{"title":"Chemical constitution, properties and processing of lignocellulosic wastes in relation to nutritional quality for animals","authors":"R.D. Hartley","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90002-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90002-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methods are reviewed for the determination of the constituents of the plant cell wall together with factors that are believed to affect its biodegradability; these factors include lignin and other phenolic constituents, silica, the crystallinity of cellulose and cell wall type. Attention is also given to the measurement of the biodegradability of the cell wall including its rate of degradation. The modification of cereal straws and other lignocellulosic wastes by various treatments is discussed in relation to the production of materials suitable as components of feeds for ruminants. The possible occurence of undesirable chemical reactions during processing is also considered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 91-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90002-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76214254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The next seventy years: Population, food and resources","authors":"Margaret R. Biswas","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90029-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90029-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 65-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90029-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"95170440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy and environmental implications of novel protein production systems","authors":"W. Edwardson , C.W. Lewis, M. Slesser","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90023-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90023-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The energy requirements of a number of novel protein production systems are compared, along with an examination of the relevant environmental implications of such systems. It is postulated that energy analysis has a role to play in food policy planning through the trade-off between energy and land. The prospects for single cell protein (SCP) fermentations, leaf protein, fish farming, fish protein concentrate, algal cultivation and hydroponic plant growth systems are evaluated, with special emphasis being placed on the last two. Of the processes investigated, SCP from carbohydrate substrates, algal protein and fish protein seem to hold much promise, while hydroponics could be very significant in areas lacking in arable land. The potential of leaf protein and SCP derived from oil appears to be very limited at present, and will probably never provide a significant contribution to world protein supplies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90023-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80693716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The science of 2,4,5-T and associated Phenoxy herbicides","authors":"M. Newton","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90035-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90035-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 74-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90035-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"107371762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacterial plasmids of agricultural and environmental importance","authors":"J.M. Pemberton, R.H. Don","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90024-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90024-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many important characteristics of bacteria are determined by relatively small genetic elements known as bacterial plasmids. Such agriculturally and environmentally important bacterial characteristics as multiple antibiotic resistance in animal pathogens, nodulation and nitrogen fixation in <em>Rhizobium</em>—plant symbioses, crown gall formation by plant pathogenic <em>Agrobacterium</em> species and pesticide degradation by members of the genus <em>Alcaligenes</em> have been shown to be carried as part of transmissible plasmids. The widespread use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine and agriculture has resulted in the evolution and spread of multiple drug resistance plasmids. The problem of drug resistance might be overcome by reduction or pronhibition of the use of clinically important antibiotics for non-therapeutic purposes such as growth promotion or prophylaxis. An understanding of the role of plasmid-borne nitrogen fixation/nodulation characteristics of <em>Rhizobium</em> species may provide an alternative to the use of very expensive nitrogenous fertilizers. Studies of the plant pathogenic <em>Agrobacterium</em> have led to successful biological control of crown gall. Finally, the manipulation of pesticide degrading plasmids has already demonstrated their potential for reducing environmental pollution resulting from the widespread use of complex synthetic molecules in both industry and agriculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90024-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89338695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effluents from livestock","authors":"Frank G. Viets Jr.","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90036-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90036-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Page 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90036-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90040200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pesticides in the soil environment","authors":"H. Frehse","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90034-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90034-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 73-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90034-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89796363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Report and recommendations on Organic Farming","authors":"T.L.V. Ulbricht","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90030-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90030-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 66-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90030-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87976032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental quality and the use of herbicides on artemisia/grasslands of the U.S. intermountain area","authors":"J.A. Young, R.A. Evans, R.E. Eckert Jr.","doi":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90027-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-1131(81)90027-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The sagebrush (<em>Artemisia</em>)/grasslands of western North America are a tremendous grazing resource that currently is producing forage at only about one-half of its potential. The history of degradation of this environment is traced from the late 19th century, when livestock were introduced to the sagebrush rangelands. The dominant species of sagebrush that characterize the landscape are not preferred by domestic livestock. Continuous excessive grazing greatly reduced the perennial grass cover and allowed shrubs to increase. Phenoxy herbicides proved to be very valuable and economically feasible tools for improving grass and other forage production on shrub-dominated rangelands. Second-generation herbicides were used in controlling alien annual weeds to permit the seeding of degraded sagebrush rangelands. These techniques for control of herbaceous weeds were vertically integrated with brush control and seeding techniques for total range improvement. Environmental and economic constraints brought improvement of sagebrush range to a virtual standstill during the nineteen-seventies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100064,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90027-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83016852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}