ACS ES&T Air最新文献

{"title":"Concentration and Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Ammonia Throughout the Urban Mixing Layer in Response to Extreme Emission Reduction","authors":"Yunhua Chang*,&nbsp;Lin Cheng,&nbsp;Haifeng Yu and Jianlin Hu,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0001810.1021/acsestair.4c00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00018https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Here, we investigate the vertical distribution of ammonia (NH₃) and its nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N-NH₃) at nine heights along the Shanghai Tower (632 m a.g.l.), the world’s highest in situ research platform in urban areas that we recently established. Both the NH₃ levels and δ¹⁵N-NH₃ values, at all heights, were highly responsive to China’s COVID-19 shutdown, and N isotopic shifts were consistent with the shutdown-associated reduction of combustion-related NH₃ emissions in early 2020. Despite the fact that the NH₃ source partitioning did not greatly change along the vertical transect, we observed that the abundance of NH₃ continuously increased from the ground to the upper mixing layer (∼570 m). Supported by chemical transport-model simulations and auxiliary field measurements, our data indicate that vertical transport of urban NH₃ emissions represents an important modulating control with regards to the observed vertical pattern of NH₃ concentrations and δ¹⁵N-NH₃.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"24–30 24–30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143085760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of PM2.5 Using Well-Calibrated Low-Cost Sensors over One Year in Burkina Faso","authors":"Bernard Nana,&nbsp;Garima Raheja,&nbsp;Issoufou Ouarma,&nbsp;Haro Kayaba,&nbsp;Woro Yomi Gounkaou,&nbsp;Tizane Daho,&nbsp;Antoine Béré,&nbsp;Abdelwahid Mellouki and Daniel M. Westervelt*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0012610.1021/acsestair.4c00126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00126https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00126","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Air pollution causes more than 8.34 million premature deaths worldwide. Most of these deaths occur in the Global South, particularly in Africa. However, the means of observing this air pollution in these countries are lacking. Knowledge of pollutant concentration levels and their distribution in time and space is inadequate or nonexistent in most African countries. This study focuses on the temporal and spatial distribution of PM_2.5 in Burkina Faso, a country of more than 22 million residents yet with very scarce air pollution literature. The study used Clarity low-cost sensors. The sensors were placed at 19 sites throughout the country, including 13 in Ouagadougou, the capital, and three in Bobo-Dioulasso and three in Koudougou, the second and third largest cities in Burkina Faso, respectively. The measurements were taken over a one year period (November 2021 to November 2022). The data was corrected using a Gaussian Mixture Regression trained on a 2-month colocation of a TEOM with a Clarity monitor in Ouagadougou. The corrected mean daily concentrations measured at all of the sites ranged from 17 to 68 μg/m³, with an overall daily average of 46.7 μg/m³. The city averages are 48.5 μg/m³ for Ouagadougou, 46.9 μg/m³ for Bobo-Dioulasso, and 38.7 μg/m³ for Koudougou. These concentrations are significantly higher than the World Health Organization’s recommended safe daily guideline, 15 μg/m³. Measurement values are highest during the dry season, which is dominated by the Harmattan winds from the Sahara desert. At all sites, between 61% and 87% of the measured days exceeded the WHO daily guidelines for PM_2.5. These measurements show the need to undertake an action plan to reduce air pollution in general in Burkina Faso in order to better protect the population health.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"40–48 40–48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143085188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South America Is on Fire: An Urgent Call for National and Regional Actions","authors":"Patricia Krecl*,&nbsp;Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa,&nbsp;Eva Maria Mollinedo Veneros and Admir Créso Targino,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0025110.1021/acsestair.4c00251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00251https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00251","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"1–3 1–3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143085169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Mapping of Ultrafine Particle Fluxes in an Office HVAC System with a Diffusion Charger Sensor Array","authors":"Danielle N. Wagner,&nbsp;Nusrat Jung and Brandon E. Boor*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0014010.1021/acsestair.4c00140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00140https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00140","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Commercial HVAC systems intended to mitigate indoor air pollution are operated based on standards that exclude aerosols with smaller diameters, such as ultrafine particles (UFPs, D_p ≤ 100 nm), which dominate a large proportion of indoor and outdoor number-based particle size distributions. UFPs generated from occupant activities or infiltrating from the outdoors can be recirculated and accumulate indoors when they are not successfully filtered by an air handling unit. Monitoring UFPs in real occupied environments is vital to understanding these source and mitigation dynamics, but capturing their rapid transience across multiple locations can be challenging due to high-cost instrumentation. This 9-month field measurement campaign pairs four medium-cost diffusion charger sensors with volumetric airflow rates modulated and monitored in a cloud-based building automation system of an open-plan living laboratory office and dedicated air handling unit to evaluate spatiotemporal particle number and surface area concentrations and migration trends. Particle number flux rates reveal that an estimated daily median of 8 × 10¹³ UFPs enter the air handling unit from the outdoors. Switching from a MERV14 to a HEPA filter reduces the number of UFPs supplied to the room by tens of trillions of UFPs daily, increasing the median filtration efficiency from 40% to 96%. These results demonstrate the efficacy of an optimal air handling unit’s performance to improve indoor air quality, while highlighting UFP dynamics that are not accounted for in current filtration standards nor in occupant-centered HVAC control. Scalable sensor development can popularize UFP monitoring and allow for future UFP integration within building control and automation platforms. The framework established for this campaign can be used to evaluate particle fluxes considering different analytes.</p><p >Current filtration standards exclude ultrafine particles, which dominate particle number size distributions. This field campaign establishes a framework using multinodal ultrafine particle and airflow rate monitoring to evaluate concentrations and migration trends in a high-performance building.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"49–63 49–63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143085368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Mapping of Ultrafine Particle Fluxes in an Office HVAC System with a Diffusion Charger Sensor Array.","authors":"Danielle N Wagner, Nusrat Jung, Brandon E Boor","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00140","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Commercial HVAC systems intended to mitigate indoor air pollution are operated based on standards that exclude aerosols with smaller diameters, such as ultrafine particles (UFPs, D_p ≤ 100 nm), which dominate a large proportion of indoor and outdoor number-based particle size distributions. UFPs generated from occupant activities or infiltrating from the outdoors can be recirculated and accumulate indoors when they are not successfully filtered by an air handling unit. Monitoring UFPs in real occupied environments is vital to understanding these source and mitigation dynamics, but capturing their rapid transience across multiple locations can be challenging due to high-cost instrumentation. This 9-month field measurement campaign pairs four medium-cost diffusion charger sensors with volumetric airflow rates modulated and monitored in a cloud-based building automation system of an open-plan living laboratory office and dedicated air handling unit to evaluate spatiotemporal particle number and surface area concentrations and migration trends. Particle number flux rates reveal that an estimated daily median of 8 × 10¹³ UFPs enter the air handling unit from the outdoors. Switching from a MERV14 to a HEPA filter reduces the number of UFPs supplied to the room by tens of trillions of UFPs daily, increasing the median filtration efficiency from 40% to 96%. These results demonstrate the efficacy of an optimal air handling unit's performance to improve indoor air quality, while highlighting UFP dynamics that are not accounted for in current filtration standards nor in occupant-centered HVAC control. Scalable sensor development can popularize UFP monitoring and allow for future UFP integration within building control and automation platforms. The framework established for this campaign can be used to evaluate particle fluxes considering different analytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"49-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11730965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143019560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Wildfire Smoke Exposure Assessment: A Machine Learning Approach to Predict Indoor PM2.5 in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Eric S Coker*,&nbsp;William Ho,&nbsp;Naman Paul,&nbsp;Michael J Lee,&nbsp;James M Dickson,&nbsp;Ophir Greif,&nbsp;Brayden Nilson,&nbsp;Stephanie E Cleland and Sarah B Henderson,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0020410.1021/acsestair.4c00204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00204https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00204","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Epidemiological studies typically model wildfire smoke exposure by predicting outdoor fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations, overlooking indoor environments where people spend most of their time. This discrepancy can lead to exposure misclassification for wildfire smoke and other air pollutants. We developed a machine learning (ML) model for estimating daily indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations in British Columbia, Canada, using an ensemble of nonparametric ML algorithms during the 2022 and 2023 wildfire seasons. For model training, we included daily PM_2.5 concentrations collected at 44 care facilities equipped with low-cost air quality sensors colocated indoors and outdoors. Model predictors for both indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 at the facilities included outdoor PM_2.5 and meteorological data from Canada’s National Air Pollution Surveillance Program and Purple Air sensors. The indoor and outdoor models were evaluated with cross validation and then used to compare exposure-response relationships for asthma inhaler dispensations, as an indicator of population respiratory health. Ensemble models accurately predicted PM_2.5 indoors (RMSE = 3.29 μg/m³; R² = 0.71) and outdoors (RMSE = 3.80 μg/m³; R² = 0.78). For the out-of-sample validation set (2023 wildfire season), the indoor model had a lower RMSE than the outdoor one (RMSE_Indoor = 6.65 μg/m³ vs RMSE_Outdoor = 9.64 μg/m³). The effect estimates for the relationship between indoor PM_2.5 and inhaler dispensations were higher than that for outdoor PM_2.5. These results suggest that population-scale indoor PM_2.5 exposure assessment is feasible for wildfire smoke epidemiology research, and that using outdoor estimates may bias the true relationship toward the null.</p><p >Our study highlights the importance of assessing indoor air quality during wildfires. We developed machine learning models to estimate indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 in a region with high wildfire activity, highlighting indoor exposure is more strongly associated with acute respiratory health outcomes than outdoor exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"73–89 73–89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143084818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PM2.5 Concentration Gap Reduction between Typical Urban and Nonurban China from 2000 to 2023","authors":"Linhao Guo,&nbsp;Xuemei Wang*,&nbsp;Alexander Baklanov and Min Shao,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0020810.1021/acsestair.4c00208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00208https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00208","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Since 2013, stringent clean air initiatives have significantly reduced atmospheric pollutant emissions in China, improving air quality and altering the spatiotemporal patterns of pollution. Utilizing fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and its chemical composition data from 2000 to 2023, we observed a reduction in the disparity of PM_2.5 concentrations between urban and nonurban areas. This reduction is linked to stricter emission controls in urban areas and the relocation of some emission sources to nonurban areas. However, the specific chemical constituents of PM_2.5 and the driving factors behind these changes remain to be fully elucidated. By analyzing the proportions of PM_2.5 components in major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou and their surrounding nonurban areas, we found that the narrowing gap in PM_2.5 concentrations between urban and nonurban regions is associated with the convergence of the organic matter (OM) proportions in both areas. This convergence results from varying emission reduction strategies tailored to the distinct characteristics of urban and nonurban pollution sources in China. Coordinated governance between urban and nonurban areas should be considered, along with the implementation of integrated control and mitigation measures for multiple pollutants to further enhance air quality in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"90–98 90–98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143084214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Aging and Relative Humidity on Properties of Biomass Burning Smoke Particles.","authors":"Sofie K Schwink, Liora E Mael, Thomas H Dunnington, Maximilian J Schmid, Jonathan M Silberstein, Andrew Heck, Nicholas Gotlib, Michael P Hannigan, Marina E Vance","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00224","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantifying changes in the properties of smoke aerosols under varying conditions is important for understanding the health and environmental impacts of exposure to smoke. Smoke composition, aerosol liquid water content, effective density (ρ_eff), and other properties can change significantly as smoke travels through areas under different ambient conditions and over time. During this study, we measured changes in smoke composition and physical properties due to oxidative aging and exposure to humidity. We found that smoke aging led to SOA formation and increases in ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon. Aerosol liquid water content increased with increasing relative humidity (RH), and aged smoke took up more water than fresh smoke at all humidity levels, likely due to a combination of changes in aerosol surface polarity at low and medium RH and increases in surface area with aging at high RH. Growth factors ranged from 1.06 ± 0.08 for fresh smoke at low RH to 1.32 ± 0.08 for aged smoke at high RH. Oxidative aging and exposure to humidity led to increases in ρ_eff. For 100 nm particles, ρ_eff ranged from ∼1.2 for fresh smoke at low RH to ∼1.6 for aged smoke at high RH. Results from these experiments suggest that exposure to humidity leads to smoke restructuring and compaction and/or changes in surface chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11730893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143019549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Aging and Relative Humidity on Properties of Biomass Burning Smoke Particles","authors":"Sofie K. Schwink,&nbsp;Liora E. Mael,&nbsp;Thomas H. Dunnington,&nbsp;Maximilian J. Schmid,&nbsp;Jonathan M. Silberstein,&nbsp;Andrew Heck,&nbsp;Nicholas Gotlib,&nbsp;Michael P. Hannigan and Marina E. Vance*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0022410.1021/acsestair.4c00224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00224https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00224","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Quantifying changes in the properties of smoke aerosols under varying conditions is important for understanding the health and environmental impacts of exposure to smoke. Smoke composition, aerosol liquid water content, effective density (ρ_eff), and other properties can change significantly as smoke travels through areas under different ambient conditions and over time. During this study, we measured changes in smoke composition and physical properties due to oxidative aging and exposure to humidity. We found that smoke aging led to SOA formation and increases in ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon. Aerosol liquid water content increased with increasing relative humidity (RH), and aged smoke took up more water than fresh smoke at all humidity levels, likely due to a combination of changes in aerosol surface polarity at low and medium RH and increases in surface area with aging at high RH. Growth factors ranged from 1.06 ± 0.08 for fresh smoke at low RH to 1.32 ± 0.08 for aged smoke at high RH. Oxidative aging and exposure to humidity led to increases in ρ_eff. For 100 nm particles, ρ_eff ranged from ∼1.2 for fresh smoke at low RH to ∼1.6 for aged smoke at high RH. Results from these experiments suggest that exposure to humidity leads to smoke restructuring and compaction and/or changes in surface chemistry.</p><p >Oxidative aging and exposure to humidity lead to changes in the physical properties of smoke particles. We measured changes in composition, aerosol liquid water content, and effective density for fresh and aged smoke at three humidity levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 1","pages":"109–118 109–118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143087322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encountering Prescribed Fire: Characterizing the Intersection of Prescribed Fire and Wildfire in the CONUS.","authors":"James L Beidler, Kirk R Baker, George Pouliot, Jason D Sacks","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00228","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prescribed fire is applied across the United States as a fuel treatment to manage the impact of wildfires and restore ecosystems. While the recent application of prescribed fire has largely been confined to the southeastern US, the increase in catastrophic wildfires has accelerated the growth of prescribed fire more broadly. To effectively achieve wildfire risk reduction benefits, which includes reducing the amount of smoke emitted, the area treated by prescribed fire must come into contact with a subsequent wildfire. In this study, we applied timely and consistent geospatially resolved data sets of prescribed fires and wildfires to estimate the rate at which an area treated by prescribed fire encounters a subsequent wildfire. We summarize these encounter rates across time intervals, prescribed fire treatment area, and number of previous prescribed fires and by region. On all U.S. Forest Service lands across the Conterminous US (CONUS) 6.2% of prescribed fire treated area from 2003-2022 encountered a subsequent wildfire in 2004-2023. Encounter rates were highest in western US forests, which tend to be more impacted by wildfire than the eastern US, and lower in the eastern US. Encounter rates increased with treatment area in the southeastern US but were relatively flat in the northwest. For the CONUS, encounter rates increased with longer time intervals, associated with diminished potential for reducing wildfire severity, between prescribed fire and the subsequent wildfire area burned. Our results provide timely information on prescribed fire and wildfire interactions that can be leveraged to optimize analyses of the trade-offs between prescribed fire and wildfire.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"1 12","pages":"1687-1695"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}