Case Reports in Vascular Medicine最新文献

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Kissing Balloon Technique for Angioplasty of Tibioperoneal Arteries Bifurcation Using Pedal Arterial Retrograde Revascularization. 接吻球囊技术应用足动脉逆行血运重建术治疗胫腓动脉分叉。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-12-25 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9543250
Ahmed Amro, Obadah Aqtash, Adee Elhamdani, Mehiar El-Hamdani
{"title":"Kissing Balloon Technique for Angioplasty of Tibioperoneal Arteries Bifurcation Using Pedal Arterial Retrograde Revascularization.","authors":"Ahmed Amro,&nbsp;Obadah Aqtash,&nbsp;Adee Elhamdani,&nbsp;Mehiar El-Hamdani","doi":"10.1155/2018/9543250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9543250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kissing Balloon Technique using retrograde pedal approach together with anterograde common femoral artery (CFA) approach could be the treatment of choice in patients with diseased infrapopliteal artery bifurcation. We report seven cases where the KBT was utilized for the treatment of diseased infrapopliteal artery bifurcation using retrograde pedal access in conjunction with the conventional common femoral artery (CFA) access.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed all seven cases that underwent KBT with the combination of pedal and common femoral access in a single-center study from 2014 to 2015 utilizing Rutherford classification severity index; all cases were deemed stage 3 (severe claudication) to stage 6 (severe ischemic ulcers or frank gangrene). With the exception of two cases, contralateral femoral access was obtained, with sheath sizes varying from 4 to 6 French for both CFA and pedal access. Ultrasound was utilized for ipsilateral pedal access in all seven cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Arterial revascularization was successfully achieved by the KBT in all patients without any complications. All patients achieved procedural success, which is defined as residual stenosis of less than 30% with no dissection or thrombosis and clinical success that is defined as resolution of symptoms (absence of intermittent claudication and healing of the ulcer) as well as improvement in the arterial brachial index (ABI). During follow-up, out of the seven cases, repeat angiogram was performed for one case, which showed patent arteries with no residual lesions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with popliteal and tibioperoneal trunk bifurcation lesions, Kissing Balloon Technique using retrograde pedal access in conjunction with the conventional anterograde access appeared to be successful, safe, and effective technique with lower access site complications and shorter procedure time.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"9543250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9543250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36880929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Diagnosis and Management of Rare Case of Mesenteric Hematoma Rupture after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): A Case Report and Review of the Literature. 经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)后肠系膜血肿破裂罕见病例的诊断和处理:病例报告和文献综述。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-11-21 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6273538
Danish Abbasi, Jeffrey E Vanhook, Khashayar Salartash, Howard Levite
{"title":"Diagnosis and Management of Rare Case of Mesenteric Hematoma Rupture after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): A Case Report and Review of the Literature.","authors":"Danish Abbasi, Jeffrey E Vanhook, Khashayar Salartash, Howard Levite","doi":"10.1155/2018/6273538","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2018/6273538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a case of a 78-year-old female with history of diastolic heart failure and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on apixaban presenting with worsening shortness of breath. She underwent transesophageal echocardiogram showing severe aortic stenosis with a valve area of 0.8 cm2. Coronary angiography did not reveal significant coronary artery disease. CT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis did not show any evidence of hematoma or dissection. Patient was scheduled for transfemoral TAVR. Patient's apixaban was discontinued prior to the procedure. She received heparin during the procedure. She successfully underwent left transfemoral aortic valve replacement. Shortly after the procedure, she complained of abdominal pain and became hypotensive. Blood pressure was 76/44 mm of Hg (MAP 58). Hemoglobin dropped to 8.1 g/dl (baseline 13). Stat CT abdomen and pelvis showed a large volume of hemorrhage in the peritoneal cavity. CTA of abdomen showed no evidence of aortic aneurysm or dissection but active extravasation below the inferior aspect of the spleen. Catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) identified ileal branch of SMA as the source of bleeding. Embolization using gel foam slurry followed by a coil insertion was performed. Repeat angiogram demonstrated continued extravasation through arcade collaterals. A rapid exploration of the abdominal cavity revealed ruptured mesenteric hematoma. Evacuation of hematoma was performed. Portion of small ileum and bleeding mesenteric branch vessel was resected. Her condition stabilized with no postoperative bleeding and she was discharged on warfarin postoperatively. Use of antithrombotic therapy increases risk of bleeding in TAVR patients. Mesenteric hematoma rupture if not identified can be life-threatening. We believe that this is the first reported case of mesenteric hematoma rupture after a TAVR procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"6273538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6280234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36814096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Case of Unusual Vascularization of Upper Abdominal Cavity' Organs. 上腹腔脏器异常血管化1例。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-10-31 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5738037
Natalia Mazuruc, Serghei Covantev, Olga Belic
{"title":"A Case of Unusual Vascularization of Upper Abdominal Cavity' Organs.","authors":"Natalia Mazuruc,&nbsp;Serghei Covantev,&nbsp;Olga Belic","doi":"10.1155/2018/5738037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5738037","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a case report of multiple arterial variations of internal organs of upper abdominal cavity in a cadaver of 63-year-old female. There were several developmental variations of the vascular supply of the stomach, pancreas, spleen, and liver. There were several accessory arteries: left gastric, left hepatic, and posterior gastric artery as well as several arteries that had abnormal origin. The variations were discovered during macroscopical dissection at the department of human anatomy. It should be noted that multiple developmental variation can be common in clinical practice and clinicians should be aware of them during diagnostic and interventional procedures.","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"5738037"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/5738037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36750737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Endovascular Management of Middle Aortic Syndrome Presenting with Uncontrolled Hypertension. 以高血压不受控制为表现的中主动脉综合征的血管内治疗。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-10-28 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9586025
Owen S Glotzer, Kathryn Bowser, F Todd Harad, Sandra Weiss
{"title":"Endovascular Management of Middle Aortic Syndrome Presenting with Uncontrolled Hypertension.","authors":"Owen S Glotzer,&nbsp;Kathryn Bowser,&nbsp;F Todd Harad,&nbsp;Sandra Weiss","doi":"10.1155/2018/9586025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9586025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Middle Aortic Syndrome is a rare vascular disorder consisting of narrowing or stenosis of the distal thoracic or abdominal aorta. It is described in the literature in the form of case studies and case series. The authors present an unusual case of Middle Aortic Syndrome attributed to Takayasu's arteritis in a 60-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with uncontrolled hypertension. Traditional intervention involves open surgical bypass. This case study reviews the published literature on this rare syndrome and illustrates a successful alternative to open surgery through an endovascular approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"9586025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9586025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36793119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Aortic Arch Floating Thrombus Complicated by Distal Embolization in a Patient with Malignancy. 恶性肿瘤主动脉弓漂浮血栓合并远端栓塞一例。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-10-02 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2040925
Konstantinos Tigkiropoulos, Dimitrios Karamanos, Marianthi Tympanidou, Nikolaos Saratzis, Ioannis Lazaridis
{"title":"Aortic Arch Floating Thrombus Complicated by Distal Embolization in a Patient with Malignancy.","authors":"Konstantinos Tigkiropoulos,&nbsp;Dimitrios Karamanos,&nbsp;Marianthi Tympanidou,&nbsp;Nikolaos Saratzis,&nbsp;Ioannis Lazaridis","doi":"10.1155/2018/2040925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2040925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free floating thrombus of aortic arch in a minimally atherosclerotic or nonaneurysmal aorta is a rare disease entity which carries a potential risk of distal embolization with catastrophic consequences. We present the case of a 52-years-old patient with ovarian cancer and aortic arch floating thrombus who initially managed with low molecular weight heparin and eventually undergone surgical thrombectomy of left external iliac and common femoral artery due to acute ischemia of left lower leg.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"2040925"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2040925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36625962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Traumatic Penetrating Neck Injury with Right Common Carotid Artery Dissection and Stenosis Effectively Managed with Stenting: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. 外伤性穿透性颈部损伤伴右侧颈总动脉夹层狭窄的支架置入术治疗:1例报告及文献复习。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-10 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4602743
Seidu A Richard, Chang Wei Zhang, Cong Wu, Wang Ting, Xie Xiaodong
{"title":"Traumatic Penetrating Neck Injury with Right Common Carotid Artery Dissection and Stenosis Effectively Managed with Stenting: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.","authors":"Seidu A Richard,&nbsp;Chang Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Cong Wu,&nbsp;Wang Ting,&nbsp;Xie Xiaodong","doi":"10.1155/2018/4602743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4602743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Penetrating neck injuries (PNI) are common and associated with arterial and other neuronal injuries. Although many authors have written on penetrating and blunt carotid artery injuries as a result of PNI or traumatic neck injuries, no one has reported a case or case series on PNI that resulted in blunt carotid dissection and stenosis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present a case of 40-year-old building and construction male worker who slipped and fell on an iron rod that resulted in penetrating wound on the right side of the anterior neck a week prior to presenting at our facility. He pulled out the iron rod immediately. Computer tomography angiography (CTA) done revealed C2-C4 transverse process fractures on the right side and a fracture at the right lamina of C3 and right common carotid artery dissection with stenosis. He was successfully treated with stenting via endovascular approach.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We adopt the view that patient should never pull out objects that result in PNI because of complex neurovascular architecture of the neck. The mortality rate of our patient will have doubled if the iron rode penetrated the common carotid artery. The gold standard treatment option for carotid artery dissection and stenosis is endovascular approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"4602743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/4602743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36293999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Endovascular Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Causing Life-Threatening Hemoptysis: Two Case Reports. 胸主动脉瘤致危及生命的咯血的血管内治疗2例。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-05-15 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7014170
Şükrü Oğuz, Süleyman Bekirçavuşoğlu, Zerrin Pulathan
{"title":"Endovascular Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Causing Life-Threatening Hemoptysis: Two Case Reports.","authors":"Şükrü Oğuz,&nbsp;Süleyman Bekirçavuşoğlu,&nbsp;Zerrin Pulathan","doi":"10.1155/2018/7014170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7014170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe two patients presenting life-threatening hemoptysis with saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm penetrating lung parenchyma and its endovascular treatment.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>We present two cases of 73- and 74-year-old men with massive hemoptysis secondary to saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm ruptured lung parenchyma who were successfully treated with endovascular approach with 3rd month's imaging follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thoracic aortic aneurysm is one of the rarest causes of hemoptysis and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and can be used for an effective and problem-solving treatment approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"7014170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/7014170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36189055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Corrigendum to "A Rare Anatomical Variation of the Termination of Right and Left Cephalic Veins". “一种罕见的左右头静脉末端解剖变异”的勘误表。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-05-14 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6735978
Raymond Saa-Eru Maalman, Yaw Otchere Donkor, Ali M Ayamba, Jubilant Kwame Abledu
{"title":"Corrigendum to \"A Rare Anatomical Variation of the Termination of Right and Left Cephalic Veins\".","authors":"Raymond Saa-Eru Maalman,&nbsp;Yaw Otchere Donkor,&nbsp;Ali M Ayamba,&nbsp;Jubilant Kwame Abledu","doi":"10.1155/2018/6735978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6735978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2018/5809656.].</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"6735978"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6735978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40438924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sandwich EVAR occludes Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Artery for Infected Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment. 夹心EVAR闭塞腹腔和肠系膜上动脉治疗感染的肾上主动脉瘤。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-05-10 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4037683
Supatcha Prasertcharoensuk, Narongchai Wongkonkitsin, Parichat Tunmit, Su-A-Pa Theeragul, Anucha Ahooja
{"title":"Sandwich EVAR occludes Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Artery for Infected Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment.","authors":"Supatcha Prasertcharoensuk,&nbsp;Narongchai Wongkonkitsin,&nbsp;Parichat Tunmit,&nbsp;Su-A-Pa Theeragul,&nbsp;Anucha Ahooja","doi":"10.1155/2018/4037683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4037683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>. Infected aortoiliac aneurysms are rare, representing only 1% to 2% of all aortic aneurysms; we present a case of infected suprarenal aortic aneurysm with a nearly occluded celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery treated using an endovascular technique to preserve collateral in the retroperitoneal space from the inferior mesenteric artery for supplying visceral organs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"4037683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/4037683","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36189054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Intermittent Massage as a Therapeutic Option for Compartment Syndrome after Embolectomy of the Lower Limbs. 间歇按摩作为下肢栓子切除术后筋膜室综合征的治疗选择。
Case Reports in Vascular Medicine Pub Date : 2018-05-02 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2679358
José Maria Pereira de Godoy, Maria de Fátima Guerreiro Godoy
{"title":"Intermittent Massage as a Therapeutic Option for Compartment Syndrome after Embolectomy of the Lower Limbs.","authors":"José Maria Pereira de Godoy,&nbsp;Maria de Fátima Guerreiro Godoy","doi":"10.1155/2018/2679358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2679358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The case of a 54-year-old cardiac patient is reported, who was admitted to hospital with a complaint of sudden pain in the legs associated with edema, paresthesia, and coldness. Arterial embolism of the lower limbs was diagnosed and the patient was submitted to bilateral embolectomy. The patient evolved with a burning sensation, hypersensitivity in the right leg, swelling, and difficulty bending and stretching the sole of the foot and the knee. A physical examination detected edema and increased tension in the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Treatment using intermittent massage of the leg during the evaluation of the patient was chosen in an attempt to stimulate lymphatic and venous drainage. After a few minutes of stimulation, there was significant improvement in the pain and edema. In 40 minutes, there was total reduction of the pain in the posterior and lateral compartments and improvement of over 50% in the anterior compartment. After this, the patient started to bend the knee without pain and bend the sole of the foot with slight pain. On the following day, the patient was walking around the hospital ward without difficulty. It seems that intermittent massage is a therapeutic option in selected cases of compartment syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":9632,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Vascular Medicine","volume":"2018 ","pages":"2679358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/2679358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36182749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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