{"title":"Evaluation of TNF-α and IFN-γ primed conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cell in acetic acid-induced mouse model of acute colitis","authors":"Manizhe Faghih , Mona Moshiri , Nader Mazrouei Arani , Fatemeh Ahmadzadeh , Narjes Jafari , Maryam Ghasemi , Saeid Abediankenari","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>IBD, an autoimmune-inflammatory disorder that affects people who are genetically prone to inflammation. There is a lot of interest in MSC-CM therapy, especially when primed with TNF-α + IFN-γ. Throughout the study, data were collected on the percentage of apoptotic cells, gene expression of ZO-1, Foxp3, GATA3, IDO-1, Muc2, <em>T</em>-bet, Notch1, TNFR2, and ROR-γt, colon weight and length, histopathological analysis, and DAI. TNF-α and IL-10 levels were assessed in addition to the NO level. The results suggest that primed MSC-CM improved DAI, mucosal deterioration, intestinal inflammation and NO concentration. The amount of TNF-α was decreased, but IL-10 and the colon’s percentage of apoptotic cells was increased. The mRNA expression of ZO-1, Foxp3, GATA3, IDO-1, and Muc2 genes increased greatly in the treatment groups, while the expression of <em>T</em>-bet, Notch1, TNFR2, and ROR-γt genes has decreased. These studies suggest that primed MSC-CM may combine with common treatments to improve responsiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"405 ","pages":"Article 104876"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Embracing multiple infection models to tackle Q fever: A review of in vitro, in vivo, and lung ex vivo models","authors":"R. Marena Guzman, Daniel E. Voth","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiple animal and cell culture models are employed to study pathogenesis of <em>Coxiella burnetii</em>, the causative agent of acute and chronic human Q fever. <em>C. burnetii</em> is a lung pathogen that is aerosolized in contaminated products and inhaled by humans to cause acute disease that can disseminate to other organs and establish chronic infection. Cellular models of Q fever include a variety of tissue-derived cell lines from mice and humans such as lung alveolar <em>ex vivo</em> cells. These models have the advantage of being cost-effective and reproducible. Similarly, animal models including mice and guinea pigs are cost-effective, although only immunocompromised SCID mice display a severe disease phenotype in response to Nine Mile I and Nine Mile II isolates of <em>C. burnetii</em> while immunocompetent guinea pigs display human-like symptoms and robust immune responses. Non-human primates such as macaques and marmosets are the closest model of human disease but are costly and largely used for adaptive immune response studies. All animal models are used for vaccine development but many differences exist in the pathogen’s ability to establish lung infection when considering infection routes, bacterial isolates, and host genetic background. Similarly, while cellular models are useful for characterization of host-pathogen mechanisms, future developments should include use of a lung infection platform to draw appropriate conclusions. Here, we summarize the current state of the <em>C. burnetii</em> lung pathogenesis field by discussing the contribution of different animal and cell culture models and include suggestions for continuing to move the field forward.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"405 ","pages":"Article 104880"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neutralization of TLR2 in combination with either TNF-α or IL-1β antibody reduces the severity of septic arthritis through STAT3/mTOR signalling in lymphocytes","authors":"Rituparna Ghosh, Biswadev Bishayi","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> induced Septic arthritis is considered a medical concern. <em>S.aureus</em> binds TLR2 to induce an array of inflammatory responses. Generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines induces T cell responses and control Th17/Treg cell balance. Regulation of T cell-mediated immunity in response to inflammation is significantly influenced by mTOR. Presence of elevated TNF-α, IL-1β decreases Treg cell activity through STAT3/mTOR, promoting proliferation of T cells towards Th17 cells. Therefore, we postulated, neutralizing TLR2 with either TNF-α or IL-1β in combination could be useful in modifying Th17/Treg cell ratio in order to treat septic arthritis by suppressing expression of mTOR/STAT3. To date, no studies have reported effects of neutralization of TLR2 along with either TNF-α or IL-1β on amelioration of arthritis correlating with mTOR/STAT3 expression. Contribution of T lymphocytes collected from blood, spleen, synovial tissues, their derived cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, IL-10 were noted. Expression of TLR2, TNFR1, TNFR2, NF-κB along with mTOR/STAT3 also recorded. Neutralization of TLR2 along with TNF-α and IL-1β were able to shift Th17 cells into immunosuppressive Treg cells. Furthermore,elevated expression of IL-10, TNFR2 and demoted expression of mTOR/ STAT3 along with NF-κB in lymphocytes confirms its role in resolution of arthritis. It was also effective in reducing oxidative stress via increasing expression of the antioxidant enzymes. As a result, it can be inferred that Treg-derived IL-10, which may mitigate inflammatory effects of septic arthritis by influencing the mTOR/STAT3 interaction in lymphocytes, may be selected as a different therapeutic strategy for reducing the impact of septic arthritis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"405 ","pages":"Article 104878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indu Baiju , Mukesh Kumar Bharti , Anjali Somal , Sriti Pandey , Irfan A. Bhat , Anand Joseph , Vikash Chandra , G. Taru Sharma
{"title":"Exploration of immunomodulatory mechanism of caprine Wharton’s jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells","authors":"Indu Baiju , Mukesh Kumar Bharti , Anjali Somal , Sriti Pandey , Irfan A. Bhat , Anand Joseph , Vikash Chandra , G. Taru Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study was aimed to explore the possible mechanisms by which caprine Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) perform their immunomodulatory function. WJ-MSCs were isolated through explants culture and characterized as per ISCT criteria using culture behavior, expression of surface markers by PCR, FACS and immunocytochemical localization (ICC), trilineage differentiation potential etc. Secretory behavior for important biomolecules (IDO, TGFβ1, VEGF, IL6) was evaluated by ICC and western blot assay. Cell-to-cell communication was studied by culturing cells in cell–cell contact and <em>trans</em>-well system. The MSCs when co-cultured with activated Tc and Th cells, down-regulation of T cell cytokine as well as upregulation of immunomodulatory factors (VEGF A, IL10, IL6, IDO, iNOS, PTGS2, HGF, TGFβ, CXCL10, CXCL11) was noticed in both cell–cell contact and <em>trans</em>-well culture system which was significantly higher in cell–cell contact system. Trilineage differentiation of MSCs showed significant upregulation of MHC I (CAHI) and MHC II (CLA DRB3) molecules suggesting better clinical applications of MSCs without differentiation to avoid immune rejection. It can be concluded that WJ-MSCs perform their immunomodulation through the secretion of a battery of biomolecules and work in both cell–cell contact manner and through their secretome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"405 ","pages":"Article 104879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuhao Xia , Qiannan Yang , Qian Li , Jiahao Wen , Mingyang Li , Zhicheng Wu , Liping Nie , Zhong Huang , Shang Ying Wu , Jing Du
{"title":"Metallothionein-1 mitigates the advancement of osteoarthritis by regulating Th17/Treg balance","authors":"Yuhao Xia , Qiannan Yang , Qian Li , Jiahao Wen , Mingyang Li , Zhicheng Wu , Liping Nie , Zhong Huang , Shang Ying Wu , Jing Du","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disorder characterized by cartilage degradation and bone remodeling. This study investigated the regulatory role of metallothionein 1 (MT1) in modulating immune responses and the balance between regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 cells (Th17) in OA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals and OA patients were assessed for cytokine expression linked to Treg/Th17 homeostasis. OA was induced in wild-type (WT) and <em>Mt1</em> knockout (MT1KO) mice via surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus. Clinical scores, pathological features, inflammatory cytokines, and Treg/Th17 balance were evaluated. MT1KO mice showed significantly elevated <em>Mt1</em>, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) and exacerbated OA progression, characterized by increased knee joint diameter, inflammatory infiltration, and cartilage destruction. Mechanistically, disrupted Treg/Th17 balance played a pivotal role in OA exacerbation, with MT1KO promoting Th17 differentiation and reducing Treg populations. Additionally, the compensatory elevation of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) in OA patients hinted at a nuanced immune regulatory mechanism. The study illuminates intricate interactions involving MT1, Treg/Th17 cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in OA pathogenesis, suggesting MT1′s potential as a pivotal regulatory factor and a therapeutic target for mitigating immune dysregulation in OA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"405 ","pages":"Article 104877"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glutathione regulates CIA-activated splenic-lymphocytes via NF-κB/MMP-9 and MAPK/PCNA pathways manipulating immune response","authors":"Jingying Qin, Cheli Wang, Xiaoying Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reduced glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant involved in redox homeostasis, and recently regarded as an inducer of Reductive stress. Its immune-regulatory effects on lymphocytes have not been extensively studied. This study is based on the finding that much increased GSH level in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat spleen, and aimed to investigate the effects of GSH (0, 1, 10, 100 mM) on normal and immune-stimulated spleen lymphocytes respectively. The elevated GSH level is associated with the increased levels of inflammatory factors; especially the increased DPP1 activity indicated immune-granulocytes activation in CIA rat spleen. Exogenous GSH had different influences on normal and CIA lymphocytes, affecting intracellular levels of GSH, Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and Reactive oxygen species (ROS); as well as the expressions of NF-κB, MMP-9, Bcl-2, GST, P38, PCNA and TLR4. The increased extracellular GSH level disturbed redox homeostasis and induces reductive stress to spleen lymphocytes, which decreased intracellular GSH concentration and influenced the MAPK/PCNA and NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathways, as well as cell cycles respectively, leading to cell senescence/ferroptosis/apoptosis. This study also revealed the multiple faces of GSH in regulating spleen lymphocytes, which depended on its levels in tissue or in cells, and the activation status of lymphocytes. These findings indicate the immune-regulatory role of GSH on spleen-lymphocytes, and the high level GSH in CIA rat spleens may contribute to CIA development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"405 ","pages":"Article 104866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142157502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuja Gunasena , Mario Alles , Thorsten Demberg , Will Mulhern , Namal P.M. Liyanage
{"title":"BCG immunization induced KLRG1+ NK cells show memory-like responses to mycobacterial and HIV antigens","authors":"Manuja Gunasena , Mario Alles , Thorsten Demberg , Will Mulhern , Namal P.M. Liyanage","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only approved vaccine against <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MTB), offering protection not only against tuberculosis (TB) but also non-related infections. ‘Trained immunity’ of innate immune cells is considered one of the mechanisms of this broad protection derived through BCG. Here, we investigated the effect of BCG on Natural Killer (NK) cells, a key innate immune cell type, and their subsequent responses to mycobacterial and HIV antigens. We found that BCG-induced KLRG1+ NK cells exhibit significantly higher production of IFNγ, compared to KLRG1− cells, indicating their memory-like responses upon exposure to these antigens (p < 0.05). These findings may be important in regions of high burden of HIV and TB where BCG is routinely administered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"403 ","pages":"Article 104865"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of mitochondrial fusion and fission in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","authors":"Yulai Fang , Shichen Min , Hong Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that maintain their homeostasis through mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are two important processes of mitochondrial dynamics. There is accumulating evidence that mitochondrial fusion and fission play an important role in the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. This article provides a brief review of the essential role of mitochondrial fusion and fission in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. It will provide a novel perspective and direction for the elucidation of the pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"403 ","pages":"Article 104864"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142076791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junfan Wang , XiaoJian Han , Yanan Hao , Siyin Chen , Bo Pang , Lin Zou , Xiaxia Han , Wang Wang , Li Liu , Meiying Shen , Aishun Jin
{"title":"Cbl-b inhibition promotes less differentiated phenotypes of T cells with enhanced cytokine production","authors":"Junfan Wang , XiaoJian Han , Yanan Hao , Siyin Chen , Bo Pang , Lin Zou , Xiaxia Han , Wang Wang , Li Liu , Meiying Shen , Aishun Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For adoptive therapy with T cell receptor engineered T (TCR-T) cells, the quantity and quality of the final cell product directly affect their anti-tumor efficacy. The post-transfer efficacy window of TCR-T cells is keen to optimizing attempts during the manufacturing process. Cbl-b is a E3 ubiquitin ligase previously shown with critical negative impact in T cell functions. This study investigated whether strategic inclusion of a commercially available small inhibitor targeting Cbl-b (Cbl-<em>b</em>-IN-1) prior to T cell activation could enhance the quality of the final TCR-T cell product. Examination with both PBMCs and TCR-T cells revealed that Cbl-<em>b</em>-IN-1 treatment promoted TCR expression efficiency, T cell proliferation potential and, specifically, cell survival capability post antigenic stimulation. Cbl-<em>b</em>-IN-1 exposure facilitated T cells in maintaining less differentiated states with enhanced cytokine production. Further, we found that Cbl-<em>b</em>-IN-1 effectively augmented the activation of TCR signaling, shown by increased phosphorylation levels of Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) and phospholipase c-γ1 (PLCγ1). In conclusion, our results evidence that the inclusion of Cbl-b inhibitor immediately prior to TCR-T cell activation may enhance their proliferation, survival, and function potentials, presenting an applicable optimization strategy for immunotherapy with adoptive cell transfer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"403 ","pages":"Article 104863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142058390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gizem Kilic , Vasiliki Matzaraki , Ozlem Bulut , Ilayda Baydemir , Anaisa V. Ferreira , Katrin Rabold , Simone J.C.F.M. Moorlag , Valerie A.C.M. Koeken , L. Charlotte J. de Bree , Vera P. Mourits , Leo A.B. Joosten , Jorge Domínguez-Andrés , Mihai G. Netea
{"title":"RORα negatively regulates BCG-induced trained immunity","authors":"Gizem Kilic , Vasiliki Matzaraki , Ozlem Bulut , Ilayda Baydemir , Anaisa V. Ferreira , Katrin Rabold , Simone J.C.F.M. Moorlag , Valerie A.C.M. Koeken , L. Charlotte J. de Bree , Vera P. Mourits , Leo A.B. Joosten , Jorge Domínguez-Andrés , Mihai G. Netea","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trained immunity is a long-lasting change in the responsiveness of innate immune cells, leading to a stronger response upon an unrelated secondary challenge. Epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic reprogramming contribute to the development of trained immunity. By investigating the impact of gene variants on trained immunity responses after Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination, we identified a strong association between polymorphisms in the <em>RORA</em> gene and BCG-induced trained immunity in PBMCs isolated from healthy human donors. RORα, encoded by the <em>RORA</em> gene in humans, is a nuclear receptor and a transcription factor, regulating genes involved in circadian rhythm, inflammation, cholesterol, and lipid metabolism. We found that natural RORα agonists in the circulation negatively correlate with the strength of trained immunity responses after BCG vaccination. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of RORα in human PBMCs led to higher cytokine production capacity and boosted trained immunity induction by BCG. Blocking RORα activity also resulted in morphological changes and increased ROS and lactate production of BCG-trained cells. Blocking lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and glycolysis with sodium oxamate reduced the cytokine production capacity of cells trained with a combination of BCG and the RORα agonist. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential role of RORα in trained immunity, and its impact on human vaccination and diseases should be further investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"403 ","pages":"Article 104862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874924000650/pdfft?md5=583ca87c5448531dfd921a10c233d07d&pid=1-s2.0-S0008874924000650-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142002445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}