Thermophilic methane production from dairy cattle waste

J.E. Wohlt, R.A. Frobish, C.L. Davis , M.P. Bryant , R.I. Mackie
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引用次数: 21

Abstract

Methane production from waste of dairy cattle fed diets containing 72% roughage (dry matter basis) was investigated in anaerobic reactors at 60°C with retention times (RT) set at 3, 6 and 9 days. Influent concentrations of volatile solids (VS) were increased in steps of 2% from 4 to 14% VS or until the reactor failed due to excess substrate. Gas production was measured and samples of effluent taken for six consecutive days after allowing three volume turnovers for each increment of VS. The maximum concentration of VS in the substrate for highest volumetric fermentation efficiency was 8–10, 10–12 and 12 for RT of 3, 6 and 9 days, respectively. Destruction of VS for these and lower substrate concentrations was 19–24, 26–27 and 30–33% for 3-, 6- and 9-day RT reactors, respectively. The corresponding methane production rates were 0·09-0·12, 0·11-0·14 and 0·11-0·16 liters/day/g of VS in substrate. The gas contained 51–56% methane with the rest mainly carbon dioxide. Increasing the percentage of feed VS beyond the values indicated resulted in greatly decreased VS destruction and methane production.

The dairy cattle waste contained the following constituents as percent of dry matter: Volatile solids (VS) 85, Na 0·37, K 3·8, P 1·0, Si 2, non-ammonia N expressed as crude protein (CP) 18, NH3N 0·3, cell wall constituents 46, acid detergent fiber 32, hemicellulose 13, cellulose 21, lignin 10, acetate 3·1, lactate 6·6 and ether extract 4. Detailed analyses for organic acids indicated that the efficiency of methanogenesis was, in general, good until increasing organic loading rates caused total organic acid concentration to reach 120–150 mm. As loading rates increased, propionate was the first acid to increase but did not exceed levels higher than 27 mm. Acetate was the second acid to increase and reached levels as high as 150 mm at high reactor loading rates. Butyrate was low or absent initially but was produced at high loading rates, reaching levels of 30–40 mm. Inhibition of methane did not appear to be associated with a change in any specific acid. Isobutyrate and isovalerate plus 2-methylbutyrate, indicative of protein catabolism, accumulated in amounts as high as 5 and 7 mm, respectively, when 10–14% of VS were fed. Little n-valerate, n-caproate, formate or succinate accumulated.

从奶牛粪便中产生嗜热甲烷
在60℃厌氧反应器中,研究了饲粮中粗料含量为72%(干物质基础)的奶牛粪便产甲烷情况,滞留时间分别为3、6和9 d。挥发性固体(VS)的进水浓度从4%增加到14%,每步增加2%,或者直到反应器因过量底物而失效。每次增加3次体积翻转后,连续6天测量产气量并采集出水样品。在3、6和9天的发酵时间内,达到最高体积发酵效率的底物中VS的最大浓度分别为8-10、10-12和12。在3天、6天和9天的RT反应器中,这些和更低底物浓度对VS的破坏分别为19 - 24%、26 - 27%和30-33%。对应的产甲烷速率分别为0·09 ~ 0·12、0·11 ~ 0·14和0·11 ~ 0·16 l /d /g VS。甲烷含量为51-56%,其余主要为二氧化碳。将饲料VS百分比提高到上述数值以上,可大大降低VS破坏和甲烷产量。奶牛粪便中干物质组分为:挥发性固体(VS) 85、Na 0.37、K 3.8、P 1.0、Si 2、以粗蛋白质(CP) 18、NH3n0.3、细胞壁组分46、酸性洗涤纤维32、半纤维素13、纤维素21、木质素10、乙酸3.1、乳酸6.6和醚提取物4。对有机酸的详细分析表明,在增加有机负荷率使总有机酸浓度达到120 ~ 150 mm之前,产甲烷效率总体上是良好的。随着负载率的增加,丙酸是第一个增加的酸,但不超过27毫米。醋酸是第二个增加的酸,在高反应器加载速率下达到150毫米的水平。最初丁酸盐含量低或不存在,但在高加载速率下产生,达到30-40 mm的水平。甲烷的抑制作用似乎与任何特定酸的变化无关。当饲喂10-14%的VS时,显示蛋白质分解代谢的异丁酸盐和异戊酸盐加2-甲基丁酸盐的积累量分别高达5和7 mm,而n-戊酸盐、n-己酸盐、甲酸盐和琥珀酸盐的积累量很少。
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