Agriculture and Environment最新文献_第6页

The anaerobic fungi in rumen fibre digestion 瘤胃纤维消化中的厌氧真菌

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90021-7

T. Bauchop

{"title":"The anaerobic fungi in rumen fibre digestion","authors":"T. Bauchop","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90021-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90021-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large populations of anaerobic fungi have been shown to colonize plant fragments in the rumen of cattle and sheep on fibrous diets. Plant material entering the rumen is rapidly colonized by flagellated zoospores that attach and produce hyphae that grow and penetrate deeply into the plant tissues. The growing fungus develops an extensive rhizoid for anchorage and supply of nutrients, and (later) a sporangium. Rupture of the sporangium and release of zoospores completes the developmental cycle. The fungi colonize mainly plant vascular tissues and highest numbers are found on stem fragments. The more fibrous the diet the greater the fungal population, and anaerobic fungi are absent from rumen contents of sheep grazing soft leafy plant materials. The major route of fungal invasion is via areas of damaged epidermis. The fungi can be grown in culture on a wide range of solid substrates. Cellulase activity has been demonstrated in anaerobic cultures containing strips of filter paper. Fungi similar to the rumen organisms have been shown to be present in the foregut and hindgut of a wide range of different types of herbivorous animals. The extent of colonization and growth on fibrous plant fragments suggests a significant role in cellulose digestion in the rumen. The ability of fungi to penetrate deeply into tissues not normally accessable to bacteria also suggest a special role for anaerobic fungi in rumen fibre digestion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 339-348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90021-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91537406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 155

Treated and untreated cellulosic wastes as animal feeds: Recent work in the United States of America 作为动物饲料的经处理和未经处理的纤维素废物:美国的最新工作

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90013-8

H.G. Walker, G.O. Kohler

引用次数: 8

Acetyl and phenolic acid substituents in timothy of different maturity and after digestion with rumen microorganisms or a commercial cellulase 不同成熟度和经瘤胃微生物或商业纤维素酶消化后的提摩西草中的乙酰和酚酸取代基

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90004-7

Olof Theander, Peter Udén , Per Aman

引用次数: 28

Influence of ammoniation on the nutritive value, N retention and intake of straw 氨化处理对秸秆营养价值、氮保留和吸收的影响

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90018-7

M.J. Lawlor, J. O'shea, J.P. Hopkins

{"title":"Influence of ammoniation on the nutritive value, N retention and intake of straw","authors":"M.J. Lawlor, J. O'shea, J.P. Hopkins","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90018-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90018-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies have been conducted to compare the increases in dry matter digestibility (DMD) in vitro and in vivo and to determine the metabolisable energy (ME) value of straw ammoniated at ambient temperature. Stacks of straw sealed with polyethylene were allowed to react with 3% (<em>w/w</em>) of anhydrous NH<sub>3</sub> for 30 and 56 days respectively. Both DMD in vitro and total nitrogen (N) tests were carried out over an 8-week period subsequent to opening the stacks. Digestibility in vivo was measured with twelve wether lambs. Separate digestibility studies involving six wether lambs were conducted to measure N retention from ammoniated straw. There was a mean increases of 15 and 14.2 percentageunits in the DMD in vitro and in vivo content respectively of the ammoniated straw irrespective of whether it was treated for 30 or 56 days. The crude protein (CP) equivalent content of the straw was increased from 3.1 to 7.6%. The increase in DMD in vitro of the ammoniated and N content was maintained in all cases throughout the 8-week sampling period. Approximately 58% of the anhydrous NH<sub>3</sub> added to the straw appeared irreversibly “bound”</p><p>The N retention studies resulted in a slight increase in N retention as a result of straw ammoniation. The mean values for the control and ammoniated straw DM were—0.586 g N and—0.345 g N/100 g straw per day respectively. The ME values for ammoniated straw averaged 7.14 MJ/kg on a DM basis. Straw ammoniation resulted in a marked increase in intake with sheep.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90018-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78910343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Feeds rich in cellulose in ruminant and non-ruminant nutrition 富含纤维素的饲料是反刍动物和非反刍动物的营养

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90011-4

A.J.H. Van Es

{"title":"Feeds rich in cellulose in ruminant and non-ruminant nutrition","authors":"A.J.H. Van Es","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90011-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90011-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Because man is monogastric, much of the world's plant production cannot be used by him directly as food. This applies not only to pasture and forest produce but also to a considerable part of the produce of arable land (bran, beet- and citrus pulp, oilseed residues, etc.). With the present methods of agriculture, maximal production of food for mankind can best be obtained by a <em>combination</em> of plant and animal husbandry, as will be shown. This is mainly due to the fact that ruminants (through their symbiosis with microbes) can utilize feeds rich in cullulose.</p><p>Even ruminants often have difficulty in utilizing such feeds, as their volume and slow digestion lower voluntary intake and as the nutritive value of the ingested feed per kg is often low. Some physiological data are presented which determine the rate of this digestion. Any treatment which would speed up and improve digestion would result in a higher productivity of these animals. Several methods are known for this purpose. To test their effectiveness, trials with animals have to be performed but analytical laboratory measurements are also useful. Such teniques were discussed at a recent EEC workshop at Lelystad, which is reported.</p><p>Research with pigs fed with higher contents of cellulose id presented and suggestions are made as to how these animals might benefit from treatments of these feeds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 195-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90011-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76937874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The OECD Project 经合组织项目

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90001-1

引用次数: 0

NaOH-treated grape seed oil meal in complete diets for intensive bull beef production naoh处理的葡萄籽油粕在精耕细作牛肉用全饲粮中的应用

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90019-9

B.G. Cottyn, Ch.V. Bouque, J.V. Aerts, F.X. Buysse

{"title":"NaOH-treated grape seed oil meal in complete diets for intensive bull beef production","authors":"B.G. Cottyn, Ch.V. Bouque, J.V. Aerts, F.X. Buysse","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90019-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90019-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grape seed oil meal is the dried toasted residue after extraction of the oil from crushed grape seeds with hexane. This by-product of the wine industry contains about 11% crude protein and 52% crude fibre in the dry matter. The digestibility of the organic matter amounted to only 27% and could not be increased by treatment with 4% NaOH. Two series of beef production trials were carried out with a total of 196 young store bulls to study the feed value and the usefulness of this feedstuff.</p><p>A first series of beef production trials was carried out with 70 young bulls (4 groups) fed with complete dry rations based on 50% dried sugarbeet pulp. Grape seed oil meal (5 or 10% of the ration) was compared with linseed chaff (10%) or pollards (10%). No significant difference in average daily gain could be observed among the different treatments. Energy intake was very similar for the four experimental rations.</p><p>A second series of beef production trials was carried out with 126 young bulls fed with complete dry rations based on 70% dried sugarbeet pulp (control group). In the second and third experimental groups 5 or 10% sugarbeet pulp was substituted by 5 or 10% grape seed oil meal. In the fourth experimental ration, 10% sugarbeet pulp was substituted by 10% grape seed oil meal treated with 4% NaOH. Substituting 5 or 10% dried sugarbeet pulp by grape seed oil meal results in a very similar daily growth level, but feed conversion efficiency was lower. A lower feed and dry matter intake per kg gain was observed for the alkali-treated group (4th group: 10% grape seed oil meal + 4% NaOH) compared with the 3rd experimental group (10% grape seed oil meal).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 283-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90019-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89775080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

An in vitro procedure for the estimation of in vivo digestibility of roughage plant cell wall components in herbivores using mixed rumen microorganisms 利用混合瘤胃微生物估算草食动物对粗饲料细胞壁成分的体内消化率的体外方法

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90010-2

R.A. Prins, W.C. Cliné-Theil, A.Th. Van 'T Klooster

{"title":"An in vitro procedure for the estimation of in vivo digestibility of roughage plant cell wall components in herbivores using mixed rumen microorganisms","authors":"R.A. Prins, W.C. Cliné-Theil, A.Th. Van 'T Klooster","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90010-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90010-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The potentially indigestible plant cell wall components in representative samples of feedstuffs and animal feces (resp. <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>, expressed as a percentage of the neutral detergent residue, NDR) can be measured after incubation of these materials with mixed rumen microorganisms for several weeks at 40°C. From these values the percentage of NDR that was digested in the animal can be calculated. Similarly, the procedure can be used to estimate the digestibility of specific cell wall carbohydrates such as cellulose and hemicellulose after analysis of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin.</p><p>The validity of this procedure was tested in digestion trials with ponies and wethers fed grass hay. The digestibility coefficients for NDR hemicellulose and cellulose determined with the in vitro procedure did not differ significantly from values obtanied with the conventional in vivo digestion trial.</p><p>The in vitro procedure has been applied to measure NDR digestibility in a variety of animals such as grazing geese and several species of exotic ruminants fed a mixed diet of hay and concentrates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 183-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90010-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73950074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Limiting factors in plant residues of low biodegradability 低可生物降解性植物残留物的限制因素

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90005-9

Peter J. Van Soest

{"title":"Limiting factors in plant residues of low biodegradability","authors":"Peter J. Van Soest","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90005-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90005-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The resistances of low quality plant residues to anaerobic digestion are related to the high content of total structural matter and its intrinsic physicochemical characteristics. Natural factors include lignin, tannins and biogenic silica, while processing and storing further reduce quality through non-enzymatic browning reactions, and changes in particle size and physical surface properties. Delignified materials may exhibit greater lag and lower rates of digestion. Exchange capacity is much reduced in treated materials. Individually plant residues vary in the nature of their principal limiting factors. Silica is the primary factor in rice straw and lignin in most other crop residues. The effect of lignin depends on covalent linkage with structural carbohydrate and lignin obligately protects 1.4 times its own weight of carbohydrate in untreated materials. Lignin cleaved by alkali treatment is soluble in neutral detergent as evidence by ultraviolet absorption of neutral detergent extracts. It may lower digestibility of solubles through dilution and tanning reactions. The efficiency of alkali treatment of graminaceous straws can be assayed by the measurement of saponifiable groups within the residual structural matter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 135-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90005-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74820633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 80

Chemical constitution, properties and processing of lignocellulosic wastes in relation to nutritional quality for animals 与动物营养品质有关的木质纤维素废料的化学组成、性质和处理

Agriculture and Environment Pub Date : 1981-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90002-3

R.D. Hartley

引用次数: 49