ACS ES&T Air最新文献

{"title":"Using Measurement-Informed Inventory to Assess Emissions in the Denver-Julesburg Basin","authors":"Arthur Santos*,&nbsp;Winrose Mollel,&nbsp;Gerald P. Duggan,&nbsp;Anna Hodshire,&nbsp;Prajay Vora and Daniel Zimmerle,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00089","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Site-level aerial surveys, while effective in detecting CH₄ emissions from upset conditions, face challenges to provide comprehensive long-term emission estimates due to their snapshot measurements, emissions variability, and minimum detection limits. Conversely, annual inventories submitted by operators often exclude emissions from failure events and unregulated sources, leading to incomplete emission estimates. This study introduces a novel methodology that utilizes the Mechanistic Air Emissions Simulator (MAES) to integrate two highly variable estimation methods: inventory and aerial methods. The proposed methodology identifies and characterizes failure events with site-specific information, thereby enhancing the accuracy of inventory programs through the so-called measurement-informed inventories (MIIs). Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of carefully comparing instantaneous emission measurements from aerial surveys with annual average emissions reported in inventories, as they have distinct timeframes. Colorado State University (CSU) collaborated with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) to utilize this approach to enhance reported emissions from the upstream sector in Colorado Denver-Julesburg (DJ) basin. This initiative is part of Colorado's Upstream greenhouse gas (GHG) Intensity Program, a regulatory initiative that requires oil and gas (O&amp;G) operators to monitor, report, and reduce GHG emissions. The goal was to incorporate measured emissions from failure events conducted by Carbon Mapper (CM) in the simulations to derive a multiplier that rectifies for potential omissions of emissions from abnormal conditions within the O&amp;G sector. To simplify the simulation process, prototypical sites were defined in conjunction with operators and are used to represent groups of O&amp;G facilities in the basin with similar configuration. The outcomes of this work indicate that inventories are likely underestimating total emissions, as an additional 16.4% of total emissions from abnormal events is estimated for the basin. This estimate may represent a lower bound, as the survey technologys detection limit may exclude most CH₄ emission events below 50 kg/h.</p><p >Aerial and inventory methods often miss methane emissions from abnormal oil and gas site events. This study improves estimates by integrating both methods, revealing higher total emissions with regulatory implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1598–1611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestair.5c00089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol Hygroscopicity and Surface-Active Coverage for the Droplet Growth of Aerosol Mixtures","authors":"Nahin Ferdousi-Rokib,&nbsp;Kotiba A. Malek,&nbsp;Ian Mitchell,&nbsp;Laura M. Fierce and Akua A. Asa-Awuku*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00303","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The partitioning between inorganic salts and organic compounds within individual particles is a key factor that influences the uptake of water by particles. In this study, we investigated the aerosol hygroscopicity of ammonium sulfate (AS) and 2-methylglutaric acid (2-MGA) mixtures. 2-MGA is a moderately surface-active compound. Dilute surface tension measurements of 2-MGA/AS mixtures were taken by using a pendant drop goniometer. Hygroscopicity at subsaturated conditions was determined using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA) and relative humidity was kept constant at 89 ± 0.9% RH. The droplet activation was also measured at supersaturated conditions using a cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) from 0.4 to 1% supersaturation (SS). The single-hygroscopicity parameter κ was derived from measurements. Mixtures predominantly composed of AS, up to a 60 wt% 2-MGA, exhibit κ-values close to pure AS. However, κ decreases significantly as the organic fraction increases (&gt;60 wt% 2-MGA). Previous predictions of κ-hygroscopicity assume full dissolution of both the organic and inorganic compounds. However, organic partitioning can influence the κ-hygroscopicity. A coverage-based parametrization, ϕ, assumes the probability of surface-active organics at the droplet surface. By estimation of the bulk and surface organic contribution, overall κ-hygroscopicity can be calculated. The model is computationally efficient, and the results indicate that organic solute depletion should be considered for fully soluble surface-active organics. Hygroscopicity predictions that account for the role of organic surface-active partitioning agree best with experimental results (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i> &gt; 0.95). Therefore, this study helps to enhance our understanding of cloud-forming properties of complex chemical mixtures containing surface-active organic and inorganic compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1454–1467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Mitigation of Dilute Methane, Ammonia, and Odor in Ventilation Air from Cow and Pig Barns and a Biogas Plant: Photoreactor Field Demonstration","authors":"Morten Krogsbøll*,&nbsp;Mohsen Rezaei,&nbsp;Nickie Fogde,&nbsp;Noah D. Weiss,&nbsp;Hugo S. Russell,&nbsp;Anders Feilberg and Matthew S. Johnson*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00104","url":null,"abstract":"<p >There are significant climate and environmental benefits to mitigating the environmental impacts of livestock and biogas production. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas that leads to global warming, ammonia emissions pollute groundwater and break down forming N₂O, and odor is a serious local problem that is often regulated. There is a growing focus on reducing global methane emissions, including public pledges by governments and food companies. Although some solutions exist for ammonia and odor removal, no scalable method effectively treats methane from dilute sources, including enteric fermentation, or integrates the mitigation of all three pollutants. It was found that the Methane Eradication Photochemical System, utilizing UV-light, low levels of chlorine gas produced on-site from salt water, and a NaOH scrubber, could remove 98%, 94%, and 80% of methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, respectively, from the air in a pig barn. One test showed 73% removal efficiency at 33 ppm of methane with a specific power input of 0.68 kW h/g_CH₄ and a quantum yield of 1.06%. This work demonstrates an important step in developing scalable technology for eradicating low concentration methane sources from agriculture and shows that there is still significant room for further efficiency gains.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1648–1655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Relative Humidity and Seed Particles on Molecular Composition of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol","authors":"Jens Top,&nbsp;Natasha M. Garner,&nbsp;Félix Sari Doré,&nbsp;Yanjun Zhang,&nbsp;Cecilie Carstens,&nbsp;Clément Dubois,&nbsp;Fabian Mahrt,&nbsp;Markus Ammann,&nbsp;André S. H. Prévôt,&nbsp;Matthieu Riva,&nbsp;Imad El Haddad and David M. Bell*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00064","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a major component of submicrometer particles, is critical to the climate and human health. SOA can form through nucleation of low-volatility organic compounds, following atmospheric oxidation, or by condensing these vapors onto existing particles. In either of these cases, the formation of SOA particles could be affected by atmospheric conditions (e.g., relative humidity (RH)) and particle liquid water content. This study examines the effects of RH on the formation and composition of SOA from dark α-pinene (C₁₀H₁₆) ozonolysis, as a canonical system, with or without ammonium sulfate (AS, (NH₄)₂SO₄) seed particles across varying RH levels. Using online extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, we identified monomers (C_7–10) and dimers (C_15–20) in the SOA with high chemical and temporal resolution. In both cases, high RH (&gt;90%) promotes dimer formation in the particle phase, while they appear at the beginning of the experiment when (NH₄)₂SO₄ seeds are present. The prompt increase in dimers in high RH seed containing experiments (60–65% dimers), which are absent at low RH (10%), suggests that intraparticle reactions are responsible for the dimer formation.</p><p >Both water and the presence of ammonium sulfate seed particles impact the composition of condensed-phase products in α-pinene secondary organic aerosol formed via dark ozonolysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1565–1574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsestair.5c00064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Water-Soluble Ions in Natural Dust Particles Over East Asia: Abundance, Spatial Distributions, and Implications","authors":"Wenshuai Li,&nbsp;Yang Zhou*,&nbsp;Weihang Zhang,&nbsp;Donghui Liu,&nbsp;Tafeng Hu,&nbsp;Feng Wu,&nbsp;Hong Geng and Daizhou Zhang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00014","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Mineral dust from deserts is a major natural aerosol type, significantly influenced by water-soluble ions (WSIs). These ions modulate the dust’s radiative properties and its contribution to the deposition of bioavailable nutrients, thereby shaping regional and global climate processes as well as marine ecosystem dynamics. This review synthesizes current research on the variations of major WSIs in dust particles transported from desert regions to downstream marine areas over East Asia. In source regions and adjacent areas, WSIs typically account for 4% to 14% of dust mass, dominated by mineral salts including SO₄^2–, Cl^–, Na⁺, and Ca²⁺. As dust moves into the populated areas of northern China, the WSIs is still dominated by mineral sources, while substantial secondary SO₄^2–, NO₃^– and NH₄⁺ can be observed particularly in reversely transported dust plumes. In the coastal areas of eastern China, similar trends are observed, with additional sea salt contributions under marine air influence. When dust plumes reach Korea and Japan, dust particles often have higher proportions of SO₄^2– and NO₃^–, mixed with sea salt, with WSIs in fine particles sometimes exceeding 30% of the mass. These changes of WSIs in Asian dust particles during their long-distance transport highlight the dynamic physicochemical properties of dust aerosols, their climatic and environmental effects, as well as the accompanying health risks. The review concludes with a discussion of key research challenges in quantifying WSIs in long-distance transporting Asian dust and understanding their implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1379–1393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Biomass Burning on Fluorescent Aerosol Particles in Subarctic Winter Conditions","authors":"Kaitlyn M. McKinney,&nbsp;Raghu Betha*,&nbsp;Saravanan Kanagaratnam and Dagen D. Hughes,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00029","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Fluorescent aerosol particles (FAPs) are airborne particles that emit fluorescence when exposed to specific wavelengths of light, typically ultraviolet or visible light. In recent times, real-time measurements of aerosol autofluorescence have been widely used to study primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) or bioaerosol. Although autofluorescence techniques provide improved temporal resolution for PBAP detection, interference from nonbiological fluorescent particles complicates measurements, particularly in polluted environments. This study investigates the fluorescence properties of airborne particles influenced by biomass burning. Real-time measurements of FAPs were conducted in the North Pole, Alaska, using a wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor. Concurrent filter measurements and data from other real-time instruments were used to analyze FAP composition and size to assess the influence of biomass burning. Results indicate a moderate correlation between biomass burning and specific FAP types below 0.75 μm, evidenced by their association with levoglucosan, a biomass burning tracer. Findings further demonstrate that biomass burning emissions increased FAP concentrations, resulting in statistically significant shifts in particle size and fluorescence intensity. Notably, biomass burning appears to drive increases in specific PBAP concentrations, including potential bacterial and fungal spores, raising concerns over health impacts for local populations exposed to both anthropogenic pollutants and elevated PBAP levels. These findings provide valuable data on PBAPs in subarctic winter conditions, underscoring the environmental and public health implications of biomass burning in cold climates.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1496–1508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model Intercomparisons of MEGAN and BEIS: Synergistic Impacts of Biogenic VOCs and Soil NO Emissions on Summer Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in China","authors":"Chao Gao,&nbsp;Xuelei Zhang*,&nbsp;Ling Huang,&nbsp;Hu Yang,&nbsp;Hongmei Zhao,&nbsp;Shichun Zhang and Aijun Xiu,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00038","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and soil nitrogen oxides (NO_<i>x</i>) are major natural contributors to ozone (O₃) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. While significant progress has been made in reducing anthropogenic emissions in China, surface ozone levels continue to rise, emphasizing the growing importance of biogenic emissions in air quality management. Despite the availability of various biogenic emission models, including MEGAN v3.2 and BEIS v3.6 for BVOCs and YL95 and BDSNP for soil NO, discrepancies in their estimates introduce uncertainties in understanding their combined impacts on ozone formation. Existing studies largely focus on individual contributions of BVOCs or soil NO_<i>x</i>, leaving their synergistic effects underexplored in China. Here, we evaluate the individual and combined impacts of BVOC and soil NO_<i>x</i> emissions on ozone formation in China using the MEGAN and BEIS models integrated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Nine sensitivity scenarios were simulated to examine spatial and temporal variations in emissions and their contributions to ozone. Results indicate that MEGAN estimates 1.27 times higher BVOC emissions than BEIS, particularly for isoprene and monoterpenes, while the BDSNP scheme predicts higher soil NO emissions compared to YL95. Combined emissions result in ozone and SOA increases of 10.11%–28.40% and 15.03%–62% across China, with significant regional variability. Synergistic effects amplify ozone formation beyond the additive impacts of individual emission sources, particularly in regions like the North China Plain. Our findings underscore the critical need to incorporate detailed biogenic emissions in air quality models to accurately capture ozone dynamics in China. By identifying the significant contributions of BVOCs and soil NO_<i>x</i>, this study provides a robust basis for developing refined emission control strategies. The insights gained advance the broader understanding of natural and anthropogenic interactions in atmospheric chemistry, guiding policy interventions to mitigate ozone pollution effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1538–1551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidation Flow Reactor and Its Application in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in Laboratory Studies","authors":"Xueqi Ma,&nbsp;Kun Li*,&nbsp;Shan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhaomin Yang,&nbsp;Li Xu,&nbsp;Narcisse Tsona Tchinda and Lin Du*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00047","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a key component of atmospheric particulate matter that affects air quality and climate. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) have been widely used in recent years to simulate the formation of SOA due to their ability to achieve high oxidation levels, thus becoming a promising complement to traditional smog chambers. This review comprehensively overviews existing OFRs and compares their structural differences. It also discusses the research progress on the formation of SOA in OFRs from various biogenic and anthropogenic organic gas precursors in laboratories. We evaluate the limitations and advancements of various OFRs by comparing the SOA yield and chemical characteristics obtained from different OFRs. Overall, OFR is crucial for understanding the formation mechanism of SOA and quantifying the contribution of different precursors to atmospheric particulate matter formation. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of SOA formation mechanisms in the troposphere, further research is still needed in the design of OFR, and the atmospheric oxidation mechanism under the composite system, to provide more accurate data for atmospheric models.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1394–1410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twenty Years of High Spatiotemporal Resolution Estimates of Daily PM2.5 in West Africa Using Satellite Data, Surface Monitors, and Machine Learning","authors":"Daniel M. Westervelt*,&nbsp;Joe Adabouk Amooli and Abhishek Anand,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00366","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Estimates of air pollution mortality in sub-Saharan Africa are limited by a lack of observations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). Satellite data represents a promising solution with near-complete spatial coverage and high temporal coverage, but representativeness of surface conditions is a critical issue. Here we estimate surface PM_2.5 concentrations over West Africa at a daily, 1 km² spatiotemporal resolution based on satellite-derived and reanalysis inputs trained against surface PM_2.5 observations using several machine learning algorithms. Among machine learning models tested, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) demonstrated the highest accuracy, with a 0.91 <i>r</i>², mean absolute error of 9.1 μg m^–3, and a CvMAE of 0.1, indicating about a 10% error across all sites on aggregate. Seasonal and annual PM_2.5 patterns were well captured, revealing severe air quality challenges via near-universal exceedances of World Health Organization air quality guidelines and interim targets. The data set’s long-term perspective (2005–2024) highlights worsening air quality trends in both rural and urban areas. Our findings provide actionable data to support air quality management and policy, public health, and environmental justice initiatives in a critically underserved region of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 8","pages":"1468–1477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144807595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Air Quality Impacts Related to North Atlantic Offshore Emissions Sources","authors":"Kirk R. Baker*,&nbsp;R. Byron Rice and Neal Fann,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00179","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.5c00179","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Wind energy projects are being planned and constructed off the northern Atlantic coast to provide additional energy capacity to the eastern U.S. Emissions related to construction, operation, and routine maintenance of these offshore wind projects, and the chemical transformation of these emissions in the atmosphere can result in pollutants that have known negative human health effects. However, the increased electrical capacity provided by these offshore wind projects could result in some reduction in onshore electrical generating (EGU) facilities. Here, multiple air quality models (a reduced complexity tool and a more sophisticated photochemical grid model) were applied to predict annual average PM_2.5 and seasonal average maximum daily 8 h average O₃ impacts from offshore wind projects and resulting reductions in onshore EGUs. The reduced complexity tool reasonably replicated the magnitudes and spatial gradients of impacts predicted by the photochemical transport model. Air pollution impacts from the offshore wind energy projects tended to be highest nearest the projects. Air pollution impacts were much higher from the construction phase compared to postconstruction (operation and maintenance). Predicted reductions to onshore EGUs due to increased offshore energy capacity resulted in regional decreases in PM_2.5 and O₃ that outpaced increases related to offshore wind projects. This effect was more pronounced for population influenced PM_2.5 compared to that for O₃. This is likely due to offshore wind energy capacity being highest in the winter, which results in more onshore EGU emissions reductions outside of the summer season when precursor emissions would be most impactful on O₃ production. Reductions in onshore EGU emissions were based on assumptions that the increased energy capacity would not simply meet increased demand over present-day levels or be balanced by non-fossil-fuel-based energy sources such as nuclear, solar, or onshore wind farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 7","pages":"1369–1378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}