Maximilian Rummler, Alexander van Tol, Victoria Schemenz, Markus A Hartmann, Stéphane Blouin, Bettina M Willie, Richard Weinkamer
{"title":"The Lacunocanalicular Network is Denser in C57BL/6 Compared to BALB/c Mice.","authors":"Maximilian Rummler, Alexander van Tol, Victoria Schemenz, Markus A Hartmann, Stéphane Blouin, Bettina M Willie, Richard Weinkamer","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01289-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01289-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lacunocanalicular network (LCN) is an intricate arrangement of cavities (lacunae) and channels (canaliculi), which permeates the mineralized bone matrix. In its porosity, the LCN accommodates the cell network of osteocytes. These two nested networks are attributed a variety of essential functions including transport, signaling, and mechanosensitivity due to load-induced fluid flow through the LCN. For a more quantitative assessment of the networks' function, the three-dimensional architecture has to be known. For this reason, we aimed (i) to quantitatively characterize spatial heterogeneities of the LCN in whole mouse tibial cross-sections of BALB/c mice and (ii) to analyze differences in LCN architecture by comparison with another commonly used inbred mouse strain, the C57BL/6 mouse. Both tibiae of five BALB/c mice (female, 26-week-old) were stained using rhodamine 6G and whole tibiae cross-sections were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Using image analysis, the LCN was quantified in terms of density and connectivity and lacunar parameters, such as lacunar degree, volume, and shape. In the same tibial cross-sections, the calcium content was measured using quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). A structural analysis of the LCN properties showed that spatially denser parts of the LCN are mainly due to a higher density of branching points in the network. While a high intra-individual variability of network density was detected within the cortex, the inter-individual variability between different mice was low. In comparison to C57BL/6J mice, BALB/c mice showed a distinct lower canalicular density. This reduced network was already detectable on a local network level with fewer canaliculi emanating from lacunae. Spatial correlation with qBEI images demonstrated that bone modeling resulted in disruptions in the network architecture. The spatial heterogeneity and differences in density of the LCN likely affects the fluid flow within the network and therefore bone's mechanoresponse to loading.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"744-758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Louise Aaltonen, Tapio Hellman, Roosa Lankinen, Markus Hakamäki, Kaj Metsärinne, Mikko Järvisalo
{"title":"Cardiac Biomarkers are Associated with Incident Fracture Risk in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Louise Aaltonen, Tapio Hellman, Roosa Lankinen, Markus Hakamäki, Kaj Metsärinne, Mikko Järvisalo","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01275-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01275-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease is associated with increased fracture risk in the general population. Few data exist on the association between cardiovascular health and incident fracture risk in patients with advanced CKD, a high-risk population for fractures. We aimed to assess the link between fracture risk and cardiovascular health in a prospective cohort of 210 patients with CKD stage G4-5. Incident fractures were recorded during a prospective follow-up of 5 years. Laboratory parameters, abdominal aortic calcification score, echocardiography, ultrasound assessment of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation and carotid intima-media thickness, and maximal stress ergometry were obtained at baseline. A total of 51 fractures were observed in 40 (19%) patients during follow-up. In separate multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, and baseline eGFR, TnT (HR 1.007, CI 95% 1.003-1.010, p < 0.001) and ProBNP (HR 1.000, CI 95% 1.000-1.000, p = 0.017) were associated with incident fractures and the association persisted after adjusting for coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients unable to perform the ergometry test had a higher risk of incident fractures compared to others (36.1% vs 15.5%, p = 0.009). A cardiovascular composite risk score summarizing TnT, ProBNP, and ergometry data was independently associated with incident fractures in a multivariable Cox model (HR 1.373, CI 95% 1.180-1.599, p < 0.001). Patients with the lowest score were observed with no fractures, while patients with the highest score were observed with a fracture risk of 40.5% during follow-up. Risk of incident fractures is associated with biomarkers of cardiovascular health and a composite cardiovascular risk score in patients with advanced CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"516-524"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deficiency of Trps1 in Cementoblasts Impairs Cementogenesis and Tooth Root Formation.","authors":"Kaoru Fujikawa, Mairobys Socorro, Lyudmila Lukashova, Priyanka Hoskere, Paulina Keskinidis, Kostas Verdelis, Dobrawa Napierala","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01277-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01277-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cementum is the least studied of all mineralized tissues and little is known about mechanisms regulating its formation. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation of cementum formation by determining the consequences of the deficiency of the Trps1 transcription factor in cementoblasts. We used Trps1<sup>Col1a1</sup> cKO (2.3Co1a1-Cre<sup>ERT2</sup>;Trps1<sup>fl/fl</sup>) mice, in which Trps1 is deleted in cementoblasts. Micro-computed tomography analyses of molars of 4-week-old males and females demonstrated significantly shorter roots with thinner mineralized tissues (root dentin and cementum) in Trps1<sup>Col1a1</sup> cKO compared to WT mice. Semi-quantitative histological analyses revealed a significantly reduced area of cellular cementum and localized deficiencies of acellular cementum in Trps1<sup>Col1a1</sup> cKO mice. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed clustering of cementoblasts at the apex of roots, and intermittent absence of cementoblasts on Trps1<sup>Col1a1</sup> cKO cementum surfaces. Fewer Osterix-positive cells adjacent to cellular cementum were also detected in Trps1<sup>Col1a1</sup> cKO compared to WT mice. Decreased levels of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), an enzyme required for proper cementogenesis, were apparent in cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone of Trps1<sup>Col1a1</sup> cKO. There were no apparent differences in levels of bone sialoprotein (Bsp) in cementum. Quantitative analyses of picrosirius red-stained periodontal ligament revealed shorter and disorganized collagen fibers in Trps1<sup>Col1a1</sup> cKO mice demonstrating impaired periodontal structure. In conclusion, this study has identified Trps1 transcription factor as one of the important regulators of cellular and acellular cementum formation. Furthermore, this study suggests that Trps1 supports the function of cementoblasts by upregulating expression of the major proteins required for cementogenesis, such as Osterix and TNAP.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"686-699"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silvia Vai, Alberto Falchetti, Sabrina Corbetta, Maria Luisa Bianchi, Chiara Alberio, Silvia Carrara, Serena Gasperini, Roberta Pretese, Loredana Parisi, Anna Teti, Antonio Maurizi
{"title":"Glycogen Storage Disease Type I and Bone: Clinical and Cellular Characterization.","authors":"Silvia Vai, Alberto Falchetti, Sabrina Corbetta, Maria Luisa Bianchi, Chiara Alberio, Silvia Carrara, Serena Gasperini, Roberta Pretese, Loredana Parisi, Anna Teti, Antonio Maurizi","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01302-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01302-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is the most prevalent inherited disorder of glycogen metabolism for which no causal treatment is available. In recent years, thanks to the improved clinical management, the life expectancy of these patients extended, disclosing previously unidentified adverse conditions in other organs. In this study, we evaluated the clinical bone complications and the cellular responses in 20 patients (aged 14.1 ± 3.4 years) affected by GSD type I. Fragility fractures were reported in 35% of the patients, which were older than unfractured patients. They involved appendicular skeletal segments, while no vertebral deformity was detected. 60% of the patients had a bone mineral density (BMD) \"below the expected range for age\", and lumbar spine (LS) BMD Z-scores positively correlated with muscle strength. Circulating mineral and bone markers showed reduction in the older subjects, with no increase in the pubertal age. Significant correlations could not be detected between circulating markers and LS BMD Z-scores, except for sclerostin levels, which also correlated with muscle strength. The osteoclasts differentiated from patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not show cell-autonomous alterations. However, circulating osteoclast precursors from healthy individuals cultured in the presence of patients' sera exhibited increased osteoclastogenesis compared to control sera suggesting that GSD type I serum factors could affect osteoclast function in a non-autonomous manner. In contrast, circulating osteoprogenitors were unremarkable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"661-672"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M Papageorgiou, M Lyrakou, A Kyriacou, E Biver, M Yannakoulia
{"title":"Fermented Dairy Products, Musculoskeletal and Mental Health in Older Adults: is There Evidence to Support Benefits that go Beyond Those of Non-Fermented Dairy Products?","authors":"M Papageorgiou, M Lyrakou, A Kyriacou, E Biver, M Yannakoulia","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01291-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01291-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fermented dairy products have recently gained popularity due to their purported health benefits, nevertheless, their role in ageing remains uncertain. This narrative review aims to evaluate evidence from observational (prospective) and interventional studies on the potential benefits of fermented dairy product consumption for musculoskeletal and mental health in older adults. Additionally, it seeks to determine whether any observed benefits surpass those of non-fermented dairy products and to identify directions for future research. Prospective studies support either favourable or neutral associations of fermented dairy products with outcomes of musculoskeletal health or neutral associations with mental health outcomes, whilst it remains unclear if the benefits observed with fermented dairy products go beyond those of the non-fermented dairy foods. Few interventional studies suggest overall favourable effects of yogurt and cheese on musculoskeletal health in older adults but given their small number (N = 6) and heterogeneity, they do not allow a clear assessment or definitive recommendations for fermented dairy intake. Interventional studies reporting mental health outcomes are largely lacking for this age group (N = 1). Given the very limited evidence for the effectiveness of fermented dairy products, future well-designed prospective and randomized controlled trials are needed to better understand their benefits (especially compared to those of non-fermented dairy foods), their characteristics and the quantities required to offer protection against musculoskeletal and/or mental health ageing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"480-497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shejil Kumar, Jean Doyle, Cameron Wood, Roxana Heriseanu, Gerard Weber, Lianne Nier, James W Middleton, Lyn March, Roderick J Clifton-Bligh, Christian M Girgis
{"title":"Preventing OsteoPorosis in Spinal Cord Injury (POPSCI) Study-Early Zoledronic Acid Infusion in Patients with Acute Spinal Cord Injury.","authors":"Shejil Kumar, Jean Doyle, Cameron Wood, Roxana Heriseanu, Gerard Weber, Lianne Nier, James W Middleton, Lyn March, Roderick J Clifton-Bligh, Christian M Girgis","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01292-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01292-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accelerated sub-lesional bone loss is common in the first 2-3 years after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), particularly in the distal femur and proximal tibia. Few studies have explored efficacy of antiresorptives for acute bone loss prevention post-TSCI, with limited data for knee bone mineral density (BMD) or beyond two years follow-up. An open-label non-randomized study was performed at Royal North Shore Hospital and Royal Rehab Centre, Sydney between 2018 and 2023. An 'acute interventional cohort' (n = 11) with TSCI (duration ≤ 12-weeks) received a single infusion of 4 mg zoledronic acid (ZOL) at baseline. A 'chronic non-interventional cohort' (n = 9) with TSCI (duration 1-5-years) did not receive ZOL. All participants underwent baseline and 6-monthly blood tests (including CTx and P1NP) and 12-monthly DXA BMD scans (including distal femur and proximal tibia). Participants were predominantly Caucasian and male (mean age 38.4 years). At baseline, the 'acute' cohort had higher serum CTx, P1NP and sclerostin concentrations, while the 'chronic' cohort had lower left hip and knee BMD. Majority with acute TSCI experienced an acute phase reaction after ZOL (9/11; 82%). In the acute cohort, left hip BMD fell by mean ~ 15% by 48 months. Left distal femoral and proximal tibial BMD declined by mean ~ 6-13% at 12 months and ~ 20-23% at 48 months, with a tendency towards greater BMD loss in motor-complete TSCI. A single early ZOL infusion in acute TSCI could not attenuate rapidly declining hip and knee BMD. Prospective controlled studies are required to establish the optimal strategy for preventing early bone loss after acute TSCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"611-623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sophie du Mont, Reinhard Barkmann, Timo Damm, Jaime Peña, Stefan Reinhold, Marcus Both, Meike Mainusch, Claus-Christian Glüer
{"title":"Long-Term Reproducibility of BMD-Measurements with Clinical QCT Using Simultaneous and Asynchronous Calibration Methods and Different Measurement and Reconstruction Protocols.","authors":"Sophie du Mont, Reinhard Barkmann, Timo Damm, Jaime Peña, Stefan Reinhold, Marcus Both, Meike Mainusch, Claus-Christian Glüer","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01303-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01303-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporosis is underdiagnosed and undertreated. To improve timely fracture risk assessment optimized densitometry methods are required such as opportunistic spinal quantitative computed tomography (QCT). However, it is unclear how to best calibrate these scans and correct for potential scanner drift of QCT when used for monitoring bone mineral density (BMD) changes. We compared gold standard simultaneous calibration with asynchronous calibration methods, assessing mid-term (12 weeks) and long-term (1.5 years) reproducibility of BMD measurements. Cortical and trabecular compartments of the European Spine Phantom were studied with ten different protocols including low dose and high resolution (HR)-modes. Based on weekly phantom data, we compared simultaneous calibration to asynchronous single (termed global) or monthly calibration. The accuracy was better for trabecular measurements than for cortical measurements for all calibration methods. Reproducibility was excellent for all methods and slightly better for asynchronous than for simultaneous calibration both for trabecular and cortical bone. For HR protocols, reproducibility was better than for low dose measurements. In trabecular compartments averaged HR-BMD remained stable for global (- 0.1%/year, ns) but not for simultaneous calibration (- 1.5%/year, p < 0.001). No significant drifts could be detected for averaged low dose BMD (- 0.9 to + 0.8%/year) for either calibration method. Our data suggest that with regard to precision and accuracy measurements with asynchronous calibration are suitable for vertebral BMD assessment (no contrast agents) in clinical practice. Regular (e.g., monthly) stability tests using a calibration phantom could assure long term stability of at least 1 year.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"552-561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Clara de Oliveira, Ana Paula Macedo, Antonio Carlos Shimano
{"title":"Effects of Cannabidiol on Bone Quality in Ovariectomized Rats.","authors":"Ana Clara de Oliveira, Ana Paula Macedo, Antonio Carlos Shimano","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01281-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01281-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of osteoporosis and related fractures increases significantly with age, impacting public health and associated costs. Postmenopausal osteoporosis results from increased bone resorption due to decreased estrogen levels. The endocannabinoid system, especially cannabidiol (CBD), has shown therapeutic potential in modulating bone formation. This study investigated the effects of administration of CBD in rats after the onset of with ovariectomy-induced osteopenia (OVX). Forty-eight female Sprague‒Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 12): OVX + CBD, SHAM + CBD, OVX + vehicle, and SHAM + vehicle. CBD was administered intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. After euthanasia, the bone quality, mechanical properties, and bone microarchitecture of the femurs and lumbar vertebrae were assessed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), bone densitometry, mechanical tests, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses. CBD treatment improved the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and increased the BV/TV% and Tb.N in the femoral neck. There were also improvements in the mechanical properties, such as the maximum force and stiffness of the femurs and vertebrae. CBD significantly increased the bone matrix in osteopenic femurs and vertebrae, Although did not significantly influence the expression of RANKL and OPG, in ovariectomized animals, there was an increase in osteoblasts and a decrease in osteoclasts. Determining the optimal timing for CBD use in relation to postovariectomy bone loss remains a crucial issue. Understanding when and how CBD can be most effective in preventing or treating bone loss is essential to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. However, further studies are needed to explore in more detail the efficacy and safety of CBD in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"700-711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EunJi Kim, Amelia E Moore, Dwight Dulnoan, Geeta Hampson
{"title":"Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 19 and 21 on Hip Geometry and Strength in Post-menopausal Osteoporosis (PMO).","authors":"EunJi Kim, Amelia E Moore, Dwight Dulnoan, Geeta Hampson","doi":"10.1007/s00223-024-01284-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00223-024-01284-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) receptor signalling is important for skeletal development. The FGF19 subfamily which includes FGF19 and FGF21 are involved in bone metabolism, although their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength remain unclear. To further characterise the influence of these two factors on the skeleton, we studied the association between circulating concentrations of FGF19 and 21 with BMD and parameters of hip geometry and strength in post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO). The study cohort consisted of 374 women aged (mean [SD]) 68.7[12.3] years with PMO. FGF19 and FGF21 were measured in serum by ELISA. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) (n = 277) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hip structural analysis (HSA) parameters (n = 263) at the narrow neck of the femur (NN), Intertrochanter (IT) and Femoral shaft (FS) were derived from DXA scans. FGF19 and 21 were not associated with prevalent fractures or BMD when corrected for covariates; age, BMI, smoking habits and alcohol intake. Log-transformed FGF 21 was negatively associated with HSA parameters including Outer Diameter (OD) (p = 0.019), Cross-sectional area (CSA) (p = 0.01), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) (p = 0.011), Section modulus (Z) (p = 0.002) and cortical thickness (Co Th) (p = 0.026) at the IT only. CSA, CSMI, Z and Co Th were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in women with FGF21 concentrations greater than the median (> 103.5 pg/ml). Our data suggest that FGF 21 may have potentially adverse effects on the skeleton. Further characterisation is needed, particularly as FGF 21 analogues or agonists may be used to treat obesity-related metabolic disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":9601,"journal":{"name":"Calcified Tissue International","volume":" ","pages":"562-569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}