained in a pure-oxygen sparged, mixed reactor.</p><p>In the pilot-plant reactor at mesophilic temperature (31–33°C), a VSS loading rate of 7·9 kg VSS/m³/day and a VSS reduction of 40% were achieved with a HRT of 4 days.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"31 4","pages":"Pages 251-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90083-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90830510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The economic potential of feedlot wastes utilization in agricultural production","authors":"A.A. Araji,&nbsp;L.D. Stodick","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90076-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90076-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Feedlot wastes contain the essential elements for plant growth. Effective utilization of feedlot wastes as a source of fertilizer for crops is a function of the nutrient content in the manure, the mineralization rates of the organically combined molecules in the manure, and the cost associated with the management, hauling, and spreading of manure. This study, using simulation approach, evaluates the simultaneous effect of these variables in determining the economic potential of feedlot waste utilization in agricultural production. Least cost manure application is determined for various crops in four rotation systems and for three different nutrient content and mineralization rates.</p><p>The results show that the cost associated with the management, hauling, and spreading of manure to satisfy the nutrient requirements for the crops considered in the four rotation systems is significantly less than the cost of commercial fertilizer. Depending on the mineralization rate and the rotation system considered, the cost of applying manure ranges between 20 and 35 per cent of the cost of commercial fertilizer. The results also show that the maximum distance of transferring manure from the feedlot to the field that will equate the cost of applying manure with cost of commercial fertilizer ranges between 10·0 to 78·4 km.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"32 2","pages":"Pages 111-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90076-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91756396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community biogas plants in India","authors":"Nirmal Singh, R. Gupta","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90079-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90079-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"78 1","pages":"149-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84029506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogas production potential of Parthenium.","authors":"V. Gunaseelan, P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90135-F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90135-F","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"35 1","pages":"311-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87169162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Start-up in anaerobic treatment of natural-rubber effluent","authors":"Ashok Pandey,&nbsp;L.G. Radhika,&nbsp;S.V. Ramakrishna","doi":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90154-K","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0269-7483(90)90154-K","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laboratory experiments were carried out to compare the controlled and uncontrolled start-up of the anaerobic treatment of natural-rubber effluent. It was found that a pH-controlled start-up was much more promising than an uncontrolled one. The biogas production was higher and a shorter period for stabilization was required in pH-controlled systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100177,"journal":{"name":"Biological Wastes","volume":"33 2","pages":"Pages 143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90154-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88443354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}