{"title":"Nouveau type d'électrode pour piles à combustible","authors":"M. Bonnemay, G. Bronoël, D. Doniat, E. Levart","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90010-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90010-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After recalling that the main disadvantages of the porous gas electrode result from the antagonism of the reagent feed and charge evacuation processes, a new type of electrode, known as the lateral diffusion electrode, is described in which these two processes take a place in separate areasm because of the highly specialized structure of the active carbons used in the consititution of this electrode. Hence the lateral diffusion electrode theoretically provides a more efficient system than conventional gas electrodes. It is also shown that feed through the cross-section of these electrodes leads to generator structures which are very different from the usual structures; this in turn results e.g. in very compact design and the possibility of obtaining extremely good power characteristics per unit of mass.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 159-166, IN1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90010-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79771345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Models for electron emission from metals with adsorbed monolayers","authors":"M. Kaplit, G.L. Schrenk, L.W. Zelby","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90012-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90012-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The need for employing chemical rather than particle models to describe the electronic properties of a metal-gas interface has been investigated theoretically. Using the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac theory, both the microscopic charge distribution and the total electronic energy of the interface have been evaluated in such a way that one can distinguish between the coulombic and quantum mechanical contributions. It has been shown that the quantum mechanical corrections are a significant part of the total energy and may not be neglected. The differences between various macroscopic models are discussed, and it is concluded that a particle model, using only the concepts of electrostatics and statistical mechanics, does not represent adequately the electronic properties of alkali-refractory metal or alkaline earth-refractory metal interfaces. Detailed results for both cesium and barium adsorption on (100) and (110) faces of tungsten are presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90012-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77432048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zum wirkungsgrad von MHD-prozessen mit einspritz-kondensation","authors":"W. Oldekop, D. Rex","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90009-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90009-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermodynamic cycles with multistage injection condensation, which have been suggested for the supply of fast flowing liquid to liquid metal MHD-generators, are subjected to a critical calculation. A mathematical treatment of the multistage process is developed, by which any path for the process can be calculated with steady functions. This gives the possibility of varying the type of process path as well as the start and end point of the process by aid of a computer in order to find the maximum possible efficiency. This maximum, <em>η</em> = 5·35 per cent, obtained from a whole of 36 different paths, is only slightly better than the efficiency of the single injection condenser. Assuming a conversion efficiency of the MHD-generator of 70 per cent, the over-all efficiency results to only about 3–5 per cent. The use of recuperative heat exchangers could be advantageous and should be theoretically treated in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 137-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90009-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"108144878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A distributed parameters model for solar cells","authors":"G.C. Jain, F.M. Stuber","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90011-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90011-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The distributive circuit element model consists of a chain of <em>T</em> elements. The elemental model is made up of series and shunt paths. The sheet resistance of the diffused layer constitutes the series path. The shunt paths are three-fold, consisting of the diode together with a series resistance, a conductance and a light generated current source. For a given cell, the parameters used in the model can be obtained by measuring the potential profiles for reverse-biased, forward-biased and short-circuited illuminated conditions and feeding the data obtained from the measurements in the solution of the differential equations for the model. The model has been successfully employed to compute optimum gridding for the cell.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 167-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90011-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78213245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Elektrochemische oxydation von ameisensäure am platinkatalysator mit und ohne schwefelsorbat in alkalischem und saurem elektrolyten","authors":"H. Binder, A. Köhling, G. Sandstede","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90008-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90008-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the oxidation of formic acid to carbon dioxide, a platinum electrode is more strongly polarized in an acid electrolyte than it is in an alkaline electrolyte, in which carbonate is formed. Immediately after addition of the formic acid, the current is very high, but later approaches a low equilibrium value. This inhibition is due to a blockade of the platinum surface caused by the sorption of formic acid or a consecutive product. The inhibition can be suppressed by partial coverage of the platinum surface with a sulphur sorbate. At Raney-platinum electrodes in 3N H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> a current density of approximately 200 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> is attained at a temperature of 30°C and a potential of 250 mV. At 90°C the current density even reaches a steady state value of about 2 A/cm<sup>2</sup>. The large increase in the oxidation rate of formic acid by the sulphur sorbate is associated with a decrease of activation energy by about 8 kcal/ mol. The reaction rate has a maximum if the platinum surface is covered by approximately a third of a monatomic sulphur layer. The sulphur sorbate layer can easily be put on all platinum catalysts, e.g. platinum black, by a hydrogen sulfide treatment. In 3N H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> at a temperature of 70°C the sorbate layer is resistant up to a potential of about 650 mV; only at higher potential starts the oxidation yielding sulphur dioxide. The sulphur sorbate resists also potassium hydroxide solution, however, the oxidation of formic acid is not accelerated in the alkaline solution.</p><p>The mechanism of the anodic oxidation of formic acid in alkaline and acid electrolyte will be discussed by reference to potentiodynamic potential-current density plots.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 121-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90008-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88314925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of the diffusion thermoelectric power of bismuth","authors":"J.-P. Issi, J.-M. Streydio","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90016-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90016-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The temperature dependences of the Fermi energies for electrons and holes in Bismuth are computed in the range 80–300°K, taking into account the non-parabolicity and non-ellipsoidicity of the conduction band. The partial diffusion thermoelectric powers for electrons and holes, and the total diffusion thermoelectric power in the two principal directions are then deduced. Computed values are compared with recent experimental data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 105-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90016-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72848942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anodische oxydation von kohlenmonoxid an platin in Schwefelsäure und phosphorsäure","authors":"H. Binder, A. Köhling, G. Sandstede","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90013-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90013-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the anodic oxidation of carbon monoxide the polarization of a Raney-platinum electrode in phosphoric acid is, even at a temperature of 150°C, much larger than in dilute sulphuric acid at 90°C. In both acids the chemical conversion of carbon monoxide with water under formation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen (water-gas reaction) takes place at the platinum catalyst. In dilute sulphuric acid this reaction can be accelerated substantially by covering the platinum surface partially with sulphur. At such an electrode a reference potential of 250 mV against hydrogen is observed in 3N sulphuric acid and at a current density of 200 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>. The hydrogen oxidation is not affected by the sulphur covering. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen react at the same time. Conversion of carbon monoxide takes place even in the presence of the tenfold quantity of hydrogen or carbon dioxide. The sulphur covering is stable up to a reference potential of 600 mV; at a higher polarization of the electrode the sulphur covering is oxidized to give sulphur dioxide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 77-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90013-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86950398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thickness-dependence of the thermoelectric properties of a polycrystalline bismuth telluride alloy","authors":"A.W. Russell, H.J. Goldsmid","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90015-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90015-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is shown that the average Seebeck coefficient should depend on thickness in any polycrystalline material in which the local Seebeck coefficient is orientation-dependent. It is known, for example, that the Seebeck coefficient of intrinsic single-crystal bismuth telluride is anisotropic. Thus, measurements of the Seebeck coefficient as a function of thickness have been made on a near-intrinsic polycrystalline bismuth telluride alloy. As expected, the Seebeck coefficient falls when the sample thickness becomes smaller than the grain size. The magnitude of the effect, amounting to about 15 μV/°C, is of the order predicted from the known parameters of single crystal material, though an exact theoretical treatment of the problem has not been possible. On lowering the temperature, so that the material becomes an extrinsic conductor, the thickness-dependence of the average Seebeck coefficient disappears, since the local Seebeck coefficient is then no longer orientation-dependent.</p><p>The above results were obtained using careful grinding and polishing techniques. Similar experiments carried out using coarse grinding of the samples led to an increase of the Seebeck coefficient with decreasing thickness. This effect is tentatively explained in terms of mechanical damage, notably the splitting of the grains along their basal planes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 99-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90015-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77038254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The possibility of transfer of electricity in a thermionic convertor by negative ions","authors":"K. Keller , H.L. McDonald","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90017-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90017-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transfer of electrons from the emitter or space charge region to the collector in a thermionic energy convertor by negative ions has been experimentally investigated. The region between the emitter and collector is filled with a low pressure gas whose molecules attach electrons in the space charge or become negative ions after contact with the emitter. The negative ions move to the collector by diffusion and mutual repulsion, or convective flow, where they deposit their electrons by collisional detachment. Strongly electron-attaching gases, Br<sub>2</sub>, CF<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, and SF<sub>6</sub>, were tried, but they did not undergo collisional detachment and reacted with the tungsten emitter. The inert gases, He and A, had little or no effect on the collector current and were used for comparison. Very pure methane, CH<sub>4</sub>, produced collector current increases of a factor of 10 or more when added to the thermionic converter. Experiments performed in a magnetic field showed that the collector current was due to the diffusion of negative ions, as well as electrons. An experiment having a mass flow of methane over the emitter to the collector showed the transfer of electricity by negative ions. Photoionization or photodecomposition did not account for the negative ion formation. The mechanism whereby CH<sub>4</sub> forms negative ions is unknown.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90017-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90743579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the irreversible thermodynamics of hydromagnetic energy conversion","authors":"J.F. Osterle, C.L. Farn","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90014-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(67)90014-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Onsager formalism of irreversible thermodynamics is applied to the steady-state laminar hydromagnetic energy convertor on both the local and global levels. The nature of the coupling on these two levels is studied. The global dissipation rate is obtained from the local entropy production rate and the coupling relations on the global level established. The figure of merit for the convertor is determined as a function of Hartmann number and aspect ratio and the maximum conversion efficiency calculated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(67)90014-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73049731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}