Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere最新文献_第6页

The surface energy balance in Mexico City 墨西哥城的地表能量平衡

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90050-3

T.R. Oke, G. Zeuner , E. Jauregui

{"title":"The surface energy balance in Mexico City","authors":"T.R. Oke, G. Zeuner , E. Jauregui","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90050-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90050-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Results of a field observation programme to investigate the surface energy balance of Mexico City, D.F., are presented. Direct measurements of net all-wave radiation and the turbulent sensible heat flux were conducted from a 28 m tower located about 4 km from the city centre. Heat storage in the urban fabric was parameterized and the turbulent latent heat flux was found by the residual in the energy balance equation. Most of the data were gathered in the dry season from February to the end of March 1985. The results from this tropical highland city resemble those from temperate cities in respect of the magnitude of the Bowen ratio and the diurnal trend in the amount of the net radiation partitioned into turbulent sensible heat. On the other hand, the role of heat storage is much larger than in the temperate case so that the partitioning of the sensible heat between turbulent and conductive transfer seems to be more nearly equal. Nevertheless evaporation appears to be an important term in both the surface water and energy balances. The nature of the energy balance may help explain some of the previously observed features of the heat island and humidity regimes of Mexico City.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 433-444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90050-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80210554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 85

Chemical composition of wet and dust deposition in Athens, Greece 希腊雅典湿尘沉积的化学成分

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90055-W

V.N. Smirnioudi, P.A. Siskos

{"title":"Chemical composition of wet and dust deposition in Athens, Greece","authors":"V.N. Smirnioudi, P.A. Siskos","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90055-W","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90055-W","url":null,"abstract":"<div>In the present study a wet/dry precipitation collector was used (Canadian MIC) to collect wet and dust deposition samples in one station in the center of the Athens basin, Greece, for the period September 1987–August 1988. Concentrations of the main cations (H+, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and main anions (Cl−, NO3− and SO42−) were determined. The analytical chemical methods were evaluated with NBS standard reference material and with rainwater samples from EMEP (European Monitoring Evaluation Programme).Statistical analyses of correlation between the concentration of chemical species and correlation diagrams between chemical species concentrations and wind directions were made in order to estimate the origin of the determined ions both in wet and dust deposition.In all samples non-marine molar sulfate concentrations exceed nitrate concentrations despite the dominance of low sulfur oil burning in the region (0.3% for domestic heating, 0.7% for industrial uses).For 37% of the samples the pH was lower than 4.5 and for 69% of samples was lower than 5.6. The wet flux of sulfur was calculated to be 0.67 gm−2yr−1.The results support the conclusion that chemical constituents in rain and dust deposition are a combination of emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 483-490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90055-W","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89975968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

Measured components in total suspended particulate matter in a Kenyan urban area 测量肯尼亚城市地区总悬浮颗粒物的成分

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90057-Y

J. Karue, A.M. Kinyua, A.H.S. El-Busaidy

{"title":"Measured components in total suspended particulate matter in a Kenyan urban area","authors":"J. Karue, A.M. Kinyua, A.H.S. El-Busaidy","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90057-Y","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90057-Y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Nairobi city has a population of over 1.5 million and is growing at a rate of about 70 persons per day. Various activities in the city such as construction work, industrial processes, use of unroadworthy cars, and dust blown off unpaved roads contribute enormously to suspended particulate matter in the air. In this paper, analysis by gravimetric and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) of the suspended particulate matter in the air in the city centre, an industrial area and one residential area was carried out. The total suspended particulate matter (TSP) mean levels ranged from 69.983 to 397.903 μg m−3. The following components were measured from the TSP, mean values in μg m−3: iron 6.014–7.547, potassium 1.252–6.432, titanium 0.286–1.698, manganese 0.158–1.683, lead 0.395–1.321, bromine 0.122–0.707, zinc 0.159–0.678 and zirconium 0.017–0.245. The values of lead obtained (0.395–1.321 μg m−3) fall within the WHO recommendations, but compared to the values reported in some European countries, they are high. Most of the elements had low enrichment factors except for lead (104–353), bromine (429–1533) and zinc (14–79). Bromine and lead were highly correlated to the number of light vehicles (p=0.874 and 0.942, respectively). In addition the ratio of Br:Pb by weight was in the range 0.309–0.535, while the correlation factor for Br:Pb was 0.951, leading to the conclusion that both elements came from leaded gasoline.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 505-511"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90057-Y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77557481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

A captive-air irradiation study of the response of nitric acid and peroxyacetyl nitrate to ozone control strategies in Los Angeles 洛杉矶大气辐照对硝酸和过氧乙酰硝酸盐对臭氧控制策略的响应研究

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90053-U

Nelson A. Kelly

{"title":"A captive-air irradiation study of the response of nitric acid and peroxyacetyl nitrate to ozone control strategies in Los Angeles","authors":"Nelson A. Kelly","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90053-U","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90053-U","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Outdoor smog chamber experiments were used to study the sensitivity of the yields of two important nitrogen-containing pollutants, nitric acid (HNO3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) to changes in nonmethane hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations in Los Angeles. The experiments were conducted at two sites in the Los Angeles Basin using eight chambers filled with morning Los Angeles air on 33 days. At least one chamber was unchanged and served as a control, while the initial HC and/or NOx concentrations were changed by 25–50% in up to seven chambers to simulate O3 control strategies and to broaden the range of HC - NOx conditions studied. Empirical models that predict the maximum yields of HNO3 and PAN were used to determine the response of these pollutants to three possible ozone control strategies. All three strategies (reductions in HC, NOx or both HC and NOx) reduced PAN while only NOx reductions decreased HNO3. However, reducing NOx increased the HC reductions required to attain lower O3 levels. Thus, there is a conflict between the O3 and HNO3 control strategies.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 463-472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90053-U","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90449258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Receptor modeling of the fine aerosol at a residential Los Angeles site 在洛杉矶一个居民点对细气溶胶的感受器建模

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90054-V

Sheryl H. Ehrman, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, James R. Young

{"title":"Receptor modeling of the fine aerosol at a residential Los Angeles site","authors":"Sheryl H. Ehrman, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, James R. Young","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90054-V","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90054-V","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Receptor modeling on ambient aerosol and air quality data collected at Duarte, CA (a residential site near Los Angeles), in 1983 and 1987–1988 was carried out. A significant change in the ambient concentrations of SO42−, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Pb, Br, volatile and organic carbon and fine particle (FP) mass took place from 1983 to 1987–1988. A drastic reduction (∼80%) of the ambient Pb and Br concentrations took place as the lead content and the usage of leaded gasoline decreased in the Los Angeles Basin during that period. A day-of-the-week analysis indicated that both crustal (Si, Ca, Fe) and transportation (Pb, CO, organic carbon and black carbon) related pollutants exhibit significantly different concentrations between weekdays and weekends of 1987–1988. this indicates that loadings of suspended soil dust are more affected by anthropogenic activities than meteorological patterns. In contrast, sulfate and volatile carbon concentrations seem to be insensitive to that cycle indicating that other sources/processes can be responsible for the ambient levels of these pollutants. Principal component analysis of aerosol and air quality data showed that the major contributions to the variance of the ambient aerosol loadings come from soil, motor vehicles and sulfates.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 473-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90054-V","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77598214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

An investigation of three-dimensional characteristics of flow regimes within the urban canyon 城市峡谷内流态的三维特征研究

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90049-X

L.J. Hunter, G.T. Johnson, I.D. Watson

{"title":"An investigation of three-dimensional characteristics of flow regimes within the urban canyon","authors":"L.J. Hunter, G.T. Johnson, I.D. Watson","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90049-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90049-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Canyon geometry is an important determinant characteristic airflow regimes observed within urban canyons. Three principal flow regimes are: “skimming” flow, “wake interference” flow and “isolated roughness” flow, following the nomenclature of Oke (1987, Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd edn, Methuen, London). The transition between flows is determined by canyon geometry and can be described in terms of threshold height/width (H/W) ratios for an arbitrary length/height (L/H) ratio.The determination of threshold H/W ratios has previously relied on repeated wind tunnel experiments or repeated runs of a numerical model, with canyon geometry altered until the observed flow regime changes. The present numerical investigation of typical three-dimensional flows within urban canyons identifies the key parameters which mark transition between flow regimes. On this basis it is possible to establish the geometric thresholds between regimes with analysis of a horizontal cross-section of a few simulated flows.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 425-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90049-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84539652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 162

Project aguila: In situ measurements of Mexico City air pollution by a research aircraft aguila项目:用一架研究飞机对墨西哥城空气污染进行现场测量

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90051-S

Everett C. Nickerson , Gustavo Sosa , Heidy Hochstein , Paula Mccaslin , Winston Luke , Allen Schanot

引用次数: 32

Perception of environmental tobacco smoke odors: An olfactory and visual response 环境烟草烟雾气味的感知:一种嗅觉和视觉反应

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90001-9

D.J. Moschandreas, S.M. Relwani

引用次数: 10

Atmospheric aluminum from human activities 大气中的铝来源于人类活动

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90005-D

Yoshikazu Hashimoto, Yoshika Sekine, Tsunehiko Otoshi

引用次数: 26

Aspects of heat-island development in Guadalajara, Mexico 墨西哥瓜达拉哈拉热岛发展的各个方面

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(92)90014-J

E. Jauregui, L. Godinez, F. Cruz

{"title":"Aspects of heat-island development in Guadalajara, Mexico","authors":"E. Jauregui, L. Godinez, F. Cruz","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90014-J","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(92)90014-J","url":null,"abstract":"<div>The magnitude of the urban effect on temperature in the tropical city of Guadalajara is examined. Parallel to the city's growth, air temperature shows an increasing trend; over a 40-year period (1931–1970) this rate was of the order of 0.03°C yr−1. As would be expected, this rate of temperature increase has been uneven over the period. When population increase per decade was large (90%), as in the 1940s the corresponding rate was significant (0.4°C per decade). The largest warming rate (0.7°C per decade) occurred during the 1960s when population growth was 73%. These results suggest that other factors (on a regional/global scale) may have been at play. Results show that estimates of the intensity of the heat island in a tropical city are likely to be dependent (besides the physical factors implicit in the city size), on the land-use characteristics in the rural/suburban control. Since the suburban/rural substrates undergo a significant annual variation in their physical properties in Guadalajara, heat-island intensity is highest during the dry season and declining in the wet season when contrasts in urban/rural thermal admittance are likely to be minimal. The presence of lower temperatures in the city during the afternoon hours suggests that the city (especially in the dry season) acts as a moisture source. This “cool” island has also been observed in other cities with similar regional climate.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"26 3","pages":"Pages 391-396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(92)90014-J","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89305982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 56