Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies最新文献

{"title":"Africa","authors":"R. Pankhurst","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00017432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00017432","url":null,"abstract":"Richard Pankhurst's contribution to The Peoples of Africa series will be a useful tool for students and general readers who are new to Ethiopian history. It is written in a readable style and the text is accompanied by illustrations, maps, a serviceable bibliography and a particularly helpful table of dates. It offers a comprehensive account of Ethiopia's past from the earliest times to the victory of the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) over Mangestu's regime in 1990. In the case of Ethiopia, beginning with the earliest times means just that. The Ethiopian Rift Valley is believed to be the cradle of humanity and the first chapter accordingly opens with an overview of hominid evolution. There are also brief sections on the geographical setting, the languages and religions of Ethiopia and early foreign contacts. The next chapter outlines what is known of the region in ancient times and charts the major events of the Aksumite era, including the conversion to Christianity in the fourth century. The eventual decline of the Aksumite state and the rise of a new dynasty, known as the Zagwe, are events so poorly documented that this period is frequently referred to as the Ethiopian Dark Ages. It is not known precisely when or why Aksum ceased to exist as a political entity and the chronology of the Zagwe era is one of the most controversial issues in Ethiopian history. The view presented here is the conventional one, which dates the rise of the Zagwe to the early twelfth century and regards this as a usurpation. The third chapter offers a brief account of the main events and achievements of the Zagwe period and the eventual overthrow of the dynasty in 1270, a turning-point that is still referred to as the Solomonic ' Restoration'. From this time on historical sources for Ethiopia increase and the next four chapters provide more detailed information, including accounts of the growing conflict between Christian Ethiopia and the Muslim states flanking its southern and eastern borders, which culminated in the early sixteenth century in the near destruction of the Christian kingdom; conflict with the Oromo people who began to migrate into Ethiopia at about the same time; the strengthening of diplomatic ties with Portugal, which resulted in a doomed Jesuit mission to convert Ethiopia to Roman Catholicism; and the founding of a new capital at Gondar. Chapter viii deals with the rise of Tewodros II (1855—68), who attempted to unify Ethiopia after the disintegration of centralized government which marked the decline of the Gondarine era in the later eighteenth century. With Tewodros we move into modern times and it is in these later sections that the book is particularly good, outlining clearly and concisely the increasingly convoluted relations between Ethiopia and the colonial powers of Europe. In particular, the account of the struggle to maintain Ethiopian independence against the aggressive encroachments of Italy, first during the re","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"181 1","pages":"410 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90872313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Africa","authors":"J. Yang, R. Parkes-Ratanshi, C. Brayne, DF Fuhr, V. Simms, A. Lescano","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X0001836X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0001836X","url":null,"abstract":"Background Determinants of health in a population are related to numerous factors beyond health services. However, means to provide access to and the actual shape of health services are important for planetary health. Ability to benefit from these services is essential in order to foster sustainable development. Universal health coverage (UHC), which is embedded within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, is defined by the World Health Organization as all individuals and communities having access to any health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, without suffering financial hardship. Effective strategies for financing healthcare are critical in achieving this goal yet remain a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this respect, the aim of this review is to determine the extent of research in the published literature that examine health financing approaches and strategies for UHC in SSA. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. On 19 July 2019, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health Database, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and JSTOR were searched for literature published from 2005. Studies that described health financing approaches and strategies for UHC in SSA were eligible for inclusion. For selected papers, reference lists were searched through the snowballing procedure for further studies. The systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on 14 August 2019 (registration number CRD42019142895). Results Of the records screened, 39 papers were selected for inclusion and analysis. The results indicate that a majority of health care revenue in SSA is from direct out-of-pocket payments. Another common health financing mechanism throughout the region was donor funding, which was reported by most of the studies. Overall, many countries are starting to develop national health insurance schemes, while others have structures in place despite low population coverage of these schemes. On average, the quality score of all studies combined was 80.4%, indicating a high appraisal score across the selected studies. Discussion Appropriate health financing strategies underpin sustainable health services and the attainment of UHC is inherently linked to planetary health. It is evident from the systematic review that existing health financing strategies in SSA are inadequate and innovative solutions are needed. Thus, establishing evidence-based, multi-sectoral strategies and sustainable solutions tailored to country contexts remains imperative.","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"198 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75070596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South Asia","authors":"R. Gethin","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00017900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00017900","url":null,"abstract":"The author further argues that Vedic hymns can be understood only in relation to writing, which means we should dismiss the idea that originally they were committed only to memory. He tries to show this especially in the Rbhu hymn 1,161. Rbhus, presumably the priests of the Indus civilization, supposedly invented the Indus script under the influence of the Sumerian script. He also finds the antiquity of the Vedas confirmed by astrological hints in them and by similar hints on Indus seals. The Indus civilization was not destroyed by invaders, but declined as a result of catastrophic floods, partly caused by the neglect of defences against annual inundations. The civilization was then reestablished around 1500 B.C. as the Vedic one.","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"06 1","pages":"152 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86485369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General","authors":"Nana Wilson‐Tagoe, A. Kaye","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00020073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00020073","url":null,"abstract":"tion for and tension with metropolitan forms; a distinct Afro-Caribbean ethos; the heterogeneity of a Caribbean environment and culture; the foregrounding of women's perspectives and the politics of gender. The inclusion of other crucial material would have enhanced such cross-connections: parts of Omeros, Walcott's essay on mimicry, several of Harris's essays. These pieces are not over-anthologized and would certainly have deepened the new critical configurations that the anthology fosters. We are constantly shown throughout the anthology that Caribbean literature has developed from acts of cross-cultural negotiation. Such a formulation may seem logical in a concept of Caribbean literature as a cultural entity within a certain geographic space. It becomes alarming when it is extended to project a vision of the literature in the 1990s as a literature without a centre, without even a geographic base. The editors see this dispersal as part of a Caribbean experience of mobility, pluralism and relativity over the centuries. This is just where they may be overstating their speculation and running risks (which they have eschewed) of subsuming a unique and diverse literature within a postmodern/postcolonial framework without frontiers. The re-centring of Caribbean literature in a global academy is not the completion but the continuation of a cycle already familiar to the Caribbean. There may yet be a neo-nationalist phase in which the literature may be redefined not in global theoretical terms but as part of a variety of dynamic cultural expressions with a solid base in the region of the Caribbean. The editors appear to envisage such a possibility though they do not state it categorically.","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":"609 - 610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88259031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Africa","authors":"D. O’Brien","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00014555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00014555","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"398 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79916566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edward W. Said: Orientalism . xi, 368 pp. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. £8.95.","authors":"C. Beckingham","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00135852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00135852","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"562 - 564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87175719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General","authors":"Christopher T. Begg, Bradley C. Gregory, A. J. Moss, Frederick E. Greenspahn, William J. Urbrock, Thomas Hieke, Jaime A. Banister","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00018425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00018425","url":null,"abstract":"language of our own: the genesis of Michif Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). Some contributors found that the cases they looked at did not appear to be cases of grammaticalization. Van Rossem finds no evidence that the Negerhollands affix ' -so' was ever a lexical item. According to Smith there is more evidence to suggest that a grammatical marker in Saramaccan (focus marking we) was transferred from Fon (one of the source languages) rather than being the result of grammaticalization of the English word ' well'. Syea finds that a clitic (la) in Mauritian Creole represents a case of degrammaticalization as opposed to grammaticalization, since it evolved from an affix. The majority of contributors found evidence of grammaticalization, but we also see differences. Huber, Poplack and Tagliamonte, Baker, and Muhlhauser show evidence of grammaticalization in pidgins as opposed to borrowings from one of the source languages. Grant and Mufwene show that nature of the grammaticalization can differ even amongst closely related contact languages. Grant looks at Grand Ronde Chinook Jargon, which is reported as having many more cases of grammaticalization than other varieties of Chinook Jargon. Mufwene looks at a number of Englishbased Creoles and shows that they do not always select the same morphemes for the same grammatical functions and that grammaticalization proceeds at different rates. Kouwenberg considers the conventionalization of one of a number of variants in Berbice Dutch Creole as grammaticalization. Bruyn tries to bring order to what could be described as chaos by proposing three types of grammaticalization. Namely, ordinary (gradual and language internal), instantaneous (much faster than the ordinary) and apparent (transfer after grammaticalization in another language) (p. 42). These categorizations are workable if we are sure that we are dealing with essentially completed processes, but Kihm, and Poplack and Tagliamonte show data which indicate that some of the processes may not be complete. Kihm describes a problematic reflexive in Kriyol as a case of half-hearted grammaticalization. Maybe it is not half-hearted, just incomplete. Poplack and Tagliamonte, after an interesting statistical analysis of past time marking in Nigerian Pidgin English, conclude that although there is evidence of grammaticalization over the past couple of centuries, the forms considered have not yet fully attained the status of grammatical markers. The findings reported in the articles are almost as varied as the types of contact languages. This makes the issue more intriguing and underlines the need for analyses of data from other contact languages. We may eventually find that grammaticalization in contact languages is not as different from that in noncontact languages as we now suspect, but only time and further research will tell. One blot on the otherwise high quality of the book is the level of personal critical comments that occur in two articles. There is ","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":"204 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74212614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}